Pollution Science 101
Russia
( The Uranium Trade )
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Edited by Michael J. Ross
MonsantoInvestigation.com
Updated: October 15th, 2022
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The following documents will detail evidence of political corruption in the country of Russia, the information will include a detailed report of the ongoing pollution, as well as the uranium contamination crisis harming the country of Russia. This report will attempt to stop many of the wars and injustice around different parts of the world.
Chapter 1: Uranium trade
Chapter 2: Pollution
Chapter 3: Arctic Circle & Alaska
Chapter 4: Weapons
Chapter 5: Crimea
Chapter 6: Pyramid technology
Chapter 7: Armenian Genocide
Chapter 8: Genocides in history
Chapter 9: One World religion
Chapter 10: Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima
Chapter 11: The Orthodox Church
Chapter 12: The Cult of the Virgin Mary (organisation)
Chapter 13: Order of St. Mary Magdalene
Chapter 14: The Russian monarchy, Freemasonry & wars
Chapter 15: Wars
Chapter 16: Airstrikes
Chapter 17: Skull symbolism
Chapter 18: The Order of the Dragon
Chapter 19: Saint Germain
Chapter 20: Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity & Ron Paul
Chapter 21: History / random events
Chapter 22: Uzbekistan
Chapter 23: Unsolved Mysteries & Other Information
Chapter 24: North Korean nuclear timeline
Chapter 25: Voter Fraud
Chapter 26: BRICS, NATO & the CFR
Chapter 27: China
Chapter 28: Current events & corruption
Chapter 29: Putin & Political corruption
Chapter 30: Hemp (Siberian Ruderalis)
Chapter 31: Dragon symbolism
Chapter 32: Gog & Magog ( Gogmagog )
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Current News:
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Pollution Science 101 - Ukraine
April 7th, 2022
http://pollutionscience101Ukraine.blogspot.com/
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PollutionScience101Mexico.Blogspot.com
PollutionScience101Brazil.Blogspot.com
PollutionScience101CancerInvestigated.Blogspot.com (California)
PollutionScience101TexasVsBpOil.Blogspot.com
PollutionScience101India.Blogspot.com
PollutionScience101Israel.Blogspot.com
Pollutionscience101Egypt.Blogspot.com
Pollutionscience101Iran.Blogspot.com
Pollutionscience101Cuba.Blogspot.com
PollutionScience101China.Blogspot.com
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New evidence suggests volcanoes caused biggest mass extinction ever
April 15, 2019
Mercury found in ancient rock around the world supports theory that eruptions caused 'Great Dying' 252 million years ago.
The mass extinction occurred at what scientists call the
Permian-Triassic Boundary. The mass extinction killed off much of the
terrestrial and marine life before the rise of dinosaurs. Some were
prehistoric monsters in their own right, such as the ferocious
gorgonopsids that looked like a cross between a sabre-toothed tiger and a
Komodo dragon.
The eruptions occurred in a volcanic system called the Siberian Traps
in what is now central Russia. Many of the eruptions occurred not in
cone-shaped volcanoes but through gaping fissures in the ground. The
eruptions were frequent and long-lasting and their fury spanned a period
of hundreds of thousands of years.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190415122249.htm
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Extinct volcano has woken up and scientists say it could erupt 'at any moment'
June 7, 2019
https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/07/europe/russia-volcano-scli-intl-scn/index.html
A volcano in the far eastern corner of Russia that was previously considered extinct may be waking up -- and an eruption could be catastrophic.
The Bolshaya Udina volcano -- part of the Kamchatka Peninsula's Udina volcanic complex -- was believed to be extinct until 2017, when increasing seismic activity was detected beneath it, scientists say.
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Russian missile army and 10,000 troops on ‘highest combat alert’ amid row with Britain
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Russia deploys ‘WHITE BEAR’ missiles amid brewing new Cold War
28th March 2018
RUSSIA is ready to deploy its “white bear” missile system capable of operating in temperatures of -70c amid brewing new Cold War tension
https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/692213/russia-war-nato-cold-missiles-arctic-pictures-video-vladimir-putin-tor-white-bear?utm_source=traffic.outbrain&utm_medium=traffic.outbrain&utm_term=traffic.outbrain&utm_content=traffic.outbrain&utm_campaign=traffic.outbrain
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Russia to carry out 'untraceable AI assassinations' in NEW Cold War
https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/690569/russia-spy-britain-vladimir-putin-artificial-intelligence-assassinations
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2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_bombing_of_Damascus_and_Homs
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President Trump's Pick for Secretary of State Just Confirmed 'Hundreds' of Russians Were Killed in a U.S. Attack in Syria
2018
President Trump’s nominee to serve as Secretary of State confirmed
Thursday that “a couple hundred Russians were killed” by U.S. forces in
Syria earlier this year.
Mike Pompeo, who currently serves as CIA director,
offered the confirmation in response to questions about the U.S.
relationship with Russia. The February attack by U.S. special forces —
acknowledged at the time by Russian and Syrian officials but until now
unconfirmed by the U.S. — targeted pro-government Syrian forces who were
working alongside Russian mercenaries.
http://time.com/5237922/mike-pompeo-russia-confirmation/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=time.com&utm_campaign=ideal-media-internal-recirculation&utm_term=68746&utm_content=2219345
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Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections
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US drops largest ever non-nuclear bomb on Isis affiliate in Afghanistan, military says
GBU-43/B, known as the ‘mother of all bombs’, dropped for the first time, to target ‘tunnel complex’ used by Islamic State in Khorosan
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/13/us-military-drops-non-nuclear-bomb-afghanistan-islamic-state
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Alex Jones Radio Show April 11, 2017
April 11, 2017
http://rss.infowars.com/20170411_Tue_Alex.mp3
{11:00 and 20:00, 1:55:00 Alex Claims that ISIS launched fake gas attacks against Syria, in order to overthrow the Assad regime. He also states that many American generals want to take down ISIS and Assad. Assad was also allowing Christians to live in Syria. Isis was trying to destabilize the region to genocide Christians.
15:00 Muslims selling sex slaves in Libya and the media is covering this up.
17:00 The government is now shutting down independent media
17:30 Alex Jones talks about Russia
20:00 The media is covering-up Islamic terrorist attacks from around the world.
42:00 Libya, Somalia and Sudan are selling slaves. Migrants are being sold at open slave markets in Libya, while the media covers this up.
49:00 The radio show states that Syria was a false flag attack.
55:00 Hillary got personal money for transferring nuclear reactors to North Korea.
1:09:00 The media covers up more Islamic terrorist attacks.
1:40:00 Saudi Arabia financed anti Assad fighters in Syria, this is also George Soros funded. 2 million Christians were protected in Syria by Assad.
1:55:00 A caller states that Assad and Russia are fighting ISIS}.
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Globalists Transferred Nukes To China, North Korea And Pakistan To Deliver Our World To Satan
The current North Korea situation was provoked by the elite
August 9, 2017
https://www.infowars.com/globalists-transferred-nukes-to-china-north-korea-and-pakistan-to-deliver-our-world-to-satan/
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North Korea Is Clinton’s Mess
The history behind North Korea and the U.S. is important to understand our current situation
August 9, 2017
https://www.infowars.com/north-korea-is-clintons-mess/
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Roger Stone: Donald Trump Jr Did His Job Investigating Hillary Russia Ties
Media attacks on Trump Jr. will fail just like they did with his father
July 10, 2017
https://www.infowars.com/roger-stone-donald-trump-jr-did-his-job-investigating-hillary-russia-ties/
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Chapter 1: Uranium trade
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Industry figures show that only 10 percent of uranium tails sent to Russia are repatriated
23/09-2009
ST. PETERSBURG – Since the early 1990’s Germany’s nuclear fuel producing giant Urenco has been exporting highly radioactive by-products of its uranium enrichment process – called depleted uranium hexafluoride, or uranium tails – to Russia for re-enrichment and return to its country of origin.
But as environmental groups have often pointed out and Russian nuclear authorities now admit, a mere 10 percent of the waste imported to Russia from Urenco’s Gronau plant is ever returned, leaving several large cites on the eastern side of the Urals to deal with the accruing waste.
Since 1996, under a contract signed between Russian fuel producer Tekhnabeksport (Tenex) and Urenco, Russia will have received 100,000 tons of uranium tails before the end of this year.
The deal was struck, says the Russian environmental group Ecoefence, because a cash poor Russia was willing to offer storage for the waste for a price that was low enough to significantly keep down Urenco’s operating costs.
Many European countries do not consider uranium tails to be waste, but rather recyclable material. But the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission declared, despite the Bush administration’s push for reprocessing nuclear by-products, to be nuclear waste. Bellona holds the same line that uranium tails are waste and that Russia has become Europe’s trash can for the highly toxic substance.
http://bellona.ru/bellona.org/articles/articles_2009/uranium_hexafluoride_figures
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Depleted Uranium Found in Saratov, Russia
Oct. 19, 2004
Three containers filled with depleted uranium were recovered in the Leninskiy district of Saratov on 19 October 2004, RIA Novosti reported, citing the Saratov Oblast branch of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. The containers were brought to a local scrap metal dealer, who reported the suspicious containers to the city emergency service. The containers emitted levels of radiation 358 times higher than normal background levels. According to media reports, local experts have concluded that two containers were used to store depleted uranium, while the third one was used to transport uranium. [The reports do not specify what type of uranium was transported in this third container.] The containers are now being stored at the Radon Special Combine storage facility. Local law enforcement authorities have launched an investigation into the case. According to the police, the containers were discovered by homeless people at a waste dump in Saratov. The investigation will work on establishing the origin and former owner(s) of the containers. A spokesman for Rossatom (formerly Minatom), commenting on the recovered containers, stated: "That type of uranium looks very much like lead, so I would not be surprised if someone had simply mistaken it and dumped it at the scrap yard."
http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/depleted-uranium-found-saratov-russia/
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Re-enrichment of West European Depleted Uranium Tails in Russia
http://www.wise-uranium.org/pdf/reenru.pdf
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The adventures of depleted uranium hexafluoride in Russia
August 6, 2020
The renewed import of nuclear materials from Europe to Russia has raised important questions for environmentalists: Is the substance radioactive waste, or a useful resource?
https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2020-08-the-adventures-of-depleted-uranium-hexafluoride-in-russia
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Areva says it will halt depleted uranium shipments to Russia
May 28, 2010
http://www.nuclearpowerdaily.com/reports/Areva_says_it_will_halt_depleted_uranium_shipments_to_Russia_999.html
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No, Greenpeace Did Not Stop Depleted Uranium Shipments by Areva
June 3rd, 2010
http://depletedcranium.com/no-greenpeace-did-not-stop-depleted-uranium-shipments-by-areva/
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Russia to open new plant for processing depleted uranium
April 16, 2021
An electrochemical plant run by Rosatom, Russia’s state nuclear corporation, has announced the construction of a new uranium hexafluoride handling unit, doubling the enterprise’s capacity to process the controversial substance, which many have called radioactive waste.
An electrochemical plant run by Rosatom, Russia’s state nuclear corporation, has announced the construction of a new uranium hexafluoride handling unit, doubling the enterprise’s capacity to process the controversial substance, which many have called radioactive waste.
The facility will be built at Zheleznogorsk, a former closed city for nuclear weapons production located in the central Siberian region of Krasnoyarsk, the trade publication Nuclear Engineering International reported. For years, facilities in the city have been able to process some 10,000 of uranium hexafluoride annually. As part of a new government program, however, the new facility will boost that throughput to 20,000 per year by 2023.
That program became a source of controversy when, in November 2019, environmentalists and journalists revealed that Tenex, Rosatom’s nuclear fuel exporting subsidiary, had inked contracts to import several thousand tons of the toxic compound, breaching a promise made in 2009 to cease doing so.
The revelations unearthed old debates about whether depleted uranium, also called uranium tails, should be considered nuclear waste, as a number of national nuclear regulators do, or as a valuable raw material for further nuclear fuel production, as Rosatom has claimed.
In Bellona’s opinion, the revelation of the new import contracts between Tenex and German nuclear fuel producer Urenco constituted a breach of the public trust. When our concerns became public, Rosatom convened a special session of its public council – a consultative body comprised of environmental organizations – and formed a working group, of which Bellona’s Alexander Nikitin was appointed the head.
This group has now had numerous meetings, which have drawn together environmentalists, scientists from Russia’s nuclear fuel services and officials with Rosatom. While several points of disagreement between environmentalists and nuclear officials still persist, the late February meeting offered at least some evidence that the corporation is trying to meet its critics halfway.
Indeed, much of the purpose behind the new facility in Zheleznorgorsk is to reduce Russia’s own stockpile of depleted uranium, which is estimated at 1 million tons. The facility will assist in the defluorination of the depleted uranium, converting the substance into chemically safe uranium oxide powder.
In this form, depleted uranium, which is much less radioactive than natural uranium ore, can be stored for a long time in a solid state in containers in open areas with few risks to the environment, and which Rosatom says is safe for transportation.
Rosatom officials have said that defluorination technologies turn the accumulated reserves of depleted uranium into a valuable raw material for future, newer generation reactors. Depleted uranium is used to make uranium-plutonium for fast reactors, in particular, mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, currently used in the BN-800 reactor at the Beloyarsk NPP, as well fuel for the Brest-OD-300 reactor under construction at the Siberian Chemical Combine at in Seversk. Earlier this year, Rostekhnadzor issued a license for the construction of the Brest reactor as part of the “Proryv” (or ‘Breakthrough) project to demonstrate a closed fuel cycle.
“Modern recycling technologies are already making it possible to return DUHF to the fuel cycle and, in the long term, resolve the issue of the resource base of the nuclear power industry for centuries to come,” said Mikhail Zarubin, senior president for production at TVE, Rosatom’s fuel fabricator. “This is relevant primarily for Russia, where the strategy of two-component nuclear power with thermal and fast neutron reactors is being implemented.”
https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2021-04-russia-to-open-new-plant-for-processing-depleted-uranium
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10 Most Radioactive Places on Earth
5. Siberian Chemical Combine, Russia
Mayak is not the only contaminated site in Russia; Siberia is home to a chemical facility that contains over four decades' worth of nuclear waste. Liquid waste is stored in uncovered pools and poorly maintained containers hold over 125,000 tons of solid waste, while underground storage has the potential to leak to groundwater. Wind and rain have spread the contamination to wildlife and the surrounding area. And various minor accidents have led to plutonium going missing and explosions spreading radiation. While the snowy landscape may look pristine and immaculate, the facts make clear the true level of pollution to be found here.
http://brainz.org/ten-most-radioactive-places-earth/
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Ten Most Radioactive Places on Earth Mapped Out [GRAPHIC]
7. Mayak Chemical Combine, Russia
The industrial complex of Mayak, in Russia’s north-east, has had a nuclear plant for decades, and in 1957 was the site of one of the world’s worst nuclear accidents. Up to 100 tons of radioactive waste were released by an explosion, contaminating a massive area. The explosion was kept under wraps until the 1980s. Starting in the 1950s, waste from the plant was dumped in the surrounding area and into Lake Karachay. This has led to contamination of the water supply that thousands rely on daily. Experts believe that Karachay may be the most radioactive place in the world, and over 400,000 people have been exposed to radiation from the plant as a result of the various serious incidents that have occurred — including fires and deadly dust storms. The natural beauty of Lake Karachay belies its deadly pollutants, with the radiation levels where radioactive waste flows into its waters enough to give a man a fatal dose within an hour.
5. Siberian Chemical Combine
Mayak is not the only contaminated site in Russia; Siberia is home to a chemical facility that contains over four decades’ worth of nuclear waste. Liquid waste is stored in uncovered pools and poorly maintained containers hold over 125,000 tons of solid waste, while underground storage has the potential to leak to groundwater. Wind and rain have spread the contamination to wildlife and the surrounding area. And various minor accidents have led to plutonium going missing and explosions spreading radiation. While the snowy landscape may look pristine and immaculate, the facts make clear the true level of pollution to be found here.
4. The Polygon, Kazakhstan
Once the location for the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons testing, this area is now part of modern-day Kazakhstan. The site was earmarked for the Soviet atomic bomb project due to its “uninhabited” status — despite the fact that 700,000 people lived in the area. The facility was where the USSR detonated its first nuclear bomb and is the record-holder for the place with the largest concentration of nuclear explosions in the world: 456 tests over 40 years from 1949 to 1989. While the testing carried out at the facility — and its impact in terms of radiation exposure — were kept under wraps by the Soviets until the facility closed in 1991, scientists estimate that 200,000 people have had their health directly affected by the radiation. The desire to destroy foreign nations has led to the specter of nuclear contamination hanging over the heads of those who were once citizens of the USSR.
3. Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan
Considered one of the top ten most polluted sites on Earth by the 2006 Blacksmith Institute report, the radiation at Mailuu-Suu comes not from nuclear bombs or power plants, but from mining for the materials needed in the processes they entail. The area was home to a uranium mining and processing facility and is now left with 36 dumps of uranium waste — over 1.96 million cubic meters. The region is also prone to seismic activity, and any disruption of the containment could expose the material or cause some of the waste to fall into rivers, contaminating water used by hundreds of thousands of people. These people may not ever suffer the perils of nuclear attack, but nonetheless they have good reason to live in fear of radioactive fallout every time the earth shakes.
https://climateviewer.com/2013/11/24/10-most-radioactive-places-on-earth/
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Kyshtym disaster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster
The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 (now Ozyorsk) in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
The disaster is the third-worst nuclear incident (by radioactivity released) after the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster. It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), making it the third-highest on the INES (which ranks by population impact), behind the Chernobyl disaster, which resulted in the evacuation of 335,000 people, and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, which resulted in the evacuation of 154,000 people; the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster are both Level 7 disasters on the INES. At least 22 villages were exposed to radiation from the Kyshtym disaster, with a total population of around 10,000 people evacuated. Some were evacuated after a week, but it took almost two years for evacuations to occur at other sites.
The disaster spread hot particles over more than 52,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi), where at least 270,000 people lived. Since Chelyabinsk-40 (later renamed Chelyabinsk-65 until 1994) was not marked on maps, the disaster was named after Kyshtym, the nearest known town.
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Radiation levels near this Siberian village were 1,000 times above normal last fall. But no one worried much
Feb. 16, 2018
For decades the Techa River was used by the Mayak nuclear plant to dump radioactive wastes. It has resulted in serious contamination of the water and its banks
Reporting from Khudaiberdynsk, Russia — Boris Salomatin has lived his entire 60 years down a dirt road in the tiny village of Khudaiberdynsk, a few miles from the entrance to the massive Mayak nuclear fuel reprocessing complex.
The year he was born, this Siberian landscape on the edge of the Ural Mountains bore the brunt of one of the world’s worst nuclear accidents. On Sept. 29, 1957, decades before Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima entered the lexicon of landmark nuclear disasters, a buried cache of liquid radioactive waste from Mayak exploded. More than a quarter-million people were exposed to radiation, and nearly two dozen villages, home to more than 10,000 people, had to be vacated forever.
From March 1949 to November 1951, environmental activists have learned, radioactive waste was poured directly into the nearby Techa River, and nearby lakes were inundated with pollution as well.
The Soviet government kept the accident secret until 1976, when a dissident published an article about it in New Scientist magazine. By that time, thousands of people who had remained living in the area around the plant had fallen ill with cancer or given birth to children with birth defects.
Salomatin, a retired welder, has never spent too much time worrying about it, because what would be the point?
“What are you going to do?” said Salomatin, who grew up in the shadow of the sprawling nuclear plant built in the 1940s as the base for the former Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons program. “We live like we live. I swim in those lakes all the time. I just don’t swim too deep.”
Yet over the last few months, residents here have been reminded that the threat posed by Mayak, operated inside an officially “closed” city that is off limits to most outsiders, has never really gone away.
In October, European radiation safety agencies detected a cloud containing a radioactive isotope, ruthenium-106, that could be traced to somewhere near Mayak.
The Russian government and its nuclear agency issued a series of denials. Then on Nov. 21, nearly two months after the French and German safety agencies said they had first detected the cloud over Europe, Roshydromet, Russia’s meteorological agency, confirmed that levels of ruthenium-106 had been recorded in late September at levels almost 1,000 times higher than normal in Argayash and 440 times higher in Novogorny, two frequent testing spots within 10 miles of Mayak...
https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-mayak-20180216-story.html
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Russia confirms 'extremely high' radiation levels in toxic cloud
21 November 2017
Russian authorities have confirmed reports of a spike in radioactivity in the air over the Ural Mountains.
The Russian Meteorological Service said it recorded the release of Ruthenium-106 in the southern Urals in late September and classified it as “extremely high contamination”.
France’s nuclear safety agency earlier this month said that it recorded radioactivity in the area between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains from a suspected accident involving nuclear fuel or the production of radioactive material.
It said the release of the isotope Ruthenium-106 posed no health or environmental risks to European countries...
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2153998-russia-confirms-extremely-high-radiation-levels-in-toxic-cloud/
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What they Captured in a River Shocked the Whole World
Aug 1, 2022
16:25 - Techa River
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBWyw7VVXsk
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Top 10: the world’s most polluted places 2013
Dzerzhinsk, Russia
Dzerzhinsk’s roaring chemical industry has caused the city’s average life expectancy to plummet to 47 for women and 42 for men, as high concentrations of various toxic by-products have come to constitute a part of day-to-day life for some 245,000 inhabitants. Efforts have been made of late to restore some of the area’s destitute land and shut off out-dated facilities, though it will certainly take some time for the region to return to normality.
https://www.theneweconomy.com/insight/top-10-the-worlds-most-polluted-places-2013
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Most Polluted Rivers and Lakes in the World
Believe it or not, Lake Karachay (Russia) is totally polluted with radioactive (and other types of) waste, which was got rid of into the lake from the Mayak Nuclear Waste Storage Facility, starting in the 1950's. The waste is currently seeping out into area soils and rockbeds, threatening other rivers and even the Arctic. Scientists predict that if it makes it to the Arctic, it could spread around the world.
http://greenbuzzz.com/environment/most-polluted-rivers-and-lakes-in-the-world/
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Lake Karachay in Russia, A Place That Is More Dangerous Than Chernobyl!
April 27, 2019
https://learnrussianlanguage.net/lake-karachay-in-russia-is-more-dangerous-than-chernobyl
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Ranking of the most Polluted Cities in 2021
7 - Ekaterinburg, Russia - pollution index 76.86
It is the main one industrial center of the Urals and it is the fourth most inhabited city in Russia.
A city with a high index of air pollution, where there is inaccessibility of drinking water, where there is dirt on the streets e absence of green areas.
In recent years, many citizens have taken to the streets protesting against the government that does not deal with environmental policies and is turning the country into a landfill.
2 - Chelyabinsk, Russia - pollution index 88.42
Capital of the homonymous region, the city has about 1 million inhabitants and is famous for its many tank companies.
In this location you breathe acrid air that tastes of smog and chemicals, visibility is often reduced and you are shrouded in perennial fog.For years, environmentalist associations have been fighting to prevent the construction of a huge copper processing plant that would cause even more pollution for the deforestation that would ensue and for contamination of the Shershnev basin.
https://www.fortraveladvicelovers.com/en/ranking-of-the-most-polluted-cities-in-europe-in-2021
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The 25 Most Polluted Places On Earth
May, 2012
#5: Lake Karachay, Russia
Used for years as nuclear dumping site by the Soviet Union, Lake Karachay has several times been declared the most polluted place on Earth. In fact, it has been said that just 1 hour of exposure here would be lethal.
http://list25.com/the-25-most-polluted-places-on-earth/
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UNDERGROUND TANK EXPLOSION IN RUSSIA
On April 6, 1993, the Associated Press reported that an underground tank exploded and burned at the Tomsk-7 Nuclear Reprocessing Plant in Siberia, contaminating 46 square miles of uninhabited land. The chemical explosion occurred in a processing tank used for the separation of uranium and plutonium. Combustible chemicals added to the tank contributed to the explosion.
The Russian Nuclear Energy Ministry blamed a rise in pressure in the tank caused when nitric acid was added as a cleanser. Soviet officials report that the explosion tore off a concrete slab covering the stainless-steel tank and short-circuited the plant electrical systems, which set off a fire. Plant personnel contained the fire within 15 minutes. According to news sources, no deaths were reported and one fireman received a high dose of radiation.
http://www.radiation-scott.org/14-93russia.htm
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Russia Confirms Radioactive Materials Were Involved in Deadly Blast
Aug 10, 2019
MOSCOW — A mystery explosion at a Russian weapons testing range involved radioactive materials, the authorities admitted on Saturday, as the blast’s admitted death toll rose and signs of a creeping radiation emergency, or at the least fear of one, grew harder to mask.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/world/europe/russia-explosion-radiation.html
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What we know about deadly radiation explosion at Russian military site
Aug 13, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQzjibYKCGA
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Explosions rock Russian ammunition depot in Siberia
Aug 5, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK_WDxjhu0Y
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Five dead after explosions at two Russia military sites
Aug 10, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1dfD9GAa7o
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Russia: Depleted uranium hexafluoride dump still a toxic issue for Angarsk
January 29th, 2010
http://fluoridealert.org/news/russia-depleted-uranium-hexafluoride-dump-still-a-toxic-issue-for-angarsk/
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The governor of Ulyanovsk region of Russia denied reports of the explosion of a nuclear reactor in Dimitrovgrad
2020
https://russia.liveuamap.com/en/2020/8-february-the-governor-of-ulyanovsk-region-of-russia-denied
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Radioactive Waste 60 - Illegal Nuclear Waste Dumping in Russia
2/17/14
http://nucleotidings.com/article/radioactive-waste-60-illegal-nuclear-waste-dumping-russia-3#sthash.GBkLr8BN.dpuf
Yesterday, I blogged about illegal dumping of nuclear waste in the Arctic Sea by the Soviet Union and Russia. The Soviet Union and Russia also dumped nuclear waste in the Sea of Japan.
In 1993, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Greenpeace announced that they had received reports that a Russia freighter was on its way to the Sea of Japan to dump nine hundred tons of nuclear waste. Greenpeace filmed the dumping operation and Japanese television broadcast it repeatedly. Japan lodged a complaint with the Russian government with respect to the dumping which was thought to be illegal under international law. It was confirmed later that such Russian dumping had been going on since at least 1959.
The London Convention of 1972 outlawed dumping of nuclear waste in the world's oceans. The Russians claimed that under the treaty they were allowed to dump "low-level nuclear waste." The Russian government said that it had given the Russia Navy permission to dump seventeen hundred tons of radioactive waste into the Sea of Japan in October and November of 1993. Other nations disagreed with the Russia interpretation of the treaty.
The Japanese government had agreed to a one billion and eight hundred million dollar aid package for Russia earlier in 1993. One hundred million of that aid package was intended to help Russia dismantle nuclear weapons. The Russian President arrived in Japan about a week before Greenpeace publicized the Russian nuclear waste dumping to sign an agreement with regard to nuclear waste dumping in the Sea of Japan. The agreement called for joint monitoring of the level of radioactivity in the Sea of Japan.
The Japanese public, government agencies, and various Japanese organizations including unions of fishermen demanded an immediate halt to the Russian dumping of nuclear waste into the Sea of Japan. Critical letters flooded the Russian Consulates in Japan and telegrams were sent directly to the Russian President. In late October of 1993, Russia announced that it would suspend the dumping of nuclear wastes into the Sea of Japan. However, Russia said that it might be forced to resume such dumping if it was unable to build a new waste processing plant within the next eighteen months.
Japan had opposed the prohibition of low level radioactive waste dumping in the world's oceans during the 1980s. Apparently they thought that they might want to dispose of their own waste in that way. After the Russia dumping was publicized in late 1993, signatories of the original London Convention met to discuss policy toward nuclear waste dumping. The outcome was an explicit and detailed ban on the dumping of any nuclear wastes into the ocean.
Nuclear waste continues to be dumped into the world's oceans by unscrupulous nuclear companies and organized crime syndicates such as the Mafia. In disregard of the London Convention, even government agencies in nuclear nations have continued to dump nuclear wastes into the ocean and seas of the planet or they have looked the other way while other organizations did the dumping. The world has been very concerned about the radioactive materials leaking from Fukushima into the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, Fukushima is not the first incident of radioactive materials being discharged into the world's oceans. Illegal ocean nuclear waste dumping has been going on for decades and it continues today, totally apart from Fukushima.
_________
Almost all water in Russia is undrinkable
http://rt.com/news/almost-all-water-in-russia-is-undrinkable/
________
Water Pollution Continues At Famous Russian Lake
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080324103026.htm
_________
Current Issues: Depleted Uranium Trade
(last updated 21 Dec 2014)
http://www.wise-uranium.org/edisstr.html
_______
Melting permafrost could expose millions to invisible cancer-causing gas
5.23.2022
Inside the race against radon.
https://www.inverse.com/science/permafrost-melt-radon-cancer
_______
How Permafrost Thaw Puts the Russian Arctic at Risk
2021
https://theglobalobservatory.org/2021/11/how-permafrost-thaw-puts-the-russian-arctic-at-risk/
_______
Scientists fear more lung cancer as radon is released from thawing permafrost
May 04, 2021
Scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences hypothesize that as the melting of the permafrost becomes more prevalent, so will the incidence of lung cancer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2021/05/scientists-fear-more-lung-cancer-radon-released-thawing-permafrost
_______
[Estimation of doses of irradiation with radon-222 and its degradation products in adults of Tomsk]
2005
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16276988/
_______
[Radiation doses in children of the Tomsk region during inhalation of radon-222]
2004
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15318619/
_______
Assessing the level of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in long-term resident children under conditions of high exposure to radon and its decay products
2015
Abstract
In this study, the frequency and spectrum of chromosomal aberrations
were analysed in samples of peripheral blood from 372 (mean age =
12.24±2.60 years old) long-term resident children in a boarding school
(Tashtagol city, Kemerovo Region, Russian Federation) under conditions
of high exposure to radon and its decay products. As a control group, we
used blood samples from people living in Zarubino village (Kemerovo
Region, Russian Federation). We discovered that the average frequencies
of single and double fragments, chromosomal exchanges, total number of
aberrations, chromatid type, chromosome type and all types of
aberrations were significantly increased in the exposed group. This is
evidence of considerable genotoxicity to children living under
conditions of high exposure to radon compared to children living under
ecological conditions without increased radon radiation.
https://academic.oup.com/mutage/article/30/5/677/1046201?login=false
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Russian Kindergarten Inspection Uncovers High Levels of Radioactive Gas
9/3/19
A kindergarten in Siberia has been closed down temporarily by local authorities after high levels of the radioactive gas radon were detected there.
https://www.newsweek.com/russia-radon-radioactive-siberia-1457397
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Lymphocytes with multiple chromosomal damages in a large cohort of West Siberia residents: Results of long-term monitoring
2015 Dec 18
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26731314/
_______
Radon-rich waters in Russia
08 August 2003
Abstract
In radon mineral curative waters, according to Russian mineral water
classification, the radon concentration should be greater than 185 Bq/l.
There are about 30 mineral waters with high levels of radon in Russia.
Radon-rich waters have high therapeutic effects. It is proven that
natural background radiation stimulates the human immune system. Radon
is a natural radioactive gas that has no taste, smell or color.
Radon-222 is one of the heaviest elements in the zero groups of inert
gases. It is a gaseous radioactive element. All radon isotopes are
α-emitters while the transformation of its decay products is accompanied
by the emitting of α-or β-particles. The main products of radon decay
are short-lived isotopes Po, Pb, Bi, and TL. Belonging to the uranium
and thorium decay chain, radon isotopes form directly during the decay
of radium isotopes. Therefore the radon concentration depends upon the
concentration of its parent's isotope in water and rocks washed by it as
well as upon the amount of radon emanation. Loose rocks or rocks with a
great number of cracks are characterized by higher radon concentration
(zones of tectonic disturbance, weathering crusts, etc.).Crystalline
rocks usually have higher uranium concentrations than the average
bedrock. Examples of rock types, which often have enhanced uranium
concentration >5% ppm U includes the following: granites, syenites,
pegmatite, acid volcanic rocks and acid gneisses. In the earth's crust
radon migrates either in a gaseous or dissolved state. It can go to the
surface without any chemical reaction. Formation of the radon-rich
therapeutics waters of Russia has been analyzed, and most of them are
genetically connected to crystalline acid rocks that have exceeded
uranium-radium mineralization. The radon content in Russia reaches more
than 8,000 Bq/l. Radon-rich waters of this type occur in the Altai,
Karelia, St Petersburg and Trans-Baikal regions. Another type is
connected to geodynamic activity of regions and secondary radioactivity.
A well-known example of radon-rich waters of the second type is
Pyatigorsk in the North Caucasus. Mixing confined carbon
dioxide-hydrogen sulfide water and unconfined groundwater forms radon
waters. The radon concentration is 1,170–2,430 Bq/l. The occurrence of
radon-rich water deposits in other regions of Russia is described.
Further investigation of the radon content in other geological
environments will contribute to the environmental safety as well as to
the solution to many genetic, hydrogeochronological, paleoreconstructive
and prediction problems in hydrogeology.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00254-003-0857-3
_______
Monitoring of radionuclides in the natural waters of Novosibirsk, Russia
2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352801X21001314
_______
Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of the Zaeltsovsko‐Mochishchensky zone of radon waters in the southern West Siberia
1 Jan 2018
https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/hydrogeology-and-hydrogeochemistry-of-the-zaeltsovskomochishchens
_______
Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of the «Kamenskoe» field of radon-rich waters (Novosibirsk)
2021
https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA
_______
Isotope geochemical features of occurrence of low-radon waters «inskie springs» (South-Western Siberia)
2021
https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4-
_______
Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in radon-rich thermal waters of Belokurikha (Altai, Russia)
27 Jun 2022
https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/hydrogeochemistry-and-stable-isotopes-in-radon-rich-thermal-water
_______
Estimation of nocturnal 222Rn soil fluxes over Russia from TROICA measurements
2013
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/13/11695/2013/acp-13-11695-2013.pdf
_______
Radon concentration in groundwater sources of the Baikal region (East Siberia, Russia)
2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292719302513
_______
THE STUDY OF DISSOLVED HELIUM AND RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATERS OF SOUTHERN PRIBAIKALIE IN CONNECTION WITH SEISMIC PROCESSES
(Mar 2020)
https://doaj.org/article/4817429cf36843a7a48f10e348f2b952
_______
The distribution and history of nuclear weapons related contamination in sediments from the Ob River, Siberia as determined by isotopic ratios of Plutonium, Neptunium, and Cesium
https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/29059
________
Radioactive pollution of the Ob river system from urals nuclear enterprise ‘MAJAK’
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265931X94900094
_______
Description: Siberia Nuclear Waste
I. Identification
1. The Issue.
In Siberia, 3000 kilometers from Moscow lies the Siberian
Chemical Combine. This facility was part of the Russian nuclear
program since the beginning of the Cold War. After almost 40
years of producing weapons grade nuclear material, the reactors
were shut down and the facility now serves as a storage site for
radioactive material and a uranium enrichment facility. In 1993 an
explosion occurred at the facility contaminating almost 120
kilometer2 of the surrounding province of Tomsk. For the first
time in the accident plagued history of the Soviet/Russian nuclear
program, the Russian Government notified the public of the
incident. However, the cult of nuclear secrecy that permeated the
Soviet Union seems to be re-emerging in the Russian Federation.
Government agencies were embroiled in conflict over how much
information should be released. The information that was not
given, the environmental state of the combine and the Russian
Government's intent to sell nuclear technology gives cause for
concern to the entire.
http://www1.american.edu/ted/sibnuke.htm
_______
Radioactive and Other Hazardous
Contamination in Arctic Siberia
http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/fukuda.html
_______
Russians warn of radiation threat to Arctic
2 October 1999
RADIOACTIVITY that leaked from two underground nuclear explosions in northern
Siberia during the 1970s has still not been properly cleaned up and could
contaminate the Arctic, according to Russian scientists.
Between 1965 and 1988, the Soviet Union exploded 116 nuclear bombs to help
mining, quarrying and oil production—17 of them near the Arctic Circle.
Two blasts in what is now the Republic of Sakha accidentally released
radioactivity into the atmosphere. The first, the 1.7 kiloton “Crystal”,
exploded near Udachnyy in October 1974 and the second, the 19-kiloton
“Craton-3”, near Aykhal in August 1978.
Andrei Gedeonov of the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute in St Petersburg says
that surface levels of plutonium and caesium at both sites are “extremely high”.
In surveys conducted in the early 1990s, he found that the average concentration
of plutonium in lichen up to 1.5 kilometres from Craton-3 was 2.1 becquerels per
gram—780 times higher than at uncontaminated sites nearby.
Further down the water catchments in which the two sites lie, raised levels
of plutonium in sediments suggest that the contamination could spread into
rivers, Gedeonov told a conference last week in Edinburgh on radioactive
pollution in the Arctic.
At the same meeting, Vladimir Vasiliev of the Yakut International Centre for
Development of the Northern Territories, Yakutsk, claimed that the pollution
around Craton-3 and Crystal was comparable to that now found within 30
kilometres of the Chernobyl reactor in the Ukraine.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422062-500-russians-warn-of-radiation-threat-to-arctic/
_______
Russia announces enormous finds of radioactive waste and nuclear reactors in Arctic seas
Enormous quantities of decommissioned Russian nuclear reactors and radioactive waste were dumped into the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia over a course of decades, according to documents given to Norwegian officials by Russian authorities and published in Norwegian media.
http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2012-08-russia-announces-enormous-finds-of-radioactive-waste-and-nuclear-reactors-in-arctic-seas
_______
Isolated Criticality: Russia's Floating Nuclear Power Plants, Concepts and Concerns
Nov. 5, 2010
On 30 June 2010 Russia launched the Academician Lomonosov, a floating barge designed to carry two KLT-40S reactors, crew living quarters and nuclear waste storage facilities.[1] The vessel is the first of what Moscow hopes will be a series of Floating Nuclear Power Plants (FNPPs) stationed off coastal towns in Russia's Far North and Far East. Russia's rationale for the development of the project is the need to provide a sustainable and economical supply of energy to the country's remote population centers. One such site, Vilyuchinsk in Kamchatka, will be the location of the first "proof of concept" FNPP, aimed at establishing the technical viability of the project. Moscow also hopes that FNPPs will create an opportunity for the development of offshore oil and gas fields in the Russian Arctic.
http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russias-floating-nuclear-power-plants/
_______
Russian nuclear power plant afloat in Arctic causes anxiety across Bering Strait
August 9, 2019
https://www.ktoo.org/2019/08/09/russian-nuclear-power-plant-afloat-in-arctic-causes-anxiety-across-bering-strait/
_______
The nuclear lighthouses built by the Soviets in the Arctic
05 January 2021
The
Northern Sea Route goes for 5600km from the Kara Sea to the Bering
Strait, connecting Western Russia to the Far Eastern territories. In the
1930s, the USSR started building hundreds of lighthouses along this
Arctic route. With no keepers, and no other form of electricity
available they would run on nuclear energy.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25677144
_______
Radioactivity and Pollution in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Region: Observations, Modeling and Simulations
http://books.google.com/books?id=iLZEedlAucsC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=taz+river+pollution&source=bl&ots=0t6oqZnAb9&sig=xPa7LWAlEst9w09eL0H0_LmkRqE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9BshU4ahIsfd2QXK6YGQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=taz%20river%20pollution&f=false
________
UV Radiation and Arctic Ecosystems
(Barents Sea radiation)
https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrErPQmgWYC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=barents+sea+radiation&source=bl&ots=eSrG6A_eK5&sig=_7Prt1pX_3qC4HkdiBu9jlvjvmQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HE4hU7PxBpTC2gX9mYFI&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=barents%20sea%20radiation&f=true
_________
Iran Agrees to Send Enriched Uranium to Russia
OCT. 1, 2009
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/middleeast/02nuke.html?_r=0
________
The Soviet Union's fall led to an alarming nuclear failure that informs today's nuclear crisis
May 26, 2015
http://www.businessinsider.com/irans-hunt-for-nuclear-components-in-soviet-union-2015-5
_________
How America uses uranium from Russian Cold War nuclear warheads to heat millions of homes
28 December 2013
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2530318/How-America-uses-uranium-Russian-Cold-War-nuclear-warheads-heat-millions-homes.html
________
How Putin’s Russia Gained Control of a U.S. Uranium Mine
April 23, 2015
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-23/how-putin-s-russia-gained-control-of-a-u-s-uranium-mine
Since 2013, the nuclear energy arm of the Russian state has controlled 20 percent of America’s uranium production capacity.
Rosatom’s acquisition of Toronto-based miner Uranium One Inc. made the Russian agency, which also builds nuclear weapons, one the world’s top five producers of the radioactive metal and gave it ownership of a mine in Wyoming.
The deal, approved by a committee that included then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, also followed donations from Uranium One’s Canadian chairman to the Clinton Global Foundation, the New York Times reported on Thursday.
In an interview with Bloomberg News, Ian Telfer, the former Uranium One chairman and current chairman of Goldcorp Inc., said he pledged a donation of $3 million to the Clinton charity in March 2008, “when it was never contemplated that at some point in the future the Russian government would become a major shareholder of Uranium One.”
Why did the Russian government want Uranium One?
Russia is only the world’s sixth-largest uranium miner, but has a huge nuclear fuel industry. Rosatom had built that business partly by processing uranium from Soviet warheads decommissioned under the so-called megatons-to-megawatts agreement signed with the U.S. in 1993.
As that accord neared its end, Russia needed a new source of supply and Uranium One provided a solution. In 2010, a unit of Rosatom bought a majority stake and three years later, Russia paid $1.3 billion for the rest of the company.
The company that became Uranium One was founded in 1997 and merged with two competitors in 2005. In 2007, it bought UrAsia, a company co-founded by Canadian mining financier Frank Giustra that owned uranium mining assets in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan Deal
UrAsia’s purchase of the mines was finalized shortly after Giustra and Bill Clinton visited Kazakhstan’s president Nursultan Nazarbayev, the New York Times first reported in 2008. Clinton, Giustra and Telfer have all denied Clinton’s visit played any role in helping the Canadians secure the mining assets.
A personal friend of the former president, Giustra, founded a charitable organization with Clinton with the mission of helping communities in regions impacted by mining operations.
Telfer pledged $3 million to the charity at a star-studded gala in Toronto in March 2008 that included Tom Cruise, Robin Williams and Elton John. Citing Canadian tax records, the Times reported that Telfer’s family foundation donated a total of $2.35 million to the Clinton and Giustra charities between 2009 and 2012.
Hillary Clinton
Telfer’s payments came both before and after a deal to sell a majority stake in Uranium One to Rosatom gained approval in October 2010 from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, because of Uranium One’s U.S. assets. As secretary of state, Hillary Clinton was a member of the committee.
“I have never met Hillary Clinton. This donation was made in support of Frank Giustra, my business partner and friend for more than 20 years. There was no thought of influencing anyone,” Telfer said by phone.
Rosatom gained full control of Uranium One in early 2013.
Rosatom styles itself as Russia’s national nuclear corporation and today Uranium One is its international mining arm. As well as Willow Creek and the Kazakhstan assets, it owns mines in Australia and has exploration assets in Africa and the U.S.
In 2013, the company produced 5,086 tons of uranium, mostly in Kazakhstan, according to its website. That’s just under 10 percent of global production and 62 percent more than Russia produces at home.
At Willow Creek, 362 tons were mined that year, or 20 percent of U.S. productions, data from the World Nuclear Association show.
_______
Wikileaks Reveals Former FBI Director Mueller Gave Russia Uranium In 2009
May 19, 2017
Head of Russian probe has past connection with Kremlin
https://www.infowars.com/wikileaks-reveals-former-fbi-director-mueller-gave-russia-uranium-in-2009/
________
Locals in Russia’s Eastern Siberia balk at Rosatom’s plans to ruin environment by uranium mining
December 8, 2010
MOSCOW – As global supplies of uranium dwindle, the Russian State Corporation Rosatom is forced to purchase uranium abroad and bump up domestic production by scouring for small deposits in Russia. But not all uranium-rich regions in Russia are thrilled by the prospects of having their nature – and life as they know it – ruined to serve the corporation’s interests. Meet the residents of Krasny Chikoi, southwest of the Eastern Siberian city of Chita, who said a firm “No” to uranium mining.
http://bellona.org/news/uncategorized/2010-12-locals-in-russias-eastern-siberia-balk-at-rosatoms-plans-to-ruin-environment-by-uranium-mining
_________
Environmental Damage and Policy Issues in the Uranium & Gold Mining Districts of Chita Oblast in the Russian Far East
November 8, 1996
http://www.sric.org/mining/docs/chitafin.php
_________
Russia’s Rosatom Plans to Launch Lithium Mines in Siberia, Arctic
August 5, 2021
https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/russias-rosatom-plans-to-launch-lithium-mines-in-siberia-arctic/
_________
Russia’s new lithium mine will harm Arctic ecosystems and Indigenous people, Sámi activist warns
June 14, 2022
https://www.arctictoday.com/russias-new-lithium-mine-will-harm-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-people-sami-activist-warns/
_________
Russia’s Lake Baikal under threat from massive lead and zinc mine
Sep 09, 2008
https://grist.org/article/inthrslvs/
_________
[Lead and children's health: results of some Russian studies in 2000-2009]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250382/
_________
Lead contamination of the environment in Russia
2000
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969700004526
_________
[Biosphere pollution with lead: its dimensions and trends in Russia]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10424076/
_________
Extremely high concentrations of zinc in birch tree leaves collected in Chelyabinsk, Russia
01 June 2020
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-020-00605-3
_________
Modeling Water Pollution under Different Scenarios of Zinc Load on the Nizhnekamskoe Reservoir Watershed
21 October 2019
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0097807819080074
_________
Abandoned Uranium Mine in the Stavropol Region
2016
https://russiatrek.org/blog/photos/abandoned-uranium-mine-in-the-stavropol-region/
Lermontovsky Uranium Mine #1 is a former uranium mining enterprise located on Mount Beshtau near the city of Pyatigorsk, about 200 km south-east of Stavropol. The mine was closed in 1975.
Today, it is a popular object with diggers and other extreme lovers. The official name “Mine #1” was used in the documents due to the high secrecy of this object. Mount Beshtau on Google Maps. Photos by: Vladimir Mulder.
_________
Goldman Sachs to wind down uranium trading business - after U.S. Senate report sheds some light on it, raising a number of issues
http://www.wise-uranium.org/utiss.html
Goldman Sachs will wind down its small uranium trading business after failing to find a buyer and may sell its Colombian coal mine subsidiary, two of its most controversial commodity divisions, according to a Senate report released on Wednesday (Nov. 19). It included a lengthy summary of Goldman's activities in the niche uranium market, which began when it bought Nufcor from Constellation Energy Group in 2009. Goldman and Deutsche Bank had been the only big banks active in the market.
In prepared remarks ahead of a Senate hearing on Thursday, co-head of Goldman Sachs' Commodities Trading Gregory Agran said the uranium business had posed no environmental risks and the bank never took physical possession of the material. "Notwithstanding these various considerations, given the misconceptions about this business, we have decided to manage down Nufcor's assets to zero," he will tell the committee. Due to long-term supply contracts, Goldman will continue selling uranium to one power plant until 2018, according to the Senate report.
Goldman and Deutsche entered the uranium market in 2009, when tightening supplies threatened to send prices soaring before the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. The two would grow to handle almost a third of all uranium trades in the spot market, according to sources. Goldman's trading of yellowcake, enriched [?!? - means concentrated] uranium ore known as U3O8, rose tenfold from 2009 to reach 12.8 million pounds [4,923 t U] in 2013, according to the report. The value of its uranium inventories topped $240 million. (Reuters Nov. 19, 2014 - emphasis added)
> Download: Wall Street Bank Involvement With Physical Commodities external link, U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Nov. 19, 2014 (4MB PDF)
> Download: Gregory A. Agran testimony external link (Co-Head of Global Commodities Group, Goldman Sachs & Co.), Nov. 20, 2014 (17k PDF)
The senate report presents some interesting insights into Goldman's uranium business:
"When asked to summarize its physical uranium activities, Goldman described them as buying uranium from mining companies, storing it, and providing the uranium to utilities when they wanted to process more fuel for their nuclear power plants. Goldman indicated that it was, essentially, financing the storage of the uranium until its buyers were ready to purchase it.
Goldman said that it hedged its physical positions primarily by selling the physical supply through forward contracts. At the same time Goldman acted as a supplier for the utilities, it was also speculating on uranium prices by trading uranium futures and other financial products." (p.132 - emphasis added)
The inventories were stored in the form of U3O8 at the conversion plants of ConverDyn in [Metropolis] Illinois, Cameco in [Blind River, Ontario] Canada, and Comurhex in [Malvési] France, and, in the form of unenriched UF6 at the enrichment plants of Urenco in [Lea County] New Mexico and in [Almelo] the Netherlands, and Eurodif in [Tricastin] France.
Goldman was not involved with the transport of uranium (but how did the uranium get to those storage sites then?), nor with trading enriched uranium.
The report identified a number of "Issues Raised by Goldman's Physical Uranium Activities":
"Goldman's uranium-related activities, which are expected to continue until at least 2018, raise multiple concerns, including insufficient capital and insurance to protect against a catastrophic event, unfair competition, conflicts of interest arising from controlling uranium supplies while trading uranium financial instruments, and inadequate safeguards." (p.133 - emphasis added)
"The risks attached to those activities continue to be significant, and Goldman's efforts to address and mitigate them have fallen short of what the Federal Reserve has indicated is necessary." (p. 142)
________
The truth about the Hillary Clinton-Russia-Uranium 'scandal'
Apr. 28, 2015
The basic facts: This story is about the sale of a
controlling stake in a Canadian company called Uranium One to
Rosatom, the Russian atomic energy agency. Because Uranium One
controlled uranium mines in the United States, the sale had to be
approved by the Committee on Foreign Investment In the United
States (CFIUS), part of the executive branch.
A number of investors in Uranium One gave donations to the
Clinton Foundation during the time the sale was being considered
(between 2008 and 2010), in part through the participation of
Frank Giustra, a Canadian mining magnate who was a large donor to
the Foundation and who had controlled a company that eventually
bought Uranium One (according to the Times, Giustra sold his
interest in the company in 2007, before the Rosatom deal).
---------------
Nuclear Bullets: Russia Is Arming Its Tanks with 'Uranium' Shells
March 12, 2021
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/nuclear-bullets-russia-arming-its-tanks-uranium-shells-180099
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Russia signs fuel supply contract with India
Russian nuclear fuel producer TVEL and
India's Department of Atomic Energy have signed long-term contracts
worth more than $700 million for the supply of nuclear fuel to India's
nuclear power plants.
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=24645
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Russia set to team up with India on NUCLEAR REACTOR as relations deteriorate with the West
Nov 2, 2016RUSSIA is cosying up to India amid heightened tensions between Moscow and the West as the two potential allies consider collaborating on the development of an atomic reactor.
http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/727823/russia-nuclear-reactor-atomic-moscow-putin-west-india-energy
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How the KGB Created Arafat and PLO
August 9, 2007
https://pamelageller.com/2007/08/how-the-kgb-cre.html/
FP: Tell us about the PLO and its connection to the Soviet regime.
Pacepa: The PLO was dreamt up by the KGB, which had a penchant for “liberation” organizations. There was the National Liberation Army of Bolivia, created by the KGB in 1964 with help from Ernesto “Che” Guevara. Then there was the National Liberation Army of Colombia, created by the KGB in 1965 with help from Fidel Castro, which was soon deeply involved in kidnappings, hijackings, bombings and guerrilla warfare. In later years the KGB also created the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which carried out numerous bombing attacks on the “Palestinian territories” occupied by Israel, and the “Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia,” created by the KGB in 1975, which organized numerous bombing attacks against US airline offices in Western Europe.
In 1964 the first PLO Council, consisting of 422 Palestinian representatives handpicked by the KGB, approved the Palestinian National Charter—a document that had been drafted in Moscow. The Palestinian National Covenant and the Palestinian Constitution were also born in Moscow, with the help of Ahmed Shuqairy, a KGB influence agent who became the first PLO chairman. (During the Six-Day War he escaped from Jerusalem disguised as a woman, thereafter becoming such a symbol within the bloc intelligence community that one of its later influence operations—aimed at making the West consider Arafat a moderate—was given the codename “Shuqairy.”) This new PLO was headed by a Soviet-style Executive Committee made up of 15 members who, like their comrades in Moscow, also headed departments. As in Moscow—and Bucharest—the chairman of the Executive Committee became the general commander of the armed forces as well. The new PLO also had a General Assembly, which was the Soviet-inspired name given to all East European parliaments after World War II.
Based on another “socialist division of labor,” the Romanian espionage service (DIE) was responsible for providing the PLO with logistical support. Except for the arms, which were supplied by the KGB and the East German Stasi, everything else came from Bucharest. Even the PLO uniforms and the PLO stationery were manufactured in Romania free of charge, as a “comradely help.” During those years, two Romanian cargo planes filled with goodies for the PLO landed in Beirut every week, and were unloaded by Arafat’s men.
FP: You have discussed your personal knowledge of how Arafat was created and cultivated by the KGB and how the Soviets actually designed him to be the future leader of the PLO. Illuminate this picture for us please.
Pacepa: “Tovarishch Mohammed Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini, nom de guerre Abu Ammar,” was built into a Palestinian leader by the KGB in the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day Arab-Israeli War. In that war Israel humiliated two of the Soviet Union’s most important allies in the Arab world of that time, Egypt and Syria, and the Kremlin thought that Arafat could help repair the Soviet prestige. Arafat had begun his political career as leader of the Palestinian terrorist organization al-Fatah, whose fedayeen were being secretly trained in the Soviet Union. In 1969, the KGB managed to catapult him up as chairman of the PLO executive committee. Egyptian ruler Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was also a Soviet puppet, publicly proposed the appointment.
Soon after that, the KGB tasked Arafat to declare war on American “imperial-Zionism” during the first summit of the Black International, an organization that was also financed by the KGB. Arafat claimed to have coined the word “imperial-Zionism,” but in fact Moscow had invented this battle cry many years earlier, combining the traditionally Russian anti-Semitism with the new Marxist anti-Americanism.
FP: Why has the American and Israeli leadership been deceived so long about Arafat’s criminal and terrorist activities?
Pacepa: Because Arafat is a master of deceit—and I unfortunately contributed to that. In March 1978, for instance, I secretly brought Arafat to Bucharest to involve him in a long-planned Soviet/Romanian disinformation plot. Its goal was to get the United States to establish diplomatic relations with him, by having him pretend to transform the terrorist PLO into a government-in-exile that was willing to renounce terrorism. Soviet president Leonid Brezhnev believed that newly elected US president Jimmy Carter would swallow the bait.
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Terrorism and the Soviet Union
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union
The Soviet Union and other communist states were major sponsors of international terrorism. NATO and also the Italian, German and British governments saw violence in the form of "communist fighting organizations" as a serious threat.
Support for terrorist organizations
According to Soviet defector Grigori Besedovsky, the NKVD was directly coordinating a number of bombings in Poland as early as in the 1920s. The largest bombing, against Warsaw Citadel on 13 October 1923, destroyed a large military ammunition storage facility, killing 28 and wounding 89 Polish soldiers. Another bombing on 23 May 1923 at Warsaw University killed a number of people, including professor Roman Orzęcki. Further bombings happened in Częstochowa, Kraków and Białystok.Soviet secret services have been described by GRU defectors Viktor Suvorov and Stanislav Lunev as "the primary instructors of terrorists worldwide." According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, KGB General Aleksandr Sakharovsky once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon." He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention" and that in 1969 alone, 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed PLO.
Lt. General Pacepa described operation "SIG" (“Zionist Governments”) that was devised in 1972 to turn the Arab world against Israel and the United States. According to Pacepa, the following organizations received assistance from the KGB and other Eastern Bloc intelligence services: PLO, National Liberation Army of Bolivia (created in 1964 with help from Ernesto Che Guevara), the National Liberation Army of Colombia (created in 1965 with help from Cuba), Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1969, and the Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia in 1975.
The leader of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, established close collaboration with the Romanian Securitate service and the Soviet KGB in the beginning of the 1970s. The secret training of PLO guerrillas was provided by the KGB. However, the main KGB activities and arms shipments were channeled through Wadie Haddad of the DFLP organization, who usually stayed in a KGB dacha (BARVIKHA-1) during his visits to the Soviet Union. Led by Carlos the Jackal, a group of PFLP fighters accomplished a spectacular raid on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries office in Vienna in 1975. Advance notice of this operation "was almost certainly" given to the KGB.
The Red Army Faction in Germany was over years the supported by the Stasi, East Germany's security service. In 1978 part of the RAF group (Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Peter Boock, Rolf Wagner, Sieglinde Hoffmann) was hiding in a Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB) safe house in the Mazury district in Poland, where they escaped through Yugoslavia. During the stay, they were training together with Arab operatives and also hiding from German police during an intensive search for the group's members in West Germany. Carlos the Jackal and other prominent terrorists, such as Abu Nidal, Abu Daoud and Abu Abbas, enjoyed protection at SB safe houses in Poland, especially in the 1980s. Communist Poland was also used as a transit country for money and weapon transfers for these organisations.
A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international terrorists with weapons on the orders from the Soviet Communist Party, including:
- Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Official Irish Republican Army by the Soviet intelligence vessel Reduktor (operation SPLASH) in 1972 to fulfill a personal request for arms from Michael O'Riordan.[18]
- Transfer of anti-tank grenade RPG-7 launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine through Wadi Haddad, who was recruited as a KGB agent in 1970 (operation VOSTOK, "East").
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The Communist Roots of Palestinian Terror
December 14, 2007
http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=29207
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THE ROOTS OF ISLAMIC TERRORISM
March 2002
http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/issue5/roots.htm
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The Russian Roots of Terrorism
September 30, 2014
I learned about the passing of former Washington Times columnist John Lofton
as I was looking through an old file of clippings and found a Lofton
gem entitled, “Where terrorism is rooted,” from the July 5, 1985, issue
of the paper. It’s a reminder of Lofton’s important style of writing and
the fact that the Islamists we face today learned their style of
warfare from the Soviets, who established the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) as “the fulcrum of the Soviet Union’s strategic
approach” to world revolution, especially control of the Middle East.
http://www.aim.org/aim-column/the-russian-roots-of-terrorism/
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Russia needs India as major trade and economic partner
Wednesday, 09 December 2015
http://rusembindia.com/component/content/article/104-actualnews/7676-russia-needs-india-as-major-trade-and-economic-partner
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NEWS | India & Mongolia to Commence Talks on Uranium Trade
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Six Weeks After Exchanging N-Lists, Pakistan and India Trade Barbs Over ‘Secret’ Nuclear City
India decries ‘baseless allegations’, while Pakistan says the Indian side is upsetting the strategic balance in the region
https://thewire.in/107403/india-pakistan-secret-nuclear/
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Australia quietly makes first uranium shipment to India three years after supply agreement
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-19/australia-quietly-makes-first-uranium-shipment-to-india/8722108
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Why Australia must not sell uranium to Pakistan
December 6, 2011
https://theconversation.com/why-australia-must-not-sell-uranium-to-pakistan-4589
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Australia’s Uranium Export to India and Pakistan’s Claim
December 14, 2011Expectedly enough, Pakistan demanded similar treatment on par with India. Ever since the US and India concluded a bilateral civil nuclear agreement in July 2005, Pakistan has been seeking a similar deal with the US. It even tried to influence the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members in 2008 to agree on relaxing the NSG guidelines based on a criteria-based approach, rather than providing country (India) specific safeguards. Shortly after President Obama’s call in New Delhi in November 2010 upon India to join the four multilateral export control regimes, namely the NSG, Missile Technology Control Regime, Australia Group and Wassenaar Arrangement, Pakistan too expressed its desire to be part of these regimes. Now, when Australia has decided in principle to export uranium to India, Pakistan seeks similar treatment. Shortly after the ALP vote, the Pakistan High Commissioner in Canberra, Abdul Malik Abdullah, said that his country too should get equal treatment. To justify the claim, he told ABC radio that past concerns about the security of Pakistan’s nuclear industry had now been set aside.
http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/AustraliasUraniumExporttoIndiaandPakistansClaim_cvsastry_141211
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The China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal: A Realpolitique Fait Accompli
Dec 11, 2011
http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/china-pakistan-nuclear-deal-realpolitique-fait-accompli-1/
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Pakistan’s sale of nuclear materials to N Korea hushed up by China
June 22, 2016
The Chinese Government hushed up the matter as it could have consequences for Beijing's bid to support Pakistan at the NSG.
http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-nsg-north-korea-nuclear-materials-2869252/
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China, Pakistan, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group
June 17, 2010The possibility that China will export two nuclear power reactors to Pakistan looms over the annual meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group—a 46-nation body that sets global rules for nuclear trade—scheduled to begin next week in New Zealand.
In a Q&A, Mark Hibbs analyzes the importance of the meeting and significance of the China–Pakistan deal. Hibbs says that “in the aftermath of the 2008 U.S.–India deal and the NSG’s decision to allow it, the NSG will have to perform a delicate balancing act to find the least unsatisfactory solution to meet China’s challenge.”
http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/06/17/china-pakistan-and-nuclear-suppliers-group-pub-41027
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US Sanctions Backfire: China Opens $10 Billion Credit Line For Iran
Credit line will use euros and yuan to bypass sanctions
September 17, 2017
https://www.infowars.com/us-sanctions-backfire-china-opens-10-billion-credit-line-for-iran/
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Despite threats, Africa is looking to nuclear with Russia and China’s help
October 26, 2015
Many African countries are in the grip of a nuclear fad.
They believe nuclear energy will bring with it an international
currency of prestige. Countries with nuclear energy programs are seen as
rich and technologically advanced and as a result possess advanced
status compared to other developing countries.
Nuclear is not new to Africa. It has been active since the 1950s when
the Democratic Republic of Congo built Africa’s first nuclear reactor. But now, more African countries are planning to develop atomic power for energy security.
There are 12 nuclear research reactors hosted in eight African countries. South Africa is the only African country with an operational nuclear power plant. But the list of countries seeking nuclear energy is long. Sub-Saharan countries of Ghana, Niger, Uganda and others have expressed interest in building nuclear plants. North African countries Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have similar plans.
https://theconversation.com/despite-threats-africa-is-looking-to-nuclear-with-russia-and-chinas-help-49476
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Inside the Uranium Underworld: Dark Secrets, Dirty Bombs
Apr 10, 2017
One
night last spring, Amiran Chaduneli, a flea-market trader in the
ex-Soviet Republic of Georgia, met with two strangers on a bridge at the
edge of Kobuleti, a small town on the country's Black Sea coast.Over
the phone, the men had introduced themselves as foreigners—one Turkish,
the other Russian—and they were looking for an item so rare on the
black market that it tends to be worth more, ounce for ounce, than gold.
Chaduneli knew where to get it. He didn't know that his clients were
undercover cops.
From the bridge, he took them to inspect the merchandise at a nearby
apartment where his acquaintance had been storing it: a lead box about
the size of a smartphone, containing a few pounds of radioactive
uranium, including small amounts of the weapons-grade material known as
uranium-235. The stash wasn't nearly enough to make a nuclear weapon.
But if packed together with high explosives, these metallic lumps could
produce what's known as a dirty bomb—one that could poison the area
around the blast zone with toxic levels of radiation.
http://time.com/4728293/uranium-underworld-dark-secrets-dirty-bombs/
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Russia’s Push To Mine Arctic Metals Is Fueled By Nuclear Power
Dec 04, 2021
https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Russias-Push-To-Mine-Arctic-Metals-Is-Fueled-By-Nuclear-Power.html
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Uranium from Russia
2006
https://www.usitc.gov/publications/701_731/pub3872.pdf
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Putin’s Power Play – How It Will Change the Uranium Sector
May 15, 2013
https://www.caseyresearch.com/articles/putins-power-play-how-it-will-change-the-uranium-sector
The last time Vladimir Putin was president, he laid the foundation to pull Mother Russia from the wreck of economic chaos to a world power once again. This time, he's ready to extend that influence to counter the West. His tools: Russia's abundant resources of energy, including uranium.
There's a new war developing on the continent, and the weapons this time will be oil wells, gas fields, and uranium mines, pipelines and ports, processing facilities, and supply deals.
Led by Russia's vast resource wealth and China's massive bank account, the countries of Asia and those along the Eurasian divide are realizing they do not want or need help from the West to achieve their goals. They are settling their differences, negotiating closer relations, and advancing their plans without as much as a phone call to Washington or Brussels.
After years of Western dominance in world affairs, they've had enough. And with Vladimir Putin back in as Russia's president, this emerging bloc has its leader.
Vladimir Vladimirovich is a man of remarkable intelligence, determination, and ruthlessness. In many Russian eyes, that last attribute is far from a fault – they see him as a man's man who restored their country's pride, economy, and position of influence after a humiliating period they'd rather forget. If that has required trampling some citizen rights along with much of the country's new capitalist class… well, nothing comes for free.
From the chaos of financial collapse and political turmoil in 1998, Putin increased GDP by an average 7% annually, cut in half the number of Russians living below the poverty line, grew industry by 75%, and doubled real incomes.
He's achieved these accomplishments largely though development of energy resources. Under his guidance, Russia became a global energy superpower. Today, with a much-strengthened country under his feet, Putin will use his control over natural resources to pull leverage away from the United States and Europe.
It's no secret that Putin disdains America's self-appointed role as global policeman and holds Europe in equal contempt for generally supporting US foreign policy. The NATO campaign in Libya was perhaps a final straw: After Russia vetoed a UN motion to intervene in the civil war there, the US and its European allies turned to their military club NATO to further the regime change they desired. To Russia, at least, it was a snub intended to suggest that Russian opinion still doesn't matter.
Now Putin's primary goal is to prove that view wrong.
And he has the tools to do so. Among other things, he's working to corner the uranium market – his country already controls 40% of global uranium enrichment capacity, the lion's share of the world's downblending facilities, and a fair chunk of the world's uranium resources.
On top of that, the country's nuclear power giant, Rosatom, builds more nuclear power plants than any other company in the world, with deals for 21 international reactors currently on the books.
The era of Putinization is about to begin, and we investors need to understand where it's coming from and what it means. What's on the table are investment trends and profits along with the balance of world influence...
Rosatom is an absolute giant in the global nuclear sector. The company builds more nuclear power plants worldwide than anyone else, with builds currently underway in China, Vietnam, India, Iran, and Turkey. The 21 new builds in Rosatom's order book are worth US$50 billion.
Rosatom is also the conduit through which Russia exports uranium, a trade currently valued at US$3 billion per year. One-fifth of those exports go to the Asia-Pacific region, a market growing so quickly that Rosatom is building a new Vostok complex for uranium-products transportation and logistics to better serve the region.
Nuclear power has been the world's fastest-growing major source of energy every decade since 1960. That's not going to change. Putin is acutely aware that uranium will be one of the most closely contested battlegrounds in the global race for resources.
Unfortunately for everyone else, he's given Russia a significant head start.
https://www.caseyresearch.com/articles/putins-power-play-how-it-will-change-the-uranium-sector
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Fissile Material Theft Chronology
May-September 1992
http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/proliferation/chronology-fissile-material-theft.htm
Leonid Smirnov, a chemical engineer at the Luch Scientific Production Association in Podolsk, Russia steals approximately one and one half kilograms of weapons grade highly enriched uranium. He was working alone and had no known potential buyers.
July 1993:
Two Russian naval officers are arrested outside of a storage facility for the Russian Northern Fleet in Andreeva Guba, 40 kilometers from the Norwegian border. They were found to have 1.8 kilograms of highly enriched uranium. Both men claimed to be following military orders. However most Russian authorities believe that the Russian mob was involved.
November 27, 1993:
Three men retired or active in the Russian Navy steal 4.5 kilograms of highly enriched uranium, from a naval base storage facility in Sevmorput, Russia. Authorities were alerted to the theft because one of the thieves carelessly left a door open. The men were arrested several months later trying to sell the stolen material. One of the men arrested stated that it would have taken the Russian Navy 10 years to figure out that the fissile material was missing if they had shut the door.
_______
Georgia's Nuclear Black Market
12/10/2012
The encounter, which took place in April, reflected a fear shared by U.S. and Georgian officials: Despite years of effort and hundreds of millions of dollars spent in the fight against the illicit sale of nuclear contraband, the black market remains active in the countries around the former Soviet Union. The radioactive materials, mostly left over from the Cold War, include nuclear bomb-grade uranium and plutonium, and dirty-bomb isotopes like cesium and iridium.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/10/georgia-nuclear-black-market_n_2270643.html
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Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan
(Updated June 2015)
Kazakhstan has 12% of the world's uranium resources and an expanding mining sector, producing about 22,830 tonnes in 2014, and planning for further increase to 2018.
In 2009 it became the world's leading uranium producer, with almost 28% of world production, then 33% in 2010, 36% in 2011, 36.5% in 2012, and 38% in 2013.
A single Russian nuclear power reactor operated from 1972 to 1999, generating electricity and for desalination.
Kazakhstan has a major plant making nuclear fuel pellets and aims eventually to sell value-added fuel rather than just uranium.
The government is committed to a high level of uranium exports, and is planning to build a Russian nuclear power reactor at Kurchatov.
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/
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Nations still trade Russian uranium
October 2, 2022
At the end of last month, enriched uranium unloaded from the Mikhail Dudin in Dunkirk was destined for the Rhone valley in southern France, which is home to major sites of the French civil nuclear industry, according to Greenpeace France.
The French nuclear sector has a series of contracts with Russian state-controlled energy giant Rosatom, including some to import enriched uranium destined for European nuclear power plants and to export reprocessed uranium to Russia. Rosatom is one of the world's biggest actors in the nuclear energy market.
Multinational company Orano, headquartered in France, has a contract with Rosatom to buy reprocessed uranium to convert it into nuclear fuel at its Seversk plant in Siberia, and ultimately use it in reactors to produce energy.
The U.S. power industry also imports uranium from Russia to feed its nuclear plants.
AP recently tracked millions of dollars worth of shipments of radioactive uranium hexafluoride from Russian state-owned Tenex JSC, the world's largest exporter of initial nuclear fuel cycle products, to Westinghouse Electric Co. in South Carolina.
https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2022/oct/02/nations-still-trade-russian-uranium/
_______
Greenpeace Russia
2008
GP Submission on the Proposed Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Use of nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDYQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fparliamentary_business%2Fcommittees%2Fhouse_of_representatives_committees%3Furl%3Djsct%2F14may2008%2Fsubs%2Fsub13.pdf&ei=eFglVd-gAY3ZoAT7loH4Aw&usg=AFQjCNGJilGh35PSS48XUWZ_fLhgq2MSHg&sig2=ZI_lNuManVzi9bqzZrzyyg
________
Environmental Problems
Russia Table of Contents
http://countrystudies.us/russia/25.htm
Japan has been engaged in a long struggle to stop Russia's Pacific Fleet from dumping radioactive waste into the Sea of Japan (see Japan, ch. 8). In 1994 Russia complied with Japan's demand to cease dumping entirely; after a long series of negotiations, in January 1996 Russia and Japan agreed on construction of a floating nuclear waste recycling plant and expansion of an existing facility to process nuclear waste generated by the Pacific Fleet...
...Among the chemicals and contaminants dumped frequently and indiscriminately have been compounds containing heavy metals, phenols, pesticides, and pathogenic bacteria. Chemical pollution was dramatized when fires ignited spontaneously on the Iset' River in Sverdlovsk (present-day Yekaterinburg) in 1965 and on the Volga River in 1970. Russian agriculture, like industry subject to centralized control and quota fulfillment in the Soviet era, continues to cause severe water pollution by overuse and improper handling and storage of toxic chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. During the Soviet era, dioxin, a carcinogen, was used routinely as an agricultural insecticide, and it heavily tainted rural wells. In 1990 Soviet authorities declared that dioxin, which enters the body through drinking water, was the most serious health threat from pollution.
In 1992 the Russian Federation's Committee on Fishing reported 994 cases in which bodies of water were "completely contaminated" by agricultural runoff. Runoff from fields results in fish kills and groundwater contamination. Among the largest river systems in European Russia, the Volga and Dnepr rivers suffer from acute eutrophication--depletion of dissolved oxygen by over nutrition of aquatic plant life--which distorts natural life cycles. Large-scale fish kills have occurred in the Kama, Kuban', North Dvina, Oka, and Ural rivers.
Pollution in the Gulf of Finland, the easternmost extension of the Baltic Sea, includes untreated sewage from St. Petersburg, where heavy metals and other chemical substances are not properly removed prior to dumping. In late 1995, St. Petersburg city officials signed an agreement with a French water purification company to process the city's drinking water; the Finns hope that such a move also will improve the overall quality of the city's effluent water.
Water quality in Lake Ladoga, Europe's largest freshwater lake, came to the attention of government authorities in the mid-1990s. Factories on the lake, which is just east of St. Petersburg, have discharged tons of heavy metals and other toxic substances into local rivers. The shores of Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega to its east have been storage sites for fertilizers, livestock waste, and chemicals as well as for radioactive military waste. When local rivers emanating from the lakes reach the Gulf of Finland, their chemical burden changes the oxygen balance in the gulf. Similar situations affect the Arctic Ocean, into which Siberian rivers flow after passing through numerous industrial and power-generating centers, and the Baltic Sea, into which large amounts of military waste and chemical weapons were discarded from Poland and the Baltic republics during the Soviet era.
________
Pollution in the Baltic Sea
1998
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9722964/
________
Lithuania’s state-owned port allegedly polluting Baltic waters
2020.02.21
After the Grigeo pollution scandal shook Lithuania, another company was found allegedly polluting the Baltic waters. This time, it's the state-owned port of Klaipėda, according to Rūta Juknevičiūtė from the LRT Investigation Team.
The port was allegedly discharging wastewater containing mercury into the Curonian Lagoon for seven years without the necessary permit, as well as potentially dumped polluted soil into the Baltic Sea.
The toxins were separated from soil that had accumulated pollution since the Soviet era, and was stored at a hazardous sludge site near the Smeltė peninsula on the Curonian Lagoon. The pollution then reached the lagoon through wastewater and the food chain, according to the LRT Investigation Team.
Over four hectares of land "was turned into a biotoxic sludge landfill," Raimonda Zaborė from Klaipėda's civil society told LRT.
Curonian Lagoon is an inland body of water shared by Russia and Lithuania, which connects to the Baltic Sea.
Although the site was in use since 2013, environmental officials took samples only in May and September. The samples didn't exceed the allowable limits of mercury, but the port only acquired the license in early 2020 to discharge hazardous waste.
The Environmental Protection Department, therefore, intends to file an administrative offence report against the port.
Vidmantas Paukštė, the port's acting CEO, said the clean-up project in the Malkų Bay – from where the wastewater was released – is aimed at cleaning the Curonian Lagoon.
The water running off into the Curonian Lagoon from the sludge site is the same water as found in the lagoon, according to a statement issued by the company on Thursday.
The investigation also revealed that port was given permission by the Environmental Protection Department to dump 10.7 million metric tons of polluted soil. Environment protection officers are noting an increase of heavy metals in some places where the soil was dumped.
The company claimed that only unpolluted soil that was checked in labs is being released into the Baltic Sea.
The Baltic Sea is the most polluted water body in the world, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's report in 2018.
https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1144817/lithuania-s-state-owned-port-allegedly-polluting-baltic-waters
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The ticking time-bomb at the bottom of the Baltic Sea
Nov 21st 2013,
http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/11/baltic-sea
THERE IS something dangerous lurking in the shallow waters of the Baltic Sea. Nearly 70 years after the victorious Allies dumped thousands of tonnes of Nazi chemical weapons and chemical agents into the Baltic Sea, experts have warned of an environmental disaster as the weapons corrode and their deadly contents spill into sea.
Under an agreement reached at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, Britain and the Soviet Union dumped around 65,000 tonnes of Germany’s chemical weapons stockpile into the murky depths of the Baltic Sea in 1947-48. Since then the threat posed by the shells and drums full of hazardous waste has been subject to speculation and research. Some scientist called it a “ticking time-bomb”.
It now appears the ticking has got louder. Recent research by Poland’s Military University of Technology has found traces of mustard gas on the sea bed just a few hundred metres off the Polish coast, in the Gulf of Gdansk. This indicates corrosion of the metal, and that poisonous chemicals are now leaking into the water and could be absorbed by fish, entering the food chain. Scientists are concerned, but not just because containers are leaking. There should be no chemical weapons in the Gulf of Gdansk as this was not a dumping zone. Stanislaw Popiel, from the team of the military university, which carried out the research, said that it was hard to say where the contamination came from.
One possible explanation is that the Soviets had a fairly care-free attitude to where they dumped the weapons. Although the vast majority of the munitions were thrown into the Bornholm and Gotland deeps, Jacek Beldowski, from the Polish Institute of Oceanography, said the Soviets often threw everything overboard “as soon as they were out of sight of land”. This means there could be tonnes of chemical weapons lying in unknown locations, close to land and in fishing zones. Mr Beldowski has also found an increase in fish with illnesses and genetic defects in the areas of the known dumping zones; evidence that some of the containers are indeed leaking.
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A multispecies approach for monitoring persistent toxic substances in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic sea)
2007 Feb 8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17291585/
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Analysis of estrogenic activity in coastal surface waters of the Baltic Sea using the yeast estrogen screen
2005 Dec 5
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16330072/
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Suggestion for a physical-chemical assessment of the sea coastal waters pollution on the basis of the analysis of the examination on the Gdańsk Bay waters
1990
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2135919/
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Toxic Algae Have Multiplied in the Baltic Sea Due to the Heat
June 21, 2021
https://www.ukrgate.com/eng/?p=15971
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Surface distribution of the coliform bacteria in the Gdańsk Bay
1995
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8727471/
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Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-O-S/Russia--Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/
(Updated August 2015)
A major increase in uranium mine production is planned.
There is increasing international involvement in parts of Russia's fuel cycle.
Exports are a major Russian political and economic objective, particularly for front-end fuel cycle services through Tenex, and also nuclear power plants.
SC Rosatom divisions are:
Nuclear weapons complex
Nuclear & Radiation Safety and wastes
Nuclear Power – Atomenergoprom, Rosenergoatom
Research & Training
Atomflot – Arctic fleet of seven nuclear icebreakers and one nuclear merchant ship
The System of State Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials and Radioactive Waste (SSAC RM&RAW) is intended to perform physical inventory testing of nuclear materials and radioactive waste at their locations, and carry out accounting and control of them at the federal, regional and departmental levels. In February 2015 Rosatom introduced an automated system for accounting and control of radwastes from more than 2000 organisations, which is to be fully implemented by the end of the year.
In July 2013 Rostechnadzor issued five-year licences to the three regional branches of NO RAO, for “activities associated with final disposal of liquid radioactive waste.”
About 32 million cubic metres of radioactive waste is to be disposed of within the framework of NO RAO’s program at a cost of about RUR 307 billion, according to Rosatom. NO RAO’s investment program runs to 2035 and includes capital investment in infrastructure of RUR 158 billion ($4.77 billion). Owners of the radioactive waste needing disposal are to provide 80% of that money, while the remaining 20% is to come from the federal budget. In 2013, 24,000 tonnes of used fuel was reported to be awaiting reprocessing or disposal. Rosatom’s Social Council plays a major role in achieving public acceptance.
Plant 20 at PA Mayak, Ozersk, is understood to be a military plutonium processing facility employing 1900 people. There was a plan to close it down and transfer operations to the Siberian Chemical Combine at Seversk as part of restructuring the nuclear weapons complex, but this was cancelled in March 2010. In 2011 Rostechnadzor said that urgent attention was needed “to the 20 open liquid radioactive waste pools, including decommissioning those at FGUP PA Mayak as containing the highest concentration and amount of liquid radioactive waste.”
Used fuel from Russian-built foreign power and research reactors is repatriated, much of it through the port of Murmansk. Some 70 containers were unloaded and moved south by rail over 2008-2014.
A dedicated ship to transport used up to 720 tonnes of nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes was built for Atomflot in Italy, and completed in 2011. The Rossita is apparently primarily for military wastes and fuel from decommissioned submarines, and is used on the Northern Sea Route cruising between Gremikha, Andreeva Bay, Saida Bay, Severodvinsk and other territories hosting facilities which dismantle nuclear submarines.
Waste disposal, geological repositories
No repository is yet available for high-level wastes. Earlier, site selection was proceeding in granite on the Kola Peninsula, and 30 potential disposal sites have been identified in 18 regions, including Siberia, the Urals, the Volga region and the Northwest federal district in order of priority. In 2003 Krasnokamensk in the Chita region 7000 km east of Moscow was suggested as the site for a major spent fuel repository.
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Southern Italy’s cancer epidemic, due to radioactive trash dumping
1 November 2013
http://nuclear-news.net/2013/11/08/southern-italys-cancer-epidemic-due-to-radioactive-trash-dumping/
Toxic nuclear and industrial waste, dumped illegally by the Neapolitan mafia, is responsible for a surge in cancers in southern Italy, it is feared.
The Italian Senate is investigating a link between buried pollutants and a rise of almost 50 per cent in tumours found in the inhabitants of several towns around Naples.
In classified documents from 1997, only now released to the public, a mafia kingpin warned authorities that the poison in the ground would kill everyone ‘within two decades’. Camorra chief Francesco Schiavone, once the world’s number one mafia fugitive, said: ‘The inhabitants are all at risk of dying from cancer within twenty years.
‘In towns like Casapesenna, Casal di Principe, Castel Volturno, and so on, they have, perhaps, twenty years to live. In fact I don’t think anyone will survive.’
Doctors first noticed that cancers in towns around Naples were on the rise in the 1990s. But since that time they have increased by 40 per cent in women and 47 per cent in men.
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The Mafia's Deadly Garbage: Italy's Growing Toxic Waste Scandal
January 16, 2014
For decades, the Mafia has been dumping toxic waste illegally in the region north of Naples. Recently declassified testimony shows that leading politicians have known about the problem for years, yet done nothing about it -- even as the death toll climbs.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/anger-rises-in-italy-over-toxic-waste-dumps-from-the-mafia-a-943630.html
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Europe's largest illegal toxic dumping site discovered in southern Italy - an area with cancer rates 80% higher than national average
17 June 2015
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/europes-largest-illegal-toxic-dumping-site-discovered-in-southern-italy--an-area-with-cancer-rates-80-higher-than-national-average-10327157.html
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Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_waste_dumping_by_the_'Ndrangheta
The 'Ndrangheta, a criminal organization from Calabria (Italy) has been involved in radioactive waste dumping since the 1980s. Ships with toxic and radioactive waste were sunk off the Italian coast. In addition, vessels were allegedly sent to Somalia and other developing countries with toxic waste, including radioactive waste cargoes, which were either sunk with the ship or buried on land. The introduction of more rigorous environmental legislation in the 1980s made illegal waste dumping a lucrative business for organized crime groups in Italy.
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Italy's Toxic Secret
Apr , 2014
As child cancer cases in part of Italy rise, a former mafia boss turned informant reveals details of the tonnes of toxic waste that the mafia illegally dumped there.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtcDCoojprk
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Italy’s Toxic Waste Vanishes Into Albania
29 October 2012
Dangerous garbage is being imported to Albania before disappearing without trace, an investigation into the murky world of waste exports reveals. From Prishtina Insight.
http://www.tol.org/client/article/23437-italys-toxic-waste-vanishes-into-albania.html
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Uranium import probe threatens U.S. nuclear power industry -group
2018
https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-trade-uranium/uranium-import-probe-threatens-u-s-nuclear-power-industry-group-idUSL2N1WC1O4
Sept 26 (Reuters) - U.S. nuclear power generators urged the federal government against taking action in a dispute over imported uranium, arguing tariffs or quotas would increase costs for the struggling industry and possibly cause some reactors to shut, according to a statement emailed on Wednesday.
The U.S. Department of Commerce launched a “Section 232” investigation into uranium imports in July following complaints by two U.S. uranium mining companies, Ur-Energy Inc and Energy Fuels Inc, that subsidized foreign competitors have caused them to cut capacity and lay off workers.
The move is a double-edged sword for President Donald Trump. While it helps domestic uranium producers by targeting importers, it undercuts the administration’s efforts to give a boost to U.S. nuclear power operators, who would see their fuel costs increase.
“Imposing additional regulatory burdens on the already struggling nuclear energy industry will put 100,000 good paying domestic jobs and careers at risk and is inconsistent with President Trump’s and the Department of Energy’s policy pronouncements,” David Tamasi, spokesperson for nuclear group, called the Ad Hoc Utilities Group (AHUG), said in a statement.
The White House has been trying to find a way to prevent additional coal and nuclear plants from shutting, which the administration see as vital for national energy security, as they struggle to compete with cheaper alternatives like natural gas and renewable generation.
Uranium is used in the U.S. nuclear arsenal and powers the Navy’s nuclear aircraft carriers and submarines, along with 98 U.S. commercial nuclear reactors that produce 20 percent of the electricity consumed in the country.
The nuclear industry said a diverse uranium supply is essential to keep that power flowing.
In 2017, about 58 percent of the U.S. uranium supply came from the United States, Canada and Australia, with the rest coming from Russia (16 percent), Kazakhstan (11 percent), Uzbekistan (5 percent), Namibia (5 percent), South Africa (2 percent) and Niger (2 percent), according to the nuclear power group.
Officials at Ur-Energy and Energy Fuels Inc were not immediately available for comment.
The investigation, which the Commerce Department said on Wednesday is still ongoing, is one of several launched by the Trump administration under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, previously a seldom-invoked Cold War-era law.
Probes on steel and aluminum imports have led to tariffs and quotas on the metals, prompting retaliation from trading partners including Canada, Mexico and the European Union.
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________
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Chapter 2: Pollution
_____
_____
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The 25 Most Polluted Places On Earth
May, 2012
#6: Dzerzhinsk, Russia
Named the world’s most chemically polluted city by the Guinness Book of World Records, in recent years its death rate has overwhelmed its birth rate by more than 260%. It also has one of the lowest life expectancies in the world at roughly 45 years.
http://list25.com/the-25-most-polluted-places-on-earth/
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The 25 Most Polluted Places On Earth
May, 2012
#24: Norilsk, Russia
This Siberian city houses an even larger smelting complex than La Oroya (it’s actually the largest in the world). Not surprisingly, the pollution here is so bad that the average life expectancy is up to 10 years less than the rest of Russia.
http://list25.com/the-25-most-polluted-places-on-earth/
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How Norilsk, in the Russian Arctic, became one of the most polluted places on Earth
Nov. 28, 2021
A smelting company has poisoned rivers, killed off forests and belched out more sulfur dioxide than active volcanoes. Now it wants to produce more metal for the “green economy.”
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/norilsk-russian-arctic-became-one-polluted-places-earth-rcna6481
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How an Arctic City Became One of the World’s Most Polluted Places
Dec 01, 2021
https://www.ecowatch.com/norilsk-arctic-pollution-2655904265.html
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One of the Most Polluted Places on Earth Is in the Russian Arctic
04/12/2021
Norilsk is part of an Arctic that is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, but the permafrost and structural problems can’t be attributed to climate change alone.
Norilsk’s pollution can be seen in the 5.9 million acres of dead or dying forest downwind from the Norilsk Nickel compound – a large scar slashed into Earth’s largest forested region.
The intensity of Norilsk’s pollution is detectable from space. Satellite instrument readings show that no other human enterprise generates as much sulphur dioxide pollution.
https://science.thewire.in/external-affairs/world/one-of-the-most-polluted-places-on-earth-is-in-the-russian-arctic/
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In the Russian Arctic, One of the Most Polluted Places on Earth
11.29.2021
Pollution from Norilsk Nickel has plagued a remote town for decades. Now the smelting company says it can go green.
Top: Norilsk Nickel produces more sulfur dioxide than any other human enterprise, on par with emissions from active volcanoes. The company has started construction on a $4.1 billion project that it says will reduce sulfur dioxide air pollution 90 percent by 2025. Visual: Norilsk Nickel...
https://undark.org/2021/11/29/ecocide-norilsk/
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A Manmade Volcano over Norilsk
July 12, 2017
In global satellite observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), several sources of the polluting gas stand out. Dozens of volcanoes spit out plumes of it during explosive and effusive eruptions; the gas also seeps more or less continuously from dozens of other volcanoes that are not actively erupting in a process scientists call passive degassing. And nearly 300 coal-fired powered plants, dozens of gas and oil sites, and more than 50 smelting facilities emit streams of sulfur dioxide large enough to be detected from space.
But of all the manmade (anthropogenic) sources, one location really sticks out: Norilsk. This industrial city of 175,000 people in northern Siberia has several mines that tap into one of the largest nickel, copper, platinum, and palladium deposits on Earth. And all of the smelting—the extraction of usable metal from ore by grinding it up and melting it—that happens there has made it into one of the largest sources of sulfur dioxide detectable by satellites.
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92246/a-manmade-volcano-over-norilsk
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Hierarchical systematic conservation planning at the national level: Identifying national biodiversity hotspots using abiotic factors in Russia
2005
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/223536860_Hierarchical_systematic_conservation_planning_at_the_national
_level_Identifying_national_biodiversity_hotspots_using_abiotic_factors_in_Russia
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Russia makes progress cleaning up pollution, but hot spots remain
http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/russia-makes-progress-cleaning-pollution-hot-spots-remain
______
Cleaning Up the Russian Arctic, One Village at a Time
http://www.anthc.org/chs/ces/climate/upload/Cleaning-Up-the-Russian-Arctic-Final.pdf
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TED Case Studies
Arctic Sea Dumping
http://www1.american.edu/ted/arctic.htm
CASE NUMBER: 204
CASE MNEMONIC: ARCTIC
CASE NAME: Russian Toxic Dumping in the Arctic Sea
Dumping of highly radioactive wastes at sea has been banned
worldwide for more than three decades, still it has been revealed
that Russia (the former Soviet Union) has been dumping highly
radioactive materials in the Arctic Sea (more precisely the Barents
Kara Seas) since the late 1950s. This act has international
implications, especially in view of Russia's relations to the
Scandinavian countries (in particular Norway), as rich fishing
grounds could be threatened. The Norwegian Prime Minister said the
dumping represents a "security risk to people and to the natural
biology of northern waters" , and the former Minister of Foreign
Affairs Johan Jorgen Holst stated that Russian pollution was "the
biggest security problem Norway faces." Today scientists are
trying to assess what possible damage the dumping might have done
to the fragile environment of the Arctic region.
2. Description
The extent and the precise locations of Russia's nuclear
polluting may forever remain a mystery. However, since the
beginnings of Perestroika some of those secrets have begun to
trickle out of the former Soviet Empire, much to the chagrin of her
neighbors and the international community as a whole. The culprit
in this mess, not to anyone's surprise, has been the Russian
military.
While fact and fiction have been hard to differentiate (it
depends on whose figures your consulting) these numbers have been
confirmed. In the 1950's, the effluent from the nuclear-weapons
factory near Chelyabinsk was dumped into the River Techa. It ended
up in the Arctic Ocean. Between 1964 and 1986, some 7,000 tons of
solid radioactive waste and 1,600 cubic meters of liquid waste was
pitched into the Kara and Barents Seas from the base in Murmasnk
which serviced the Soviet fleet of nuclear powered naval and
merchant ships.
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Ocean disposal of radioactive waste
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_disposal_of_radioactive_waste
From 1946 through 1993, thirteen countries used ocean disposal or ocean dumping as a method to dispose of nuclear/radioactive waste with an approximation of 200,000 tons sourcing mainly from the medical, research and nuclear industry.
The waste materials included both liquids and solids housed in various containers, as well as reactor vessels, with and without spent or damaged nuclear fuel. Since 1993, ocean disposal has been banned by international treaties. (London Convention (1972), Basel Convention, MARPOL 73/78). There has only been the disposal of low level radioactive waste (LLW) thus far in terms of ocean dumping as high level waste has been strictly prohibited.
"Ocean floor disposal" (or sub-seabed disposal)—a more deliberate method of delivering radioactive waste to the ocean floor and depositing it into the seabed—was studied by the United Kingdom and Sweden, but never implemented.
Contents
1 History
2 1946–1993
2.1 Types of waste and packaging
2.2 Dump sites
3 Environmental impact
3.1 Arctic Ocean
3.2 North-East Atlantic Ocean
3.3 North-East Pacific Ocean, North-West Atlantic Ocean dump sites of USA
3.4 North-West Pacific Ocean dump sites of the Soviet Union, Japan, Russia, and Korea
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A five-year review of Russia’s efforts to address its radiation hazards
December 3, 2020
One of Russia’s most pivotal programs for addressing radiation hazards turned 5 years old last month, marking a time for scientists, industry experts and members of the public to assess the progress that’s been made in containing some of the country’s most acute areas of contamination...
https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2020-12-a-five-year-review-of-russias-efforts-to-address-its-radiation-hazards
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The Environmental Outlook in Russia
January 1999
https://irp.fas.org/nic/environmental_outlook_russia.html
Among Russia's most important environmental problems:
Water pollution is the most serious concern. Less than half of Russia's population has access to safe drinking water. While water pollution from industrial sources has diminished because of the decline in manufacturing, municipal wastes increasingly threaten key water supply sources, and nuclear contamination could leach into key water sources as well. The head of Russia's environmental protection committee estimates that the cost of raising the quality of Russia's entire drinking water supply to official standards could be as high as $200 billion.
Air quality is almost as poor as water quality, with over 200 cities often exceeding Russian pollution limits, and is likely to worsen. The number of vehicles on the road has increased rapidly, and their emissions will offset reductions in industrial air pollution owing to reduced economic activity and greater reliance on natural gas.
Solid waste generation has increased substantially due to adoption of Western-style consumption patterns. Russian municipalities, however, lack management expertise and landfill capacity to cope with disposal problems.
Hazardous waste disposal problems are extensive and growing. Russian officials estimate that about 200 metric tons of the most highly toxic and hazardous wastes are dumped illegally each year in locations that lack effective environmental or public health protections or oversight.
Nuclear waste and chemical munitions contamination is so extensive and costly to reverse that remediation efforts are likely to continue to be limited largely to merely fencing off affected areas.
Environmental problems are harming both the health of Russia's citizens and the economy:
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Environmental Problems (Russia)
http://countrystudies.us/russia/25.htm
________
Industrial Pollution is Public Enemy Number One, Russian environmentalists tell Bellona conference
August 20, 2014
http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2014-08-industrial-pollution-public-enemy-number-one-russian-environmentalists-tell-bellona-conference
The ‘Moonscapes’ of the Murmansk Region
Anna Kireeva, who represented Bellona’s Murmansk office at the conference, presented a report on industrial pollution in the Murmansk region. According to Kireeva, the activities of industrial giant Norilsk Nickel are creating an environmental disaster in the Russia’s Northwest. Specifically, she said, the Kola Mining and Metallurgy Company (KMMC) – which runs industrial enterprises out of the Kola Peninsula towns of Nikel, Pechenga, and Monchegorsk –is poisoning the region with sulfur dioxide.
Far East Russian industrial pollution
Vladivostok’s Anton Tugushyov, last year’s laureate of Bellona’s annual Eco-Jurist (in Russian) prize, reported on industrial pollution problems in the Far East Russian Primorye region.
He said that despite the regions rich diversity of rare and protected species, authorities pay little attention to environmental problems, and ecological defense has become a hot issue.
He reeled off several industrial scale projects threatening the Primorye regions environment, chief among them the construction of a radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel storage facility in the city of Fokino. The prospect of the waste project has galvanized the protests of local environmentalists, and signatures are being collected to petition to stop the construction.
Another ecologically problematic issue is the Zveda nuclear naval base at Bolshoy Kamen, where nuclear submarines are decommissioned and dismantled. Pollutants from Zveda threaten to poison sea waters and are threatening local populations of fiddler crabs.
But Tugushyov said the biggest environmental problem facing his region is the coal loading and handling that takes place in Vladivostok Harbor. He said its volume is only increasing, creating coal dust that poses a danger to the region’s entire population. Tugushyov and Vladivostok residents have appealed to the local Department of Nature Use, and complained to local prosecutors and regional parliamentarians with the demand for legislation that would forbid open loading and handling of coal in the harbor. But no changes for the better have been, or are, on the way, Tugushyov told the conference.
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Toxic truth of secretive Siberian city
5 April 2007
A BBC team has entered a remote region of Russia normally closed to foreigners that produces almost half the world's supply of palladium - a precious metal vital for making catalytic converters. But, as the BBC's Richard Galpin reports, it is accused of being the world's largest producer of acid rain.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6528853.stm
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Russia faces growing illegal garbage dumping
April 6, 2015
http://www.cctv-america.com/2015/04/06/russia-faced-with-growing-illegal-garbage-dump-problem
Moscow’s regional landfill sites, many of them opened in the 1980s, are now full or overflowing. As the city has grown, its waste disposal systems have not kept pace giving rise to illegal dumping grounds. CCTV’s Tom Barton filed this report.
Regional authorities say that 80 percent of all Moscow’s existing landfill sites will reach their capacity limit this year.
Moscow’s department responsible for nature management in the city says that while the matter of illegal dumps are being looked into, it’s unclear who has the final responsibility for restoring the sites to their former state.
Waste picking becoming a profitable part of economyIn Peru, people have been making a living from other people’s trash for decades. They’re sometimes called wastepickers or recyclers. But regardless of the name, it’s become a real engine of economic growth. CCTV’s Dan Collyns has more from Lima.
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Putin’s garbage challenge
April 24, 2019
Protests over open-air landfills have broken out across Russia.
https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-garbage-problem-russia-landfills/
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Moscow's trash uprising: An ecological catastrophe is unfolding around the Russian capital, and locals are fighting back
March 28, 2018
https://meduza.io/en/feature/2018/03/28/moscow-s-trash-uprising
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Russia drowns in 60 million tons of garbage a year
26.06.2013
https://english.pravda.ru/russia/124947-russia_garbage
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Recycling and Waste Recovery in Russia: Policy and Infrastructure Challenges
13 June 2018
https://geohistory.today/recycling-waste-recovery-russia/
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Anthrax 'time bomb' ticking in Aral Sea, researchers say
June 22, 1999
SAN FRANCISCO (CNN) -- In the 1960s, Vozrozhdeniye was merely a tiny island in the vast Aral Sea.
Today, with the sea reduced to half its former size, and a much larger Vozrozhdeniye closing in on the shore, some U.S. researchers believe the island is a toxic time bomb set to infect central Asia with some of the deadliest germs on Earth.
According to the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California, Vozrozhdeniye was a secret biological weapons test site. Soviet, and later Russian, scientists routinely released deadly agents -- including plague, small pox, tularemia and anthrax -- into the air over the island for much of the last 50 years, the institute claims.
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/21/anthrax.island/
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Abandoned Island with Bio Warfare Polygon
April 2, 2014
http://englishrussia.com/2014/04/02/abandoned-island-with-bio-warfare-polygon/2/
The Soviet center for testing biological weapons on a godforsaken island in the Aral Sea existed for about 45 years. The town has a school, shops, a post office, a dining room, science labs, and, of course, a polygon, where extensive testing of deadly biological agents, including anthrax, the plague, tularemia, brucellosis, and typhoid, was carried out. In the early 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, Soviet troops left the town and the polygon among the sands of the dying Aral Sea.
The laboratory complex - 52nd Field Research Laboratory, was built a few kilometers from the town, and contained here were the experimental animals, which became the main victims of testing. Research has found the following fact. In the 1980s, especially for this lab, the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR bought a batch of 500 monkeys from Africa. All of them eventually became victims of tularemia microbe strain, after which their bodies were burned and the ashes buried on the island.
At the same time, with the activation of the post-war military / scientific works on the island of Renaissance, the Soviet leadership made a great mistake which became the imperceptible beginning of an ecological disaster, and which ultimately led to the enormous degradation of the Aral Sea. Two rivers, the Amudarya and the Syrdarya, feed the Aral Sea with water. The largest rivers in Central Asia deliver to the Aral Sea about 60 cubic kilometers of water per year. In 1960, the waters of these rivers had started to fill drainage canals - it was decided to transform the surrounding desert into a garden and grow cotton there, which was a national economy crop very much in demand. The result was not long in coming : the cotton crop, of course, grew up, but the the Aral Sea began rapidly to get shallower and shallower.
In the early 1970s, the amount of river water reaching the sea had been reduced by one third, and after another decade, only 15 cubic kilometers per year was arriving at the Aral Sea, and in mid-1980s, this figure dropped to as low as 1 cubic kilometers. By 2001, the sea level had dropped by 20 meters, and the amount of water had decreased to a third, and the water surface area had decreased by one half. The Aral Sea was divided into two unconnected, large lakes and many small ones. As time went on, the sea got shallower and shallower.
As the sea got shallower, the Renaissance Island land area began to grow rapidly - and in 1990 it had increased almost 10 times over. In the 2000s the island joined with the "big land" and became a peninsula.
The collapse of the USSR finally "buried" the test area on the island of Renaissance. Weapons of mass destruction did not eventuate and in November 1991 the military-biological laboratory, Aralsk-7, was closed. The population of the town was evacuated in a few weeks, but the entire infrastructure (housing and laboratory) equipment were left. Kantubek turned into a ghost town.
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Wrangel Island Soviet military presence pollution
Wrangel Island is Russian island located in Arctic Ocean between East-Siberian and Chukotskoye Seas (Chukotka autonomous okrug). The island is the part of Wrangel natural reserve and has the status of UNESCO World Heritage from 2004.
Unfortunately like a lot of other territories of Russian Arctic the region was used as Soviet military outpost and here is the result. The photos were captured by Gorshkov Sergey.
http://russiatrek.org/blog/nature/wrangel-island-soviet-military-presence-pollution/
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Where are Russian PCBs?
https://www.informea.org/sites/default/files/imported-documents/UNEP-POPS-PAWA-CASES-RussianPCBsLocalNGO.En.pdf
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PCBs, PBDEs and pesticides released to the Arctic Ocean by the Russian Rivers Ob and Yenisei
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es071673l?journalCode=esthag
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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Hot Spots in Russia
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6642-9_9
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Heavy Metals as status indicators for the OB river
http://sibran.ru/upload/iblock/652/65271740d46c30409cc821137ea86097.pdf
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Metal concentrations in Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea (Russia) following the spring snowmelt
2006
https://www.academia.edu/17460188/Metal_concentrations_in_Kandalaksha_Bay_White_Sea_Russia_following_the_spring_snowmelt
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Bioaccumulation of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in seals, fishes and invertebrates from the White Sea, Russia.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12699922
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Sea-ice production and transport of pollutants in the Laptev Sea, 1979–1993
1997
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969797001071
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Concentrations of sum-PCB, sum-HCH, and sum-DDT in seawater, ice, and overlying snow collected at approximately the same locations in the Russian Arctic in 1993-95
http://www.amap.no/documents/doc/concentrations-of-sum-pcb-sum-hch-and-sum-ddt-in-seawater-ice-and-overlying-snow-collected-at-approximately-the-same-locations-in-the-russian-arctic-in-1993-95/588
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Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) together with sediment properties in the surface sediments of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin
2012
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653512006546
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Regional distribution of PCBs and presence of technical PCB mixtures in sediments from Norwegian and Russian Arctic Lakes
2003
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004862
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Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic
2003
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004904
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Distribution and Inventories of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Polar Mixed Layer of Seven Pan-Arctic Shelf Seas and the Interior Basins
2011
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es103542f
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Contamination Levels and Specific Accumulation of Persistent Organochlorines in Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica) from the Caspian Sea, Russia
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002449900531
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Persistent organic pollutants in the Pechora Sea walruses
22 January 2019
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-019-02457-9
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DDT and DDE in the Russian Arctic and reproductive health of Indigenous Peoples.
http://ipen.org/project-reports/ddt-russian-arctic
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Riverine fluxes of the persistent organochlorine pesticides hexachlorcyclohexane and DDT in the Russian Federation
2000
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653599005202
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Levels of DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane in burbot (Lota lota l.) from Russian Arctic rivers.
2002
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969701011305
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Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in polar bears from eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard: biomonitoring of Arctic pollution.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9680529
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Russia's Troubled Waters Flow With The Mighty Volga
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130837658
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Persistent organochlorine contaminants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Kara Sea, Russian Arctic
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620170915/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
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Detection of POPs Emissions in the Waters of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pops_inc/proceedings/stpetbrg/shushkin.htm
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Siberia DDT Remediation, Tomsk
The problem
DDT was widely used in Russia in the 1950s for the suppression of the Siberian silkworm. Although officially banned in the USSR in 1970, DDT continued to be used until the late 1980s. Significant amounts of DDT remain unused and stored n the Bakcharskaya region around the city of Tomsk.
Following the fall of communism in 1991, many DDT storage areas were left in neglect and some warehouses where DDT and other pesticides are stored have since collapsed, posing serious risks to the environment and human health. An inspection by the local environmental agency of Tomsk in 2002-2003 discovered 3 tons of DDT stored in local hangars, with reports that some DDT had already leaked out into the surrounding environment and the `Big Daw' settlement area.
http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/projects/display/34
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Levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk of women residing in two cities in the Irkutsk Region of Russian Siberia compared with American levels
2002
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11993631/
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Contamination of chicken eggs from the Dzerzhinsk region, Russia bydioxins, PCBs and hexachlorobenzene
http://www.ipen.org/ipepweb1/library/ipep_pdf_reports/12rus%20russia_eggsreport.pdf
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Distribution and air-sea exchange of current-use pesticides (CUPs) from East Asia to the high Arctic Ocean.
07 Dec 2011
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22103582
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30 whale carcasses wash up on Alaskan shore, baffling scientists
Aug 24, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VxmaPl3LCI
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High levels of PCB, DDT in Norwegian whale meat
http://www.mygreenpeacebuddies.com/high-levels-of-pcb-ddt-in-norwegian-whale-meat-27909.html
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Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty
edited by Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Andrea
Male pups from western Alaska had significantly lower levels of DDT when compared with males pups from Russia
https://books.google.com/books?id=pSsz45_yAP4C&pg=PA528&lpg=PA528&dq=russia+ddt+pcbs&source=bl&ots=8H9VXIvbOm&sig=LmXUm4niK5kwwkV-OmfPFdloJF8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwjI7NDircbIAhUJw4AKHSTZBHg#v=onepage&q=russia%20ddt%20pcbs&f=false
_______
Water Pollution in the USSR and other European countries
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1962/Vol26/Vol26-No4/bulletin_1962_26%284%29_439-463.pdf
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Toxic slick heads towards Russia
29 November 2005
Russian officials today urged residents not to panic as a slick of toxic river water heads towards the far eastern city of Khabarovsk, but ecologists say the impact will be catastrophic.
The 50-mile chemical slick flowing down the Amur river will hit the Russian border within the next few days. An explosion at a chemical plant in China's Jilin province on November 13 spilled 100 tonnes of toxins into the Songhua river, which flows into the Amur.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/29/russia.china
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How the China-Russia Conflict Shaped the Asian Wilderness
Apr 8, 2022
The Amur is the tenth longest river in the world, and the longest undammed river on the Asian continent. Surrounded by unique ecosystems, it marks the border between two global superpowers: China and Russia.
Once fought over, then exploited, the Amur River has been deeply marked by the course of human history. Find out about the key threats facing this great waterway and what’s now being done to try to save it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=366ERMTog_0
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Siberian River run-off in the Kara Sea
http://books.google.com/books?id=LN8JYQu_eTEC&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=ob+river+plastic+pollution&source=bl&ots=W1aQU5g7VY&sig=ScYUJxw7Lj9fKaTAvxfC2sewBo4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uOcgU8WEIOri2AWdkIHACQ&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=ob%20river%20plastic%20pollution&f=false
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Trace Contaminant Concentrations in the Kara Sea and its Adjacent Rivers, Russia
2001
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X00002368
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Sea Water Pollution Cases Analysis
http://www1.american.edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xseap17.htm
________
Bottleneck: Russian waterway is river of bottles revealing plastic pollution
8th May, 2018
https://www.storytrender.com/52856/bottleneck-russian-waterway-is-river-of-bottles-revealing-plastic-pollution/
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Mass plastic pollution clean-ups in Russian Arctic
01 Jan 1970
https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/news/mass-plastic-pollution-clean-ups-russian-arctic
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How Plastic Pollutes An Isolated Russian Nature Reserve
September 19, 2020
Greenpeace traveled to the isolated Nizhne-Svirsky Nature Reserve in Russia's northwestern Leningrad region to clean up plastic waste that is ruining the environment.
https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-nature-pollution/30845718.html
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Toxic nanoplastics detected in the North and South Pole for the first time
January 26, 2022
https://www.capetownetc.com/world/toxic-nanoplastics-detected-in-the-north-and-south-pole-for-the-first-time/
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Potentially toxic levels of pharmaceutical drugs found in rivers across the world
15 February 2022
A study involving researchers from around the globe found pharmaceutical pollution in rivers on every continent, with nicotine and cotinine, caffeine and paracetamol turning up everywhere including Antarctica.
https://news.sky.com/story/potentially-toxic-levels-of-pharmaceutical-drugs-found-in-rivers-across-the-world-12542348
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New disaster in Russian occupation zone: 43 poisoned by tap water in Makiyivka
27.09.18
https://www.unian.info/war/10277121-new-disaster-in-russian-occupation-zone-43-poisoned-by-tap-water-in-makiyivka.html
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Number of residents poisoned by tap water in Russian-occupied Donbas sharply increased
28.09.18
Mass poisoning by toxic tap water occurred in Russian-occupied town of Makiyivka a few days ago.
https://www.unian.info/society/10278567-number-of-residents-poisoned-by-tap-water-in-russian-occupied-donbas-sharply-increased.html
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Environmental Devastation in the Soviet Union
http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1990/09/ridgeway.html
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Russia's Forgotten Chemical Weapons
August 16, 1998
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/leonidovkaa.htm
LEONIDOVKA, Russia – In a verdant pine forest here, sprinkled with birch trees, the lush growth suddenly disappears. Underbrush gives way to a black ulcer on the earth. In the clearing nothing grows, not even grass.
Vladimir Pankratov, a gray-haired former Soviet military man who is now an environmentalist, kicked at the ground on the edge of the dark clearing in the woods. He kicked again and again. He poked a stick into the soil – and pried up the nose cone of an aerial bomb.
This hole in the middle of a Russian forest is an uncharted chemical weapons graveyard. Buried here are vintage World War II aerial bombs, filled with a mixture of deadly lewisite, a blistering poison gas, and yperite, a sulfur mustard gas.
These abandoned bombs are a visible symbol of Russia's chemical weapons nightmare: It has more chemical bombs than any country, and it cannot get rid of them, or even find them all. Forty thousand tons of chemical weapons are stored in officially declared military depots. But thousands of other bombs lie in abandoned and uncharted weapons dumps, like this one. The Russian military, which created these undeclared dumps decades ago, still denies they exist.
Entombed in the forest here by Soviet soldiers in the early 1960s and then forgotten, the bombs are coming back to haunt the environment of today's Russia. Preliminary tests by a team of experts working with Pankratov have found heavy concentrations of arsenic in the soil. Lewisite is 36 percent arsenic. The black, sandy scars on the forest floor give off a powerful metallic odor.
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Wastes of War
Russia's Forgotten Chemical Weapons
August 16, 1998
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/leonidovkaa.htm
The Powder Keg
The small rural village of Leonidovka sits at a crossroads of two huge problems, both inherited from the Soviet era.
One is that Russia has the world's largest supply of chemical weapons, which it promised by treaty to liquidate but now cannot afford to destroy.
The other problem is that, before the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, tons of chemical weapons were discarded by the military and forgotten, and they are now an ecological threat. No one knows where they are, or how much of the deadly poisons are leaching into the air, water and soil.
Leonidovka is near one of the uncharted chemical weapons dumps, hidden in the nearby forest. The village also sits next to a walled military base that is an official depot for thousands of tons of the still-active chemical bombs.
Russia has formally declared it holds about 40,000 tons of chemical weapons. The stockpile consists of 32,200 tons of nerve gases – sarin, soman and VX, and 7700 tons of lewisite, mustard gas and their mixtures. They are stored in seven depots, including Leonidovka.
Behind the arsenal's high walls here are 15 million pounds of VX, sarin and soman gases packed into aviation bombs.
These are known as nerve agents because they attack the nervous system after inhalation or contact with the skin. They can kill within minutes at very low doses. The agent sarin was used in the Aum Supreme Truth cult's 1995 terrorist attack on the Tokyo subway system, which killed 12 people and injured 5,500.
At Leonidovka alone, there is more than enough nerve gas, if distributed by individual doses, to wipe out every human on Earth.
Almost all of the villagers have worked in the arsenal. Maria Zavyalova, 72, recalled that in the 1950s she tended bombs there. "We were given gas masks," she said. "It was hot in the summer. We were told not to gather mushrooms and berries in the woods, that it was all poison."
Eventually, the bombs may be destroyed at a new facility here, but there are no plans for cleaning up the abandoned dump. Residents are uneasy. "People feel concerned, there is no denying it," said Irina Molchanova, 33, a deputy school principal. She asked a visitor, "Do you think we are living on a powder keg?"
Russia has promised to liquidate the declared arsenal of 40,000 tons of chemical weapons. It signed the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993 and ratified it in 1996. The treaty, which took effect last year, calls for abolishing the development, production, stockpiling and transfer of chemical weapons and outlaws their use. Most experts agree that Russia's aging stocks have outlived any military utility. Under the treaty, Russia and other nations agreed to destroy the weapons over 10 to 15 years. The United States already has begun destroying its stockpile of 32,000 tons of chemical weapons at two sites and is expected to finish by 2004 at a cost of about $13 billion.
But Russia's government is chronically short of cash, and the military establishment is collapsing for lack of money. Gen. Stanislav Petrov, commander of Russia's radiation, chemical and biological defense troops, said in an interview that Russia needs $5.5 billion to liquidate the chemical weapons. But in the last two years, he said, the government delivered only 2 or 3 percent of what was budgeted for the program, which is falling behind schedule.
"I cannot express a lot of enthusiasm here on how the state is financing this program," he said.
The United States has provided as much as $194 million to help Russia launch the technology and design for a nerve agent disposal facility in southern Siberia, and Germany and the Netherlands are making contributions, but the totals are just a fraction of what Russia will need.
"There is no way Russia can fulfill the convention," said Sergei Baranovsky, executive director of Green Cross Russia, an environmental group that has worked closely with the government. "Russia is left alone. It needs the help of the West."
"This is a global problem, and the world has to participate in overcoming it," said Valery Petrosyan, a chemistry professor at Moscow State University. "People cannot say that just because Russia synthesized this 50 years ago, so they must destroy it themselves. It has to be destroyed. The world must help Russia destroy it."
The Soviet military had commissioned a plant in the city of Chapayevsk, in the Volga region, for destroying chemical weapons, but protests from citizens stymied the project before it ever went into full-scale operation. As a result, President Boris Yeltsin decided in 1992 that the chemical weapons should be destroyed in the seven cities where they are now stored.
Of the stockpile, 17.2 percent is at Leonidovka, in the Penza region; 13.6 percent at Shchuchye, in the Kurgan region; 18.8 percent at Pochep, in Bryansk; 17.4 percent at Maradykovsky, in Kirov; and 14.2 percent at Kizner, in Udmurtia. These five locations hold nerve agents, packed inside shells and munitions. But at two other places – Gorny, in the Saratov region, and Kambarka, in Udmurtia – older chemical weapons, such as lewisite and sulfur mustard gas, are stored in giant vats, some nearly 50 years old.
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VIEWPOINT: ARSENIC AND OLD WEAPONS: CHEMICAL WEAPONS DISPOSAL IN RUSSIA
1999
https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/black63.pdf
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Enormous Quantities of Russian Radioactive Waste Dumped in Arctic Seas
04 September 12
Enormous quantities of decommissioned Russian nuclear reactors and radioactive waste were dumped into the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia over a course of decades, according to documents given to Norwegian officials by Russian authorities and published in Norwegian media...
https://readersupportednews.org/news-section2/344-208/13280-enormous-quantities-of-russian-radioactive-waste-dumped-in-arctic-seas
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Plumbing the depths of the Cold War
14 February 1998
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15721214-400-plumbing-the-depths-of-the-cold-war/
THE Soviet Union dumped some 150 000 tonnes of mustard agent and other
chemical weapons in the Barents and Kara Seas between 1945 and 1982, according
to a study conducted by the US Central Intelligence Agency. Russia has never
formally admitted that such dumping took place, and this is the first detailed
attempt to predict its impact.
The study is part of a research programme called Medea that gives
non-government scientists access to formerly secret US government archives. It
draws heavily on information supplied by Lev Federov, a Russian scientist who
has written extensively about the Soviet chemical weapons programme. He claims
that from 1945 to 1982, and perhaps later, the irritants mustard gas and
Lewisite, and possibly the nerve gases tabun and sarin, were dumped in the
Barents and the Kara Seas north of Murmansk. The dump sites are thought to be
no-go areas marked on official navigation charts.
Otis Brown of the University of Miami in Florida, who chaired the study,
says: “We were concerned that such toxic chemicals might have regional or even
pan-Arctic effects.” Although the chemicals break down rapidly in seawater, “it
was not immediately clear what their distribution and chemistry would be in
water temperatures close to freezing”.
The report says that the quantity of chemicals the Soviets are supposed to
have dumped is unlikely to do any more than local damage to life on the
seafloor, though arsenic from the Lewisite could contaminate commercial fish in
the Barents Sea. There might also be a risk to fishermen, it says. During 1991,
101 fishermen were injured in the Baltic by Second World War mustard gas. But
the scientists warn that more recently developed agents, such as the nerve
poison V gas, would be much more persistent and could create serious problems.
Although Brown says the team “has no indication” that such agents were dumped,
the researchers are worried that this may be the case.
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Soviet Radioactive Waste Disposal on the Seafloor
May 2, 2017
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/stevens2/
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The Cold War Submarine Graveyard of Russia’s Kola Peninsula
2011
https://recyclenation.com/2011/09/cold-war-submarine-recycling-graveyard-russia-kola-peninsula/
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ROTTING NUCLEAR SUBS POSE THREAT IN RUSSIA
November 16, 1998
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/11/16/rotting-nuclear-subs-pose-threat-in-russia/0be153ad-00ee-4821-a59f-27a30d8f568e/
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Russian Nuclear Sub Wreck's Radiation 100K Higher Than Normal, Scientists Say
July 10, 2019
Norwegian scientists have discovered radiation levels 100,000 times higher than normal near a Soviet-era nuclear submarine that sank 30 years ago in the Arctic, Norway’s TV2 broadcaster reported Tuesday.
The Komsomolets sank in a section of the Barents Sea considered to be one of the world's largest fishing areas in 1989, killing 42 of its 69 crew. Concerns about contamination from its nuclear reactor have not yet given way to an actual environmental crisis, and readings taken as recently as 2008 have shown no indication of a radiation leak...
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/10/russian-nuclear-sub-wrecks-radiation-100k-higher-than-normal-scientists-say-a66341
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How The Russian Navy Disposed Of 100 Nuclear Submarines | The End Of Red October | Timeline
Feb 8, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZIReklSaL4
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Russia cleaning up scrap metal on Arctic coast
July 29, 2015
https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2015/07/29/russia-cleaning-up-scrap-metal-on-arctic-coast/
Russia’s Northern Fleet has established a special unit which is cleaning up the huge amounts of scrap metal left rusting along Russia’s Arctic coast.
Only in the course of July, at least 50 tons of rubble has been taken care of at the Kotelny Island, a Navy spokesman says to Tass.ru.
The clean-up personnel, all of them belonging to Northern Fleet, has got two hydraulic compressors which reportedly has the capacity to flatten as many as 30,000 metal barrels in the course of the summer period.
It is believed to be at least 110,000 abandoned barrels only at the Kotelny.
Increased presence in Arctic
The cleanup operations come as the Northern Fleet is strengthening its presence along the Russian Arctic coast. The Island of Kotelny, a part of the New Siberian Islands, is a key spot for the Navy. As previously reported, Northern Fleet units in 2013 moved in to restore the local air field of Temp and other base facilities abandoned in the late Soviet period.
In the period 2012-2014, a Russian federal programme allocated $70 million for cleanupof the metal scrap. However, the problems still persists.
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Chemical weapons dumped after World War II are polluting the Baltic Sea
September 24, 2020
Warfare agents contaminate sediments and fish near disposal sites
https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/Chemical-weapons-dumped-World-War/98/i37
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An Environmental History of Russia
Another agency that collected and analyzed environmental information was
the State Committee on Statistics (Goskomstat). It played a key role in the centrally planned economy by gathering data on all aspects of production and consumption, most of which again were classified. It collected annual information from roughly twenty thousand large enterprises on resource consumption, pollution discharges, and waste practices. Most of its data were obtained by extrapolation rather than measurement and consequently were inaccurate. Military enterprises were not included in Goskomastat's reporting system; military bases, weapons testing sites, and other facilities are a unique and troubling case of pollution through-out the glove in many, many countries.
https://books.google.com/books?id=yD3pRavJxQEC&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=russian+military+base+pollution&source=bl&ots=vXaYm7oSxy&sig=BTNyVu9mFqFBxlP0JvAXpkQyNC0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f-QlU6yCN6Hb2AXS_YGQBQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=russian%20military%20base%20pollution&f=false
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Geography of Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Russia
______
The longest rivers of Russia
https://gm.efuc.org/1937-the-longest-rivers-of-russia.html
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RUSSIA Environment - Water Quality
http://www.photius.com/countries/russia/geography/water_quality.html
Soviet leaders took little action to protect the nation's inland bodies of water or surrounding oceans and seas from pollution, and Soviet planners gave low priority to risk-free treatment and transport of water. As a result, 75 percent of Russia's surface water is now polluted, 50 percent of all water is not potable according to quality standards established in 1992, and an estimated 30 percent of groundwater available for use is highly polluted. The most serious water pollution conditions relative to demand and availability of clean water are in the industrial regions of Krasnodar and Stavropol' territories north of the Caucasus, Rostov and Novosibirsk oblasts, the Republic of Chechnya, and the city of Moscow. In Krasnodar and Stavropol', inherent water shortages exacerbate the situation.
Among the chemicals and contaminants dumped frequently and indiscriminately have been compounds containing heavy metals, phenols, pesticides, and pathogenic bacteria. Chemical pollution was dramatized when fires ignited spontaneously on the Iset' River in Sverdlovsk (present-day Yekaterinburg) in 1965 and on the Volga River in 1970. Russian agriculture, like industry subject to centralized control and quota fulfillment in the Soviet era, continues to cause severe water pollution by overuse and improper handling and storage of toxic chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. During the Soviet era, dioxin, a carcinogen, was used routinely as an agricultural insecticide, and it heavily tainted rural wells. In 1990 Soviet authorities declared that dioxin, which enters the body through drinking water, was the most serious health threat from pollution.
Water quality in Lake Ladoga, Europe's largest freshwater lake, came to the attention of government authorities in the mid-1990s. Factories on the lake, which is just east of St. Petersburg, have discharged tons of heavy metals and other toxic substances into local rivers. The shores of Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega to its east have been storage sites for fertilizers, livestock waste, and chemicals as well as for radioactive military waste. When local rivers emanating from the lakes reach the Gulf of Finland, their chemical burden changes the oxygen balance in the gulf. Similar situations affect the Arctic Ocean, into which Siberian rivers flow after passing through numerous industrial and power-generating centers, and the Baltic Sea, into which large amounts of military waste and chemical weapons were discarded from Poland and the Baltic republics during the Soviet era.
Marine biologists report that only five species of fish remain in the Black Sea, which once was a highly diverse marine ecosystem with twenty-six species. Between 1985 and 1994, the total fish catch in the Black Sea dropped from 675,000 to 45,000 kilograms. According to environmentalists, the entire sea is in danger of "dying" because only about 10 percent of its near-surface volume contains enough oxygen to support life. Deoxygenation is caused primarily by large-scale infusions of hydrogen sulfide, which comes mainly from the Danube, Don, South Bug, and Dnepr rivers that flow into the sea from the north and the west. Large amounts of mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and oil have been identified as well. In 1992 the littoral states of Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine signed an agreement to take specific measures against pollution of the Black Sea and the tributary rivers that flow through their territory. Conflicting goals and positions among the states involved, however, have hindered environmental cooperation.
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Study of Temporal Trends of Pollution in the Russian Coastal Areas of the Black Sea by Nuclear and Related Analytical Techniques
May 2019
https://crimsonpublishers.com/acsr/pdf/ACSR.000511.pdf
Ecological state assessments of coastal areas is a worldwide important task in management of the coastal environment. The present study is focused on analysis of key patterns of elemental concentration levels in aquatic organisms/bio-monitors from a model coastal area of the Black Sea at the Taman peninsula. The objects of research were seawater and freshwater, bottom sediments, coastal soils and macrophytes (algae and aquatic plants) of the Krasnodar Region, RF, (Cystoseira barbata, Cystoseira сrinita, Cladophora seriace, Ulva rigida, Polysiphonia elongata, Enteromorpha intetinalis, Ceramium rubrum, Padina pavonica, the species of higher hydrophytes: Zoostera noltii, Zoostera marina, Zannichellia palustris, Ruppia cirrhosa, Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton pectinatus, Phragmites communis, CarexandCeratophyllum demersum) which were collected at different distances from the coast. Three complementary analytical techniques:neutron activation analysis (INAA), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) were used for determination of concentrations of 10-15 macro and 20-25-trace elements.The study confirmed the uniformity in the character of concentrations/dispersion of elements by bottom sediments in the model zones of the Russian Black Sea coastline, regardless of the increase in distance from the coastline. All bio-monitors showed their own specificity in the accumulation of mineral elements. Similar patterns of concentration and dispersion were found for different morphophysiological parts of macrophytes (root system and supra-bottom green part) of all studied species. Sites of background, polluted and in moderate pollution state among analyzed sites of the Russian coastal zone were proposed. The observed key patterns of elemental accumulation in aquatic plants-bio-monitors, bottom sediments, and soils may be used in the future coastal environmental management and special ecological studies.This study was carried out in collaboration with the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University and Institute of Oceanography of Russian Academy of Sciences in the framework of the IAEA CRP “Study of Temporal Trends of Pollution in Selected Coastal Areas by the Application of Isotopes and Nuclear Tools” (Contract K41016).
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River pollution in oil production areas in Siberia.
http://archive.riversymposium.com/index.php?element=SALMINA
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Russia - Water pollution
Water pollution, clay and glass industry (% of total BOD emissions)
Water pollution, clay and glass industry (% of total BOD emissions) in Russia was 8.31 as of 2007. Its highest value over the past 8 years was 8.31 in 2007, while its lowest value was 7.57 in 2001.
Definition: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/water-pollution
_________________
Leaks from Nord Stream ruptures could mark biggest single methane release ever recorded, UN says
Oct 1, 2022
Gas leak stops late on Saturday as Russia and the European Union suggest the ruptures were caused by saboteurs
Researchers at GHGSat, which uses satellites to monitor methane emissions, estimated the leak rate from one of four rupture points was 22,920 kg per hour. That is equivalent to burning about 630,000 pounds of coal every hour, GHGSat said in a statement...
https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2022/10/01/leaks-from-nord-stream-ruptures-could-mark-biggest-single-methane-release-ever-recorded-un-says/
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Massive blast cripples parts of Crimea-Russia bridge, in blow to Putin’s war effort
October 8, 2022
https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html
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WATER POLLUTION IN RUSSIA
https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Nature_Science_Animals/sub9_8c/entry-5064.html
Most major industrial centers in Russia have poor water quality. The Caspian and Black seas, the Sea of Azov, the Volga River, and Lake Baikal all suffer from water pollution. Sewage and industrial waste are dumped directly into rivers. The city of Vladivostok pumps raw sewage into its bay. Water treatment facilities have broken down. Some families get their cooking fuel by skimming leaked kerosene from spring water.
Dams that provide electricity for the Trans-Siberian railroads or factories have submerged large tracts of forest. The Sea of Azov suffers from salinziation, overfishing, and industrial pollution. Pollution in the Caspian Sea has badly damaged the fishing there. By some estimates 15 percent of Russia’s water has been affected by the dumping of toxic waste.
Soviet leaders took little action to protect the nation's inland bodies of water or surrounding oceans and seas from pollution, and Soviet planners gave low priority to risk-free treatment and transport of water. As a result, 75 percent of Russia's surface water is now polluted, 50 percent of all water is not potable according to quality standards established in 1992, and an estimated 30 percent of groundwater available for use is highly polluted. The most serious water pollution conditions relative to demand and availability of clean water are in the industrial regions of Krasnodar and Stavropol' territories north of the Caucasus, Rostov and Novosibirsk oblasts, the Republic of Chechnya, and the city of Moscow. In Krasnodar and Stavropol', inherent water shortages exacerbate the situation. [Source: Library of Congress, July 1996 *]
The quality of drinking water is a major concern. Poor water management standards have raised health concerns in many cities, and water safety also is doubtful in the countryside, where 59 percent of the population draws water from common wells affected by groundwater pollution. Unsanitary runoff from populated places and agricultural sites contributes heavily to pollution of sources that ultimately provide water for domestic use; the quality of drinking water declines noticeably during spring floods, when such runoff is heaviest. Rudimentary portable filters are not widely available. An estimated 8 percent of wastewater is fully treated prior to dumping in waterways; most water treatment facilities are obsolete, inefficient, and generally overwhelmed by the volume of material that now passes through them, but funding is not available to replace them.
In 1986 a group of Soviet scientist present the government with a plan that change the course of several of the country's rivers so that they would flow south into the rice and cotton growing regions of central Asia instead of emptying into the Arctic Ocean.
Polluted Rivers in Russia
All the major rivers of European Russia—including the Volga, Don, Kama, Kuban and Oka—have 10 to 100 times the allowable viral and bacteria levels. The runoff of agricultural chemicals causes algae blooms which deplete the water of oxygen, killing fish and taking decades to clean up. One of the major problem is the dams. Water entering the Volga, for example, used to flow from one end to the other in 50 days and chemicals were flushed out. Now it takes 180 days and chemicals sit in the water and heavy metals settle on the bottom.
In recent years, officials have identified many of Russia's rivers as carriers of waterborne diseases, epidemics of which were especially frequent in 1995. In July 1995, Moscow city health officials reported an outbreak of cholera-causing bacteria in the Moscow River. Officials have warned of increasing outbreaks of sewage-related diseases — including cholera, salmonella, typhoid fever, dysentery, and viral hepatitis — in many other Russian rivers. Citizens have been instructed to boil all water before use. In some areas, clean water is so scarce that water is imported from other regions. The highest consumption of imported water is in the republics of Sakha (Yakutia) and Kalmykia, Kamchatka and Magadan oblasts in the Far East, and Stavropol' Territory. [Source: Library of Congress, July 1996 *]
Among the chemicals and contaminants dumped frequently and indiscriminately have been compounds containing heavy metals, phenols, pesticides, and pathogenic bacteria. Chemical pollution was dramatized when fires ignited spontaneously on the Iset' River in Sverdlovsk (present-day Yekaterinburg) in 1965 and on the Volga River in 1970. Russian agriculture, like industry subject to centralized control and quota fulfillment in the Soviet era, continues to cause severe water pollution by overuse and improper handling and storage of toxic chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. During the Soviet era, dioxin, a carcinogen, was used routinely as an agricultural insecticide, and it heavily tainted rural wells. In 1990 Soviet authorities declared that dioxin, which enters the body through drinking water, was the most serious health threat from pollution.*
In 1992 the Russian Federation's Committee on Fishing reported 994 cases in which bodies of water were "completely contaminated" by agricultural runoff. Runoff from fields results in fish kills and groundwater contamination. Among the largest river systems in European Russia, the Volga and Dnepr rivers suffer from acute eutrophication — depletion of dissolved oxygen by overnutrition of aquatic plant life — which distorts natural life cycles. Large-scale fish kills have occurred in the Kama, Kuban', North Dvina, Oka, and Ural rivers.
Polluted Seas off Russia
Pollution in the Gulf of Finland, the easternmost extension of the Baltic Sea, includes untreated sewage from St. Petersburg, where heavy metals and other chemical substances are not properly removed prior to dumping. In late 1995, St. Petersburg city officials signed an agreement with a French water purification company to process the city's drinking water; the Finns hope that such a move also will improve the overall quality of the city's effluent water.*
The Baltic Sea is a shallow, brackish, lakelike sea, of strategic importance to the nine nations that surround it. Covering an area about the size of Montana, the Baltic Sea has a delicate salinity and oxygen supply. It lack of outlets also means that pollution that flows into the Baltic often gets trapped there in the sometimes stagnant body of water. The amount of pollution has decreased dramatically since all the nations around it signed the Helsinki Convention of 1974.
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Russia declares emergency in Arctic after huge diesel leak turns rivers red
June 3, 2020
https://abcnews.go.com/International/russia-declares-emergency-arctic-huge-diesel-leak-turns/story?id=71042651
Mining company says permafrost melt caused by climate change may to be blame.
Russian authorities have declared a state of emergency in an Arctic region after a huge fuel tank ruptured and leaked 20,000 tons of diesel into rivers, turning them blood red.
A massive reserve fuel tank belonging to a thermal power station burst on Friday near Norilsk, a remote city in northern Russia about 180 miles above the Arctic Circle.
The tank, in an industrial zone owned by the Russian mining conglomerate Norilsk Nikel, contained around 20,000 tons of diesel, and most of that has leaked into nearby rivers and a reservoir in the Taimyrskii Dolgano-Nenetskii district, according to Russian emergency officials.
Videos and photographs taken from above show show large swathes of two rivers, the Ambarnaya and Daldykan, having turned a bright red. The pollution is so visible that it can be seen in satellite images on Russia's equivalent of Google Maps, Yandex Maps. Environmental campaigners are warning of potential longterm harm to the area.
President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday declared the spill a federal emergency and criticized regional authorities for not responding sooner. The Krasnoyarsk region, which includes Norilsk, announced a local state of emergency on Sunday, two days after the leak occurred.
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A suspected toxic spill in Russia's Far East has killed 95% of marine life on the seabed
October 7, 2020
A suspected toxic spill along a beach on Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula has killed 95% of marine life on the surrounding seabed, local scientists have said, following a weeks-long campaign to investigate the mysterious incident.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/07/asia/russia-kamchatka-toxic-marine-life-death-intl/index.html
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Plagues loom as Kenyan river turns red? No, 2016 photo of Russian river polluted by possible factory leak
January 2020
https://africacheck.org/fbcheck/plagues-loom-as-kenyan-river-turns-red-no-2016-photo-of-russian-river-polluted-by-possible-factory-leak/
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A Siberian River Has Mysteriously Turned Blood Red
September 8, 2016
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/08/493139519/a-siberian-river-has-mysteriously-turned-blood-red
As National Geographic reported, two major theories are emerging to
explain the change. "The first is that the red color comes from the
large quantity of iron that occurs naturally in the ground in that
region," National Geographic said. "The second is a chemical leak."
Russia's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment said in a statement that it suspects the latter explanation: "According to our initial information, a possible reason for the pollution of the river might be a break in the pipeline" belonging to a local factory, which is owned by the nickel and palladium giant Norilsk Nickel.
The ministry did not specify what kind of chemical may be leaking into the river. According to the BBC, the government daily Rossiiskaya Gazeta suggested that the pipeline could be leaking waste copper-nickel concentrate.
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Shock as Russian river turns blood red and no one knows why
Jan 31, 2018
A RIVER has turned an alarming “blood red” colour in Russia, but experts do not know why.
https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/912549/Russia-Molchanka-river-red-Tyumen-health-risk
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Russia's Fish Fight For Oxygen In St. Petersburg Ponds
02/11/2011
ST. PETERSBURG, Russia (AP) — As the long Russian winter drags on, fish in the ponds of St. Petersburg become increasingly desperate for oxygen, clustering in vast, thrashing masses at shrinking holes in the ice.
Swimmers who brave the frigid temperatures for an invigorating dip find themselves stroking through swarms of fish that flock to the open water. The fish are so thick that humans can easily reach out and catch them with their hands.Not only does ice block oxygen that could be diffused into the water from the air, but it also impedes sunlight from reaching oxygen-generating plants and algae in the water.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/russias-fish-fight-for-ai_n_822101.html
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In Sochi, Russia, Don’t Touch The Water
February 4, 2014
http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/02/04/in-sochi-russia-dont-touch-the-water/
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In Soviet Russia, Lake Contaminates You
October 2008
https://www.damninteresting.com/in-soviet-russia-lake-contaminates-you/
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Karabash, The Russian Town That Kills Its Own People With Pollution
November 24, 2011
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/karabash-pollution-20111124/#.VSFkfOG-2zk%20-
The town of Karabash, from the Russian province of Chelyabinsk, 870 miles from Moscow, is one of the most polluted places on Earth. The copper factories built more than 100 years ago keep transforming the area into a living hell – a kind of Chernobil with inhabitants.
The people living there have nowhere to go and are closer to death with every breath they take. The residential areas, the restaurants or cinemas are now resembling death-haunted places, and people hardly live more than 45 years.
In the instant that the factories start emitting gases in the atmosphere, the inhabitants lose their conscience, get dizzy and nauseous. The forests, rivers and soil have a yellowish color because of iron, whose concentration is 500 times higher than normal limits.
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KARABASH...Russia's Toxic Town
Sep 8, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wa35Vx_07fQ
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Russia Says Pollution in Arctic Tundra is Not Above Limit
July 14, 2020
https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/07/14/russia-says-pollution-in-arctic-tundra-is-not-above-limit/
Recent studies of water and soil have shown that the oil pollution level at the Arctic Ambarnaya River, located near the thermal power plant in Norilsk where a massive fuel spill occurred in late May, have not exceed the maximum permissible values, said local authorities in russian Krasnoyarsk region.
“Over 600 water and soil samples were studied. According to the latest data, oil pollution at the mouth of the Ambarnaya River does not exceed threshold limit value. Nevertheless, the work has not been stopped,” Yuri Lapshin, the head of the Krasnoyarsk regional government, said during a session in the local parliament on Thursday, adding that now “the key phase in the aftermath of the accident ends.”
Earlier in June, scientists linked what happened in the Russian Arctic with global warming.
Much of Siberia had high temperatures this year that were beyond unseasonably warm. From January through May, the average temperature in north-central Siberia has been about 8 degrees Celsius (14 degrees Fahrenheit) above average, according to the climate science non-profit Berkeley Earth.
Siberia is in the Guinness Book of World Records for its extreme temperatures. It’s a place where the thermometer has swung 106 degrees Celsius (190 degrees Fahrenheit), from a low of minus 68 degrees Celsius (minus 90 Fahrenheit) to now 38 degrees Celsius (100.4 Fahrenheit).
The increasing temperatures in Siberia have been linked to prolonged wildfires that grow more severe every year, and the thawing of the permafrost is a huge problem because buildings and pipelines are built on them. Thawing permafrost also releases more heat-trapping gas and dries out the soil, which increases wildfires, said Vladimir Romanovsky, who studies permafrost at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
The warming climate in Siberia will cause permafrost to melt, which may cause the destruction of cities in this region, writes the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet, citing climatologist Johan Kuylenstierna.
According to climatologists, such hot weather in Siberia is a link in the overall chain and calls for tracking the overall trend. If permafrost begins to melt faster, it will hit the infrastructure hard. The soil will become unstable and it will affect cities and dams (Siberia), he said. Recall earlier, BNN Bloomberg reported that a fuel leak due to damage to a reservoir in Norilsk was caused by melting permafrost in the Arctic region.
It was also claimed that the infrastructure of the region is collapsing in this regard, and the accident is likely to damage permafrost in the region in the long term.
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Environmental Crime and Corruption in Russia: Federal and Regional Perspectives
By Sally Stoecker, Ramziya Shakirova
https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q9GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=russia+industrial+pollution&source=bl&ots=onCZ8mqQMW&sig=lz-P9ld-1e4kI62ka6TMRM6Otkg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTgUahUKEwjR-t2Y6I3JAhUBQj4KHc-8AbM#v=onepage&q=russia%20industrial%20pollution&f=false
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Russia’s Worst Air Polluters Are Norilsk, Moscow, St. Pete – Rating
http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130806/182608357.html
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Will Russians die from what they breathe?
09.2013
http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/30-09-2013/125765-air_pollution_russia-0/
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New Protest Held Against Volokolamsk Landfill Near Moscow
March 24, 2018
https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-volokolamsk-another-protest-toxic-garbage-dump-leak-children/29121270.html
VOLOKOLAMSK, Russia -- About 1,000 people have protested again in Volokolamsk, some 100 kilometers west of Moscow, demanding the closure of a landfill that has been leaking toxic gas that harmed dozens of children this week.
The protesters gathered outside the local administration headquarters, many of them wearing pink ribbons as homage to a local schoolgirl who shamed Moscow region Governor Andrei Vorobyov with a defiant gesture during a previous protest.
The March 24 protest came despite the fact that Vorobyov the previous day fired the district chief, after dozens of local children were hospitalized on March 21 due to apparently breathing gas that leaked from the Yadrovo landfill near Volokolamsk.
Vorobyov's office said that he replaced Yevgeny Gavrilov with another regional official.
Some 150 schoolchildren sought medical assistance on March 21 after they felt extremely sick following a suspected leak of noxious gas from Yadrovo.
The same day, angry residents scuffled with government officials in Volokolamsk, demanding explanations and the closure of the dump. Vorobyov was pelted with snowballs and confronted by irate residents.
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Industrial Pollution, Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel
Industrial Pollution is Public Enemy Number One, Russian environmentalists tell Bellona conference
ST. PETERSBURG – Environmental activists from across Russia surrounding pollution in their respective regions and what needs to be done in order to normalize the environmental situation in Russia. They also discussed ways to improve legal mechanisms of environmental protection and improving the protection of citizens’ rights to a healthy environment.
Environmental activists gathered in the St. Petersburg suburb of Pushkin to discuss ways of forcing businesses to lower the amount of pollution they generate and decrease the associated risks for human health and negative impacts on the environment.
This year’s all-Russian conference entitled “The Ecology of Russia: Right to Life” started with a meeting on industrial pollution, which asserted at the outset that, “70 percent of air pollution comes from industrial enterprises.” The Environmental Rights Center (ERC) Bellona organizes the conference on annually.
http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2014-08-industrial-pollution-public-enemy-number-one-russian-environmentalists-tell-bellona-conference
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A toxic stew that’s threatened St. Petersburg, Russia is finally getting mopped up
October 22, 2020
Acid from old car batteries. Industrial chemicals. Bleaches and solvents. Mercury from thermometers. Cyanide. Lead paint. Pesticides. Old meat and other organic rot. Even the components of rocket fuel.
https://bellona.org/news/industrial-pollution/2020-10-a-toxic-stew-thats-threatened-st-petersburg-russia-is-finally-getting-mopped-up
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Buying Carbon Credits in Russia or Ukraine Not Eco-Friendly, Says Study
August 26, 2015
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/buy-carbon-credit-russia-ukraine/#.Ve-yE5e-2zk
A Stockholm study has discovered that buying carbon credits from Russia and Ukraine may be doing little to nothing for the environment.
The countries have been selling carbon credits to the UK as part of a UN deal, and in some cases were even creating problems in order to solve them to create and sell the credits. According to one of the authors of the study, “this was like printing money”.
The European companies buying carbon credits did so to offset their own emissions, and therefore did not take any action to consume less energy themselves.
These research results come from the Stockholm Environment Institute, who examined 60 projects picked at random. 73% of the projects did not meet the UN’s criteria of “additionality”. This term means that the project needs financial help from carbon credits for it to happen at all. In many cases, Russia and Ukraine registered projects that were going to happen with or without the carbon credits.
There were even incidents in which chemicals known to warm the atmosphere were created just so they could be destroyed for the carbon credit.
The EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme bought most of the bad credits, which set back the Union’s long-term plan for emission reduction. The Stockholm study reported that the EU believed they had offset 400 million tonnes more carbon dioxide than they thought, equivalent to $2 billion.
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Russia Lost Forest The Size Of Switzerland Three Years In A Row
Apr 2, 2015
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/04/02/3641546/wri-forests-report-canada-russia-deforestation/
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Russia's Forests Overlooked in Climate Change Fight
January 15, 2015
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/russia-s-forests-overlooked-in-climate-change-fight1/
ST PETERSBURG, Russia, Jan 15 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - R ussia's forests may lose their power to help curb global warming without stronger domestic protection and a place in a new global climate change deal, scientists have warned.
Russia has 19 percent of world forest reserves by surface area. But experts say the U.N. process drafting the climate change pact, due to be agreed at the end of 2015, has concentrated mainly on tropical forests.
"Boreal forests are getting far too little attention in the U.N. climate talks," said Yury Safonov, a senior climate policy researcher with Moscow's Higher School of Economics.
Boreal forests are located in the high northern latitudes of Eurasia and North America, and consist of hardy trees, many of them coniferous, such as pine and larch, and some deciduous, including poplar and birch.
Each year, boreal forests sequester more than 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas. Russian forests account for between 300 and 600 million tonnes of that, Safonov said.
But a study by the Centre on the Problems of Ecology and Productivity of Forests at the Russian Academy of Sciences has warned that, due to unsustainable forest policy in Russia and negative climate impacts, net CO2 absorption by the country's forests may drop to zero towards the mid-2040s.
The scientists said most of Russia's managed forest reserves will become too mature to keep on sucking up CO2. Recent studies have questioned, however, whether aging trees do cease to function as carbon sinks.
Another major problem is pests, which are multiplying and living longer because they are no longer being killed off by freezing winters.
Traditional "Siberian" winters where temperatures remain below minus 20 degrees Celsius have become rare. They are being replaced by milder winters, with regular thaws and wider temperature fluctuations.
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Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation: A Scientific Review
( Sea of Okhotsk pollution )
http://books.google.com/books?id=3p7tdvhSpjIC&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=sea+of+okhotsk+pollution&source=bl&ots=Rm9_kcy8e9&sig=tjweFxnR7c2jnrwossFkPAhBTfs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gOYgU5qzK8mS2AXT5YHIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAT
gK#v=onepage&q=sea%20of%20okhotsk%20pollution&f=false
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New data on the level of contamination with tritium aerosol fallout in the nearest influence zone of the mining–chemical combine of the Rosatom State Corporation
2014
https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/new-data-on-the-level-of-contamination-with-tritium-aerosol-fallout-in-s2RQF7H61w
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REE, Uranium (U) and Thorium (Th) contents in Betula pendula leaf growing around Komsomolsk gold concentration plant tailing (Kemerovo region, Western Siberia, Russia)
2016
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/43/1/012053/pdf
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New data on the content of tritium in a tributary of the Yenisei River
2002
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12474805/
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Investigation of the tritium content in surface water, bottom sediments (zoobenthos), macrophytes, and fish in the mid-stream region of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia)
2015 Jul 16
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26178837/
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Uranium, thorium, and potassium in black shales of the Bazhenov Formation of the West Siberian marine basin
05 January 2016
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0024490216010077
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Uranium and thorium contents in soils and bottom sediments of lake Bolshoye Yarovoye, western Siberia
2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X19304680
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Uranium and thorium in carbonatitic minerals from the Guli massif, Polar Siberia
2013
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0016702913090036
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Volostnov Aleksandr Valerevich. Uranium and thorium in coals of the Central Siberia. 2004
https://disseng.com/methods-geochemical-geochemistry/uranium-and-thorium-coals-the-central.html#gsc.tab=0
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SPREADING OF TRITIUM IN SURFACE WATER OF THE SITE OF THE PEACEFUL UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION «CRYSTAL» IN 2018
2019
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SPREADING-OF-TRITIUM-IN-SURFACE-WATER-OF-THE-SITE-Artamonova/c25db9310c15190ced7cb6b6947ebc9bfd501c6b
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Shallow Permafrost at the Crystal Site of Peaceful Underground Nuclear Explosion (Yakutia, Russia): Evidence from Electrical Resistivity Tomography
3 January 2022
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Shallow-Permafrost-at-the-Crystal-Site-of-Peaceful-Artamonova-Shein/b650d686d602b0e80b34152ff4ad9a56ae534468
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Soviet atomic bomb project
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project
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Russia blocks a proposal for a marine protection area in Antarctica's Ross Sea
Oct 2015
Russia has blocked a proposal to protect a unique marine environment in Antarctica at an international meeting in Hobart.
Five times diplomats from 25 nations have gathered to try to protect the pristine Antarctic waters of the Ross Sea and they have failed on each occasion.
The proposal would create an enormous marine sanctuary comprising 1.5 million square kilometres.
Australian scientists say the area supports important ecosystems and contains distinctive deep water flora and fauna.
It is also an important breeding ground for the endangered blue whale.
But the final day of the 34th meeting of the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in Hobart the proposal again fell through.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/russia-blocks-ross-sea-marine-protection-area/6899890
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The Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research
Standing Committee on the Antarctic Treaty System
http://www.scar.org/treaty/atcmxxxii/Atcm32_ip069_e.pdf
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Russian air pollution increases 35% in 2010
The number of individual cases of critical air pollution in Russia increased by around 35% in 2010 year-on-year, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations said on Friday.
The number of individual cases of critical air pollution in Russia increased by around 35% in 2010 year-on-year, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations said on Friday.
The main cause of the increase was the forest fires that swept the country for two months during a heat wave last summer, the ministry said. Industrial emissions and the burning of domestic waste were also major polluters.
The head of the government's environmental protection department said that, aside from the pollution caused by the forest fires, there had been no year-on-year increase in air pollution in Moscow in 2010.
http://www.sputniknews.com/russia/20110225/162754737.html
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More Than 16 Mln Russians Are Breathing Polluted Air
Sep. 21, 2017
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2017/09/21/more-than-16-million-russians-are-breathing-polluted-air-a59008
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Russia tops 2000-2012 deforestation charts
15 November 2013
http://www.rtcc.org/2013/11/15/russia-lost-more-forest-cover-in-2012-than-any-other-country/#sthash.M1gCgQQ7.dpuf
A global satellite map of forest cover presented in this week’s edition of Science shows that between 2000 and 2012, Russia has lost more forest than any other country in the world, single-handedly accounting for 13,6% of net loss in forest area.
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Russia Sparks Backlash for Allowing Deforestation, Construction Along Lake Baikal
Aug. 3, 2020
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/08/03/russia-sparks-backlash-for-allowing-deforestation-construction-along-lake-baikal-a71048
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Paper mill 'polluting' Lake Baikal finally closes, but at a human cost
2013
http://siberiantimes.com/ecology/casestudy/news/paper-mill-polluting-lake-baikal-finally-closes-but-at-a-human-cost/
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Environmental Threats to Lake Baikal
http://www.rusnature.info/reg/17_6.htm
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Russia’s Controversial Lake Baikal Water Bottling Plant
April 2019
https://www.circleofblue.org/2019/world/russias-controversial-lake-baikal-water-bottling-plant/
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Deripaska mill that polluted Lake Baikal closes
Nov 11, 2008
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/nov/12/pollution-water-russia-deripaska
After decades of campaigning, environmentalists in Russia are celebrating the closure of a notorious factory controlled by the billionaire Oleg Deripaska that pumped toxic waste into Lake Baikal.
Since it was built more than four decades ago the Baikalsk paper and pulp mill has allegedly run off thousands of tonnes of dioxin and other harmful byproducts into the world's deepest lake.
Generations of activists had seemed powerless to stop the pollution, but yesterday the mill announced it was halting production and laying off 1,400 workers.
Pressure from activists forced the mill to transfer to a "closed-water" system in September, cutting waste discharge into the lake. A spokesman said that change had contributed to the closure because the factory could no longer produce bleached pulp, its most profitable export. The global economic crisis had also hit margins.
Roman Vazhenkov, head of Greenpeace Russia's Baikal programme, said the closure was a "historic moment".
Lake Baikal - often called the Pearl of Siberia - is a Unesco world heritage site, which holds around 20% of the world's fresh water.
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World's deepest lake crippled by putrid algae, poaching and pollution
Oct 19, 2017
Lake Baikal in Siberia holds one fifth of the world’s unfrozen fresh water, but its precious fish stocks are disappearing
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/19/lake-baikal-russia-crippled-algae-fish-poaching-pollution
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Siberian mystery: fish are vanishing from the world’s deepest lake, hit by unexplained phenomena
2017
Lake Baikal in Russia has suffered drastic loss of its signature fish, the death of sponge species and the explosive growth of foul-smelling algae
https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/2116075/siberian-mystery-fish-are-disappearing-worlds-deepest
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Between water pollution and protection in the Soviet Union, mid-1950s–1960s: Lake Baikal and River Vuoksi
03 February 2018
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12685-017-0208-z
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Russia’s Lake Baikal: fears of a Chinese takeover, but pollution, poaching and overtourism are the real threats
Sep, 27 2019
Earth’s biggest, deepest, lake is in big trouble. People there point to Chinese tourists and say China covets Lake Baikal, but its problems lie closer to home
Pollution of its once pristine waters, and illegal fishing, have taken their toll, as winter trips with a biologist and traditional fishermen reveal
https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3030412/russias-lake-baikal-fears-chinese-takeover
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Lake Baikal Faces New Crisis As Russia Lowers Eco-Standards
March 27, 2019
https://www.rferl.org/a/lake-baikal-environmental-crisis-russia-lowers-eco-standards/29845099.html
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How is pollution changing Lake Baikal?
Oct 05, 2012
http://earthsky.org/earth/how-is-pollution-changing-lake-baikal
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Islands That AREN'T Actually Islands
May 6, 2022
2:02 - Lake Baikal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OqUjXEqUtc
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Russia finds 'new bacteria' in Antarctic lake
March 7, 2013
Russian scientists believe they have found a wholly new type of bacteria in the mysterious subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, the RIA Novosti news agency reported on Thursday.
https://phys.org/news/2013-03-russia-bacteria-antarctic-lake.html
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The Problematic Reason Russia’s Famous Selfie Lake Turned Tropical Blue
2022
https://www.inverse.com/article/57742-russian-selfie-blue-lake-siberian-maldives-coal-waste
The "Siberian Maldives" are not what they seem.
In a story that feels extremely 2019, residents of the Siberian city of Novosibirsk won’t stop posting photos of themselves by a beautiful, toxic lake. The lake shimmers in a brilliant blue, which has earned the site the nickname of the “Siberian Maldives.” For residents of Novosibirsk, whose closest ocean is the Arctic, the flashy lake has become a photo-op destination. Unfortunately, it’s also an open-air chemical waste disposal site, as a local power company warned in June.
Searching the Instagram geotag reveals a nearly endless feed of couples’ selfies, professional swimsuit model photos, Russian lads flexing for the camera, and at least one proposal video.
Local authorities are not happy about the newfound popularity of the site, which is not a tropical wonderland at all but a toxic waste depository. Contaminated by the byproducts of a coal-fired power and heating plant, the human-built pond is an ash and slag dump that just happens to look like an exotic beach getaway — as long as you don’t look too closely.
Despite warnings against visiting the site, Instagram users have kept posting pictures of themselves by the sparkling waters of the huge open-air chemical waste disposal site.
Why Is There a Blue Pond in Novosibirsk?
Starting in 2006, local power authorities started constructing a second ash dump for the plant because the original one was nearly full. In 2016, an automated sewage pumping system was commissioned to feed it.
What really matters is what’s in the coal ash. And that question is murkier than the water itself.
CHP-5 burns brown coal, which is also called lignite, a notoriously dirty type of coal. When lignite coal is burned, the leftover ash includes a mix of chemicals including calcium salts and various metal oxides. The nature of the metal oxides depends on the mineral deposits that surrounded the coal when it was mined, but one culprit in the case of the blue lake may be gold.
As Russian scientists have discovered, trace amounts of gold can be found in coal. Once the coal is burned, this remaining gold in the power plant effluent is what’s thought to contribute to the lake’s blue color, in combination with the other mineral salts. As is often the case with industrial environmental pollutants, the exact contents of the effluent have not been disclosed.
Is the Water Toxic?
In a post urging people not to swim in the pond, the Siberian Generating Company insisted that the water is not toxic. However, it’s still not a good idea to hop in.
“But you can not swim in the ash dump,” reads the post. “The water in it has a high alkaline environment. This is due to the fact that calcium salts and other metal oxides are dissolved in it. Skin contact with such water may cause an allergic reaction!”
Dmitry Shakhov, a Russian environmentalist, reiterated this concern to the Associated Press.
“This water is saturated with heavy metals (and) harmful substances,” he said.
But again, authorities are not forthright about the water’s exact composition.
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Hundreds of Instagrammers rush to Russia's toxic blue lake as officials move to block social media users from taking photos by the water due to health concerns
July 17, 2019
Lake became known as Siberian Seychelles for its blue waters and white sand
In fact it is a toxic dump containing waste from a nearby coal power plant
Instagrammers flocked to take pictures of it, with hundreds kicked out in a week
Guards were brought in and dug up the access road - but are now planning to build a fence after photographers started walking there instead
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7255635/Hundreds-Instagrammers-rush-Russias-toxic-blue-lake.html
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The abandoned chemicals plant that could trigger ‘an environmental disaster akin to Chernobyl’
July 25, 2019
The Usolyekhimprom facility, disused due to bankruptcy in 2017, is a ‘toxic catastrophe waiting to happen’.
http://siberiantimes.com/ecology/casestudy/news/the-abandoned-chemicals-plant-that-could-trigger-an-environmental-disaster-akin-to-chernobyl/
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Troops set to work decontaminating ‘Siberian Chernobyl’ amid fears of ecological catastrophe
12 August 2020
http://siberiantimes.com/ecology/casestudy/news/specialist-troops-set-to-work-decontaminating-siberian-chernobyl-amid-fears-of-ecological-catastrophe/
Radiation, chemical and biological forces tackle two million tonnes of toxic chemical waste with huge mercury stockpile and oil poisons.
Concern over the abandoned Usolyekhimprom plant in Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk region has been rising for a long time.
This week on an order by Russian president Vladimir Putin specialist forces as well as experts from Rosatom and other government agencies have set to work cleaning up the site of one of the USSR’s largest chemical plants.
Footage shows the decontamination operation getting underway by taking samples of the poisons - not all of them known - threatening the nearby Angara River which flows out of Baikal, the world’s deepest lake.
The problem was highlighted by The Siberian Times last year when Svetlana Radionova, head of state environmental watchdog Rosprirodnadzor, warned of a ‘toxic disaster’ and ‘ecological Chernobyl’, comparing the potential damage to the 1986 nuclear explosion in Soviet Ukraine.
Putin recently said: 'It is obvious to everyone concerned that the burden of environmental problems has been accumulating for a long time, going back to the 1930s.
'A large chemical factory was functioning there, and now, the waste storage facilities of that chemical factory are in a critical condition.
'Frankly, nobody has ever done anything about them.
'Moreover, instead of settling the problem, it was actually glossed over.’
The most urgent task is dealing with poisoning from a decaying mercury electrolysis facility.
The concentration of mercury in drainage waters at the crumbling plant is more than 33,000 times acceptable levels, according to defence ministry sources.
Mercury in the air is 367 times above permitted quantities, with the closest residents living just 2km from the site.
Some 1,200 tonnes of mercury was stored here.
Pollution is also caused by oil products, iron, copper, phosphates, lead, zinc and copper at the plant which closed in 2005.
The exact chemical cocktails in dozens of underground reservoirs is not known.
Soil and groundwater are ‘saturated with toxins’.
Some 400 former industrial facilities are polluted by two million tonnes of chemical waste on an area covering 16 square kilometres.
‘All production facilities, including soil and subsurface water, have been saturated with hazardous chemicals,’ said Irkutsk region governor Igor Kobzev.
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Mercury as a pollutant in Siberia: sources, fluxes and a regional budget
1998
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969798000795
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Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations
20 May 2012
Abstract
Methylmercury is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates in aquatic food webs. Human activities, including industry and mining, have increased inorganic mercury inputs to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Methylation of this mercury generates methylmercury, and is thus a public health concern. Marine methylmercury is a particular concern in the Arctic, where indigenous peoples rely heavily on marine-based diets. In the summer, atmospheric inorganic mercury concentrations peak in the Arctic, whereas they reach a minimum in the northern mid-latitudes. Here, we use a global three-dimensional ocean–atmosphere model to examine the cause of this Arctic summertime maximum. According to our simulations, circumpolar rivers deliver large quantities of mercury to the Arctic Ocean during summer; the subsequent evasion of this riverine mercury to the atmosphere can explain the summertime peak in atmospheric mercury levels. We infer that rivers are the dominant source of mercury to the Arctic Ocean on an annual basis. Our simulations suggest that Arctic Ocean mercury concentrations could be highly sensitive to climate-induced changes in river flow, and to increases in the mobility of mercury in soils, for example as a result of permafrost thaw and forest fires.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1478
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Assessment of mercury levels in modern sediments of the East Siberian Sea
2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X21004604
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Mass Budget of Methylmercury in the East Siberian Sea: The Importance of Sediment Sources
July 2020
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342920124_Mass_Budget_of_Methylmercury_in_the_East_Siberian_Sea_The_Importance_of_Sediment_Sources
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Temporal and Longitudinal Mercury Trends in Burbot (Lota lota) in the Russian Arctic
2017
https://leandrocastello.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017-Pelletier-et-al.pdf
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High Concentrations of Toxic Mercury in the Arctic from Circumpolar Rivers
22 May 2012
Environmental scientists have known that high levels of the toxic element, mercury, have been accumulating in the Arctic Ocean for some time. It was believed to be mostly caused by atmospheric sources stemming from the combustion of coal. However, a new study from the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and the Harvard School of Public Health has found that the great majority of Arctic mercury arrives via circumpolar rivers. Some of the largest rivers in the world flow north into the Arctic in Eurasia and North America.
https://www.enn.com/articles/44431
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Mercury Export from Arctic Great Rivers
March 2020
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339653563_Mercury_Export_from_Arctic_Great_Rivers
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Mercury in the northeastern Chukchi Sea: Distribution patterns in seawater and sediments and biomagnification in the benthic food web
2013
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064513002865
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Mercury biomagnification in food webs of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaskan Arctic
2017
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064517301443
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Mercury in organs of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from the Bering Sea
18 November 2017
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-0566-1
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Contamination status and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals and arsenic in five seabird species from the central Bering Sea
2017 Mar 13
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402206/
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Mercury in the northeastern Chukchi Sea: Distribution patterns in seawater and sediments and biomagnification in the benthic food web
2014
https://www.academia.edu/14920786/Mercury_in_the_northeastern_Chukchi_Sea_Distribution_patterns_in_seawater_and_sediments_and_biomagnification_in_the_benthic_food_web
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Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) of the White, Kara and Bering Seas
12 April 2021
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437021010100
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Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Sea
2001
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11808555/
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Concentration, distribution and sources of perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of the northern Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and adjacent Arctic Ocean
2019
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31561312/
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Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas
1991
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5222708
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Spatial Distribution of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in the Bering and Chukchi Sea Shelf Ecosystem
1997
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9609258
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Heavy Metal Atmospheric Deposition Study in Moscow Region, Russia
02 July 2019
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00128-019-02672-4
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Pollutants and Heavy Metals Taint Moscow’s Water Supply
2018
Studies show that both surface water and groundwater in Moscow are polluted.
https://www.circleofblue.org/2018/europe/pollutants-and-heavy-metals-taint-moscows-water-supply/
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Heavy metal pollution from Russian landfill leachates and its elimination together with other contaminants
2004
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15497829/
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Current state and dynamics of heavy metal soil pollution in Russian Federation—A review
2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749118332214
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Scientists test Novaya Zemlya’s north for heavy metals, radionuclide contamination
Under the project, researchers will assess air pollution in the high-latitude Arctic by using mosses, which are biological monitors
https://tass.com/science/1483023
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Carbon and mercury export from the Arctic rivers and response to permafrost degradation
May 2019
Abstract
Arctic rivers export a large amount of organic carbon (OC) and mercury
(Hg) to Arctic oceans. Because there are only a few direct calculations
of OC and Hg exports from these large rivers, very little is known about
their response to changes in the active layer in northern
permafrost-dominated areas. In this study, multiyear data sets from the
Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO) are used to estimate the
export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon
(POC), total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) from the six largest
rivers (Yenisey, Lena, Ob, Mackenzie, Yukon and Kolyma) draining to the
Arctic Ocean. From 2003 to 2017, annual DOC and POC export to the
Arctic Ocean was approximately 21612 Gg and 2728 Gg, and the exports of
Hg and MeHg to the Arctic Ocean were approximately 20090 kg and 110 kg
(0.002% of the total Hg stored in the northern hemisphere active layer).
There were great variations in seasonal OC and Hg concentrations and
chemical characteristics, with higher fluxes in spring and lower fluxes
in winter (baseline). DOC and Hg concentrations are significantly
positively correlated to discharge, as discharge continues to increase
in response to a deepening active layer thickness during recent past
decades. This study shows that previous results likely underestimated
DOC exports from rivers in the circum-Arctic regions, and both OC and Hg
exports will increase under predicted climate warming scenarios.
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Mercury mining makes a comeback in Kyrgyzstan
06.12.2021
Mercury, used in gold mining and electronics, poses serious health risks. Despite international pressure to ban its trade, Kyrgyzstan is ramping up production.
https://www.dw.com/en/mercury-mining-makes-a-comeback-in-kyrgyzstan/a-59912220
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Eliminating Mercury's Invisible Threat in Kazakhstan
April 30, 2012
https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2012/04/30/eliminating-mercurys-invisible-threat-in-kazakhstan
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The Kolyma River mouth area under present conditions of anthropogenic impact
17 September 2011
The variability is under consideration of the hydrological and ecological state of the water environment of the Kolyma River mouth area. Its hydrological regime and variability of the component composition of the water environment are described. The anthropogenic load is estimated of the inflow of dissolved chemical substances to the Kolyma River mouth area. The hydrobiocenosis structure is studied from qualitative and quantitative indicators of the level of the phyto- and zooplankton development in the mouth area. The hydrobiocenosis state and structure indicate that the ecosystem of the Kolyma River mouth area is functioning under conditions of moderate pollution of the water environment and the depression effect of the biocenosis development is periodically pronounced.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068373911080073
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Degrading permafrost river catchments and their impact on Arctic Ocean nearshore processes
30 November 2021
Abstract
Arctic warming is causing ancient perennially frozen ground (permafrost)
to thaw, resulting in ground collapse, and reshaping of landscapes.
This threatens Arctic peoples' infrastructure, cultural sites, and
land-based natural resources. Terrestrial permafrost thaw and ongoing
intensification of hydrological cycles also enhance the amount and alter
the type of organic carbon (OC) delivered from land to Arctic nearshore
environments. These changes may affect coastal processes, food web
dynamics and marine resources on which many traditional ways of life
rely. Here, we examine how future projected increases in runoff and
permafrost thaw from two permafrost-dominated Siberian watersheds—the
Kolyma and Lena, may alter carbon turnover rates and OC distributions
through river networks. We demonstrate that the unique composition of
terrestrial permafrost-derived OC can cause significant increases to
aquatic carbon degradation rates (20 to 60% faster rates with 1%
permafrost OC). We compile results on aquatic OC degradation and examine
how strengthening Arctic hydrological cycles may increase the
connectivity between terrestrial landscapes and receiving nearshore
ecosystems, with potential ramifications for coastal carbon budgets and
ecosystem structure. To address the future challenges Arctic coastal
communities will face, we argue that it will become essential to
consider how nearshore ecosystems will respond to changing coastal
inputs and identify how these may affect the resiliency and availability
of essential food resources.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-021-01666-z
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Ice Between Russia and Alaska Is At Record Lows, Scientists Warn
Sep. 7, 2021
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/11/20/ice-between-russia-and-alaska-is-at-record-lows-scientists-warn-a68239
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Quantification of Natural Backgrounds and Anthropogenic Contaminants in a Pristine Arctic Environment: the Anadyr River Basin, Chukotka Peninsula, Russia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X98901461
The Anadyr River, located in northeastern Siberia, is the second largest river emptying into the Bering Sea. The river is a true Arctic river, straddling the Arctic Circle along much of its eastward course to the sea. The Anadyr basin is a relatively pristine watershed, lacking major industrial or agricultural activities, although mining of the extensive mineral resources could potentially be a source of contamination. This study examines the first samples from the Anadyr drainage basin to quantify background and anthropogenic contaminant levels of metals and radionuclides. Contamination by anthropogenic radionuclides or trace metals is not evident in the Anadyr River basin, nor in the tributaries to the Anadyr. The natural background from detrital material (i.e., 40K, 210Pb, 232Th, 226Ra; >400 Bq/kg) is at least two orders of magnitude higher than the signal attributable to anthropogenic (fallout) radionuclides (e.g., 137Cs; ~3 Bq/kg). Low specific activities (average 1.6 Bq/kg) and inventory (44.2 mBq/cm2) of fallout 137Cs are attributable to the dominance of coarse-grained sediments within the drainage basin, and the annual transport of clay-sized particles (and adsorbed activity) to the estuary. Textural analyses document that sediments in the basin and estuary are dominated by sand-sized material [larger than 4f (63 µm)], which typically comprises >90% of the sediment by weight. Cores collected in shallow portions of Onemen Bay (
Quantification of Natural Backgrounds and Anthropogenic Contaminants in a Pristine Arctic Environment: the Anadyr River Basin, Chukotka Peninsula, Russia. Available from:
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River Lena pollutes the Arctic Ocean
22.04.2012
The Lena River was added to the list of the rivers that pollute the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Nowadays 25 000 tons of oil (out of 500 000 tons of oil) get from the Lena River. The United Nations Environment Program report (UNEP) has the information about the most contaminated Siberian Rivers: the Yenisei River pollutes the waters of the Arctic Ocean with 225 000 tons of oil, the Ob River – with 125 000 tons of oil. The Lena River is ranked third.
The Lena River has also faced the pollution problem. Unfortunately, in spite of the already taken steps towards its solution, the problem has not been solved: the Internet has a plenty of videos that show how motor oil pollutes the waters of the river. As the result there are serious pollution problems in the Arctic.
Not all of us understand how dangerous the pollution of the Lena River is. Fish (poisoned with toxins) will do a lot of harm to health of people.
http://www.da-voda.com/en/news/river-lena-pollutes-the-arctic-ocean/
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Death and Recession in the City That Shrinks by 15,000 People a Year
By Anna Nemtsova / October 15, 2014
http://www.newsweek.com/2014/10/24/death-and-recession-worlds-fifth-fastest-shrinking-city-277382.html
Vitaly Ivanov’s feet feel so heavy he can barely get out of bed. But with difficulty, and some pain, he manages to leave his apartment just in time for the hospital appointment to find out the results of his liver biopsy. In the chilly autumn rain, Ivanov trudges through the streets around his home city of Nizhny Novgorod, a 57-year-old single man who is about to discover he has an untreatable cancer.
His story is typical of his place and time in Russia. In fact, he has already lived two years longer than many millions of his fellow Russian men. Russia is facing a demographic crisis that is seldom addressed by its leaders or its people: the population is falling dangerously fast...
In 2014, Ivanov’s hometown achieved an unenviable distinction: in the first six months of the year, 26,350 people died and only 18,700 babies were born – the population of Nizhny shrunk by 7,600 people in six months, its highest ever death rate. No bombs fell on the city during the period, no epidemics hit, no natural disasters struck its population. For the past two years Nizhny had been the fifth fastest shrinking city in the world. “This is a quiet war. People in Nizhny Novgorod die without protest, without complaints,” local environmentalist Akhat Kayumov says.
But the public believes the rumour mill and conspiracy theories. Officials and political leaders never talk about the city’s alarming death rate. “So people believe a myth, like the one that the Kremlin needs no more than about 50 million people to provide services for gas and oil pipes, and the rest of Russia can die,” Kayumov adds. Russia’s population is about 140 million...
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The most polluted lake in the world located near Dzerzhinsk
2013
In the past it was a swamped karst chasm, and today it is one of the most polluted bodies of water on the planet known as the “Black Hole.”
The lake is located between Nizhny Novgorod and Dzerzhinsk, on the outskirts of Dzerzhinsk eastern industrial zone (coordinates 56.2635788 43.6624149, Google Maps location). The lake is surrounded by barbed wire with banning-warning labels.
According to unofficial data the lake contains about three hundred thousand cubic meters of various hazardous substances. Staying near the lake is dangerous to health. In the heat the concentration of phenol near the dump exceeds the norm by a thousand times.
Currently, different plans to rehabilitate the place are being developed.
https://russiatrek.org/blog/photos/the-most-polluted-lake-in-the-world-located-near-dzerzhinsk/
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Dzerzhinsk: A Toxic Paradise
November 7, 2013
http://www.cbrneportal.com/dzerzhinsk-a-toxic-paradise/
Welcome to Dzerzhinsk! Uninviting. Morbid. Deadly. How else can one describe such a place?
Located about 400 kilometers east of Moscow, the city has been given the title of the most polluted city in the World. Russia has two of the world’s top ten most polluted cities, the other being, Norilsk. But Norilsk does not come close to the chemical makeup of Dzerzhinsk.
To understand how Dzerzhinsk came to be one has to comprehend its history. Throughout the Soviet period, Dzershinsk was one of Russia’s most significant sites for chemical manufacturing, including chemical and biological weapons. Production of various chemical weapons started in the 1940s, particularly with the manufacturing of Lewisite – the poisonous effects of which are allotted to its arsenic trioxide content: yperite (mustard gas). In addition to arsenic-based weapons production, prussic acid and phosgene were also produced. Now while chemical weapons production at Dzerzhinsk ceased in 1965, the city, due to its strategic significance and pollution, was, until recently, officially closed to foreign visitors.
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Radioactivity in the Ocean: Diluted, But Far from Harmless
April 7, 2011
With contaminated water from Japan’s crippled Fukushima nuclear complex continuing to pour into the Pacific, scientists are concerned about how that radioactivity might affect marine life. Although the ocean’s capacity to dilute radiation is huge, signs are that nuclear isotopes are already moving up the local food chain.
https://e360.yale.edu/features/radioactivity_in_the_ocean_diluted_but_far_from_harmless
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Top 10 Most Polluted Places on the Planet
November, 2013
Agbobloshie, Ghana
Citarum River, Indonesia
Hazaribagh, Bangladesh
Kabwe*, Zambia
Kalimantan, Indonesia
Dzershinsk*, Russia
Matanza Riachuelo, Argentina
Niger River Delta, Nigeria
Norilsk*, Russia
http://news.discovery.com/earth/top-10-most-polluted-places-on-the-planet-131105.htm
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10 ‘Secret Cities’ That Were Kept Hidden From The Public
June 16, 2018
#9: City 40
This is another nuclear-related secret location. City 40 (aka Ozersk) was where the Soviet nuclear weapons program started in 1946. The city, with around 100,000 inhabitants, was better supplied and had a higher quality of life than almost anywhere else in the country. However, it was removed from all maps and the identities of those who lived there were erased from all records.
The dark secret of this “closed city” is that it has been home to several different nuclear accidents, including one major accident beaten only by Chernobyl in severity.
This site is still in operation, its citizens are still working, its barbed wire fences are still up, and it still houses much of Russia’s nuclear material. Oddly, the citizens are known to actually love the city and their way of life even though they are well aware that they are living in the “graveyard of the world.”
Nowadays, citizens are allowed to leave if they choose. Yet many do not, instead wishing to spend their lives in one of the most radioactive places on the planet.
https://listverse.com/2018/06/16/10-secret-cities-that-were-kept-hidden-from-the-public/
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Pollution: 10 Most Toxically Polluted Places On Earth. - Health - Nairaland
10. Norilsk, Russia.
https://www.nairaland.com/3193721/pollution-10-most-toxically-polluted
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Kola Superdeep Borehole: The Deepest Hole Ever Made
Apr 27, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Od6PDbl-RQ
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Zygnematales of North Ossetia (Russia, North Caucasus)
1999
https://dl.begellhouse.com/journals/7dd4467e7de5b7ef,169122c94793b317,2e16437c6c00178e.html?sgstd=1
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Endangered Animals of Russia
The Amur Leopard
The Snow Leopard
The Amur Tiger(or Siberian Tiger)
The Russian Lynx
Polar Bears
Beluga Whales
Siberian Crane
White Orca
https://sites.google.com/site/endangeredanimalsofrussia/
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Endangered Species Search by Area Selection: Russia
http://www.earthsendangered.com/search-regions3.asp
________
List of mammals of Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Russia
This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Russia. There are 266 mammal species in Russia, of which 5 are critically endangered, 13 are endangered, 26 are vulnerable, and 6 are near-threatened. One of the species listed for Russia is extinct and one can no longer be found in the wild.
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The distribution of endangered fauna in the USSR
1987
Abstract
The Soviet Union's 1985 Red Book lists 23 species (or sub-species) of mammals, 21 species of birds, and 26 species from other classes as officially endangered. The spatial distribution of these 70 species throughout the country is examined, and a very uneven pattern revealed. The southern European steppe regions, the Transcaucasus region, the rivers and mountains of Central Asia, the southern portion of the Soviet Far East, and offshore marine areas account for the vast majority of all 70 species. Possible contributing factors to species becoming endangered in the Soviet Union include the USSR being a peripheral locale for certain species, the presence of isolated mountain and desert island habitats along the southern borderlands, a high degree of landscape transformation during the Soviet period, various forms of environmental pollution, and ongoing hostilities in several countris through which some of these species must migrate.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006320787900504
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Russian Desman
The Russian Desman is a part of the mole family, and it lives both on land and in the water. Their number has declined because people hunted them for their fur. The Russian Desman has also been suffering because its water and the surrounding environment have become polluted.
http://www.konicaminolta.com/kids/endangered_animals/library/field/russian-desman.html
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Seafood diet killing Arctic foxes on Russian island
Mercury pollution in marine animals may be behind a population crash.
08 May 2013
An isolated population of Arctic foxes that dines only on marine animals seems to be slowly succumbing to mercury poisoning.
The foxes on Mednyi Island — one of Russia’s Commander Islands in the Bering Sea — are a subspecies of Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) that may have remained isolated for thousands of years. They were once numerous enough to support a small yet thriving group of fur hunters. After humans abandoned the settlement in the 1970s, the fox population began to crash, falling from more than 1,000 animals to fewer than 100 individuals today.
http://www.nature.com/news/seafood-diet-killing-arctic-foxes-on-russian-island-1.12953
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Government to Crack Down on Animal Trafficking
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/special/environment/eng/government-to-crack-down-on-animal-trafficking.html
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Inside Russia’s Woolly Mammoth Tusk Trade
Sep 30, 2021
Climate change is causing Siberia’s permafrost to thaw. It’s a growing environmental problem, emitting greenhouse gases, damaging buildings and creating vast craters in the landscape. But it's also revealing an ancient treasure — the tusks of woolly mammoths.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REgVkpWkh-o
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What they Captured in Russia Shocked the Whole World
2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSbWX3dwhts
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Scientist's Terrifying New Discovery Under Siberia That Changes Everything!
Jun 29, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7DEgV8lVSA
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10 CRAZY Creatures That Really Existed!
Sep 10, 2022
8:00 - Estemmenosuchus mirabilis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QecxlKzNQhk
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Category: Extinct animals of Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinct_animals_of_Russia
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Species extinction can doom parasites important for ecosystem health
September 21, 2015
The effects of an animal population's extinction may echo beyond the original species, new University of Georgia research finds. Loss of a population could ultimately result in the extinction of parasites—which are critical for a healthy ecosystem.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-species-extinction-doom-parasites-important.html#jCp
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Melting permafrost in the Arctic could release radioactive waste and awaken sleeping viruses
October 05, 2021
https://www.livescience.com/warming-arctic-nuclear-waste-viruses
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Frankenvirus emerges from Siberia's frozen wasteland
September 8, 2015
Scientists said they will reanimate a 30,000-year-old giant virus unearthed in the frozen wastelands of Siberia, and warned climate change may awaken dangerous microscopic pathogens.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-frankenvirus-emerges-siberia-frozen-wasteland.html#jCp
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Chapter 3: Arctic Circle & Alaska
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Giant Craters To Appear In Russia
With natural gas reserves of around 55 trillion cubic metres thought to be on Yamal, large-scale methane gas exploration by oil giant Total is planned to go ahead.
However, Dr Igor argues there needs to ‘proper scientific monitoring’ to avert further damage to the environment.
Dr Igor, who proposes to develop a big project aimed at monitoring the situation on Yamal, said: “Now we face serious changes of temperature all over the Earth.
“Part of this large scale process, only the tip of the iceberg, we call global warming.
“It leads to the fact that gas hydrates lose their solid condition.
“One of the examples of this process is the Yamal crater.”
http://www.timetobreak.com/1898211/global-warming-is-causing-strange-giant-craters-to-appear-in-russia/9/
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Russian scientists say climate change to blame for mysterious Siberia craters
The seven holes discovered are not the work of aliens or meteorites, but rather explosions of methane accumulated as underground ice melts
Russian scientists have now discovered seven giant craters in remote Siberia, a geologist told AFP on Thursday, adding that the mysterious phenomenon was believed to be linked to climate change
The discovery of an enormous chasm in a far northern region known to locals as “the end of the world” in July last year prompted speculation it had been caused by a meteorite or even aliens.
A YouTube video of the hole went viral and a group of scientists was dispatched to investigate.
“We have just learnt that in Yakutia, new information has emerged about a giant crater 1km [0.6 miles] in diameter,” the deputy director of the Oil and Gas Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vasily Bogoyavlensky, told AFP.
He said this brought to seven the number of reported pits.
“Footage allows us to identify minimum seven craters, but in fact there are plenty more,” he said.
All of the craters have been discovered in the remote, energy-rich Yamalo-Nenetsky region in north-western Siberia.
Scientists say that rather than aliens or meteorites, the holes are caused by the melting of underground ice in the permafrost, which has possibly been sped up by rising temperatures due to global warming.
“The phenomenon is similar to the eruption of a volcano,” said Bogoyavlensky.
As the ice melts, methane gas is released, which builds up pressure until an explosion takes place, leading to the formation of a crater.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/siberia-russia-craters-climate-change
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Mysterious craters blowing out of Russia could mean trouble for the whole planet
July 30, 2017
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/30/siberian-craters-big-releases-of-methane-could-pose-broad-problems.html
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NEWS: Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane
1 Aug 2014
http://arp.arctic.ac.uk/news/2014/aug/1/news-mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-methane/index.html
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Russian scientists say they’ve found the highest-ever ‘flares’ of methane in Arctic waters
October 12, 2019
Russian scientists studying Arctic waters found the most powerful ever
methane jets shooting up from the seabed to the water's surface, they
said Friday.
Igor Semiletov, the chief scientist aboard a vessel
carrying 65 scientists on a 40-day research voyage, told CNN via
satellite phone that he found amounts of methane in the air over the
East Siberian Sea up to nine times the global average.
Methane is a
powerful greenhouse gas, with a significantly greater global warming
potential than carbon dioxide, according to NASA. The methane emissions
in the Arctic, fueled by the melting of permafrost on the sea floor, are
one driver of climate change, NASA said.
The emissions are presenting a growing risk.
Methane
levels Semiletov's team found in the air above the seawater were
"extremely high," he said. "Nobody has detected these concentrations."
https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/12/us/arctic-methane-gas-flare-trnd/index.html
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Russian Researchers Find Widespread Methane Seeps Across Laptev Sea
Oct 28, 2020
An international team of oceanographers aboard the Russian research vessel Akademik Keldysh has confirmed a large-scale, ongoing release of methane from the seabed on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.
At six locations along an 80 nautical mile trackline in the Laptev Sea, the researchers observed methane bubbles rising in clouds from the bottom, they told The Guardian. At one location, they found methane concentrations in the water exceeding normal levels by a factor of 400.
The gas is believed to be released by the melting of subsea permafrost, which in turn allows the release of methane gas from previously-stable methane hydrates. The seabed of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf is unique in that large swaths contain permafrost layers built up some 20-30,000 years ago, when the area was dry land and sea levels were far lower...
"The discovery of actively releasing shelf slope hydrates is very important and unknown until now,” chief scientist Igor Semiletov told the paper. “Potentially they can have serious climate consequences, but we need more study before we can confirm that.”
Their results have not yet been peer-reviewed or published, but they represent an extension of previous observations of methane seeps in the same area. In voyages to the region in years past, Semiletov's team has discovered large craters on the seabed emitting significant quantities of methane...
https://maritime-executive.com/article/russian-researchers-find-widespread-methane-seeps-across-laptev-sea
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The Transpolar Drift conveys methane from the Siberian Shelf to the central Arctic Ocean
14 March 2018
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22801-z
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East Siberian Arctic inland waters emit mostly contemporary carbon
April 2, 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118085/
Inland waters (rivers, lakes and ponds) are important conduits for the emission of terrestrial carbon in Arctic permafrost landscapes. These emissions are driven by turnover of contemporary terrestrial carbon and additional pre-aged (Holocene and late-Pleistocene) carbon released from thawing permafrost soils, but the magnitude of these source contributions to total inland water carbon fluxes remains unknown. Here we present unique simultaneous radiocarbon age measurements of inland water CO2, CH4 and dissolved and particulate organic carbon in northeast Siberia during summer. We show that >80% of total inland water carbon was contemporary in age, but pre-aged carbon contributed >50% at sites strongly affected by permafrost thaw. CO2 and CH4 were younger than dissolved and particulate organic carbon, suggesting emissions were primarily fuelled by contemporary carbon decomposition. Our findings reveal that inland water carbon emissions from permafrost landscapes may be more sensitive to changes in contemporary carbon turnover than the release of pre-aged carbon from thawing permafrost.
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Collapse of Siberia's Coastline is Releasing Huge Amounts of CO2
September 01, 2012
https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2012/9/1/1126683/-Collapse-of-Siberia-s-Coastline-is-Releasing-Huge-Amounts-of-CO2
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Shore Erosion in Russian Arctic
April 26, 2012
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40621%28254%2963
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Thawing Permafrost: The speed of coastal erosion in Eastern Siberia has nearly doubled
2013
https://innovationtoronto.com/2013/10/thawing-permafrost-speed-coastal-erosion-eastern-siberia-nearly-doubled/
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Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia
29 August 2012
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11392
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Submarine landslides along the Siberian termination of the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean
2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X21000878
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A Massive Methane Reservoir Is Lurking Beneath the Sea
April 27, 2021
https://eos.org/articles/a-massive-methane-reservoir-is-lurking-beneath-the-sea
Scientists have found a methane reservoir below the permafrost seabed of the Laptev Sea—a reservoir that could suddenly release large amounts of the potent greenhouse gas.
Methane bubbles regularly reach the surface of the Laptev Sea in the East Siberian Arctic Ocean (ESAO), each of them a small blow to our efforts to mitigate climate change. The source of the methane used to be a mystery, but a joint Swedish-Russian-U.S. investigation recently discovered that an ancient gas reservoir is responsible for the bubbly leaks.
Methane in the Laptev Sea is stored in reservoirs below the sea’s submarine permafrost or in the form of methane hydrates—solid ice-like structures that trap the gas inside. It is also produced by microbes in the thawing permafrost itself. Not all of these sources are created equal: Whereas microbial methane is released in a slow, gradual process, disintegrating hydrates and reservoirs can lead to sudden, eruptive releases.
Methane is escaping as the Laptev’s submarine permafrost is thawed by the relative warmth of overlying seawater. With an even stronger greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide, methane releases into the atmosphere could substantially amplify global warming.
“To anticipate how these methane releases will develop over the coming decades or centuries, we need to understand what reservoirs of methane the releases are coming from,” said Örjan Gustafsson, leader of the research group that conducted the investigation.
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Atmospheric constraints on the methane emissions from the East Siberian Shelf
2016
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/16/4147/2016/
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Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf
24 November 2013
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2007
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Scientists discovered an entirely new reason for methane venting from the Arctic Shelf
May 21, 2019
Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech)
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/sios-sda052119.php
Russian scientists have discovered a previously unknown mechanism of influence of salts migration on the degradation of gigantic intra permafrost gas (methane) hydrate reserves in the Arctic Shelf. The results of their study were published in Geosciences journal.
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and one of the major global climate change drivers. Following many years of observation in the Arctic region, Russian scientists have eventually found that the East Siberian Arctic Shelf is one of the largest sources of methane emissions, which do not only expedite global warming and upset the Earth's carbon balance, but also cause accidents hindering economic activity in the Arctic ? one of the most promising hydrocarbon production regions. So it comes as no surprise that RAS President Alexander Sergeyev has placed high priority on exploring the reasons for methane emissions from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.
A large part of methane escapes into the atmosphere due to the decomposition of gas hydrates ? crystalline compounds formed from gas and water at low temperature and high pressure. Clusters of gas hydrate crystals resemble an ice mass that can just barely be considered a gas in solid state, with a unit volume of gas hydrate containing up to 160-180 volumes of pure gas. Gas hydrates that formed thousands of years ago under favorable natural conditions may start dissociating into gas and water (or in other words, "thawing") if the natural environment is no longer conducive to their sustainable existence.
Scientists from Skoltech, Tomsk Polytechnic University, and the Pacific Oceanological Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) found that one of the reasons for extensive methane release from the bottom sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf is the destabilization of underwater permafrost gas hydrates that interact with the salt solutions (sea water) migrating into the thawing submarine permafrost.
The authors of the paper were the first to prove experimentally that gas hydrates become unstable and start to decompose when interacting with salts even under permafrost conditions.
"We conducted experiments focusing on the interaction between frozen rocks containing relict methane hydrates and salt solutions at different negative temperatures. We found that salt migration to the frozen hydrate-containing rocks intensifies the pore gas hydrates dissociation and accelerates their thawing," says the Leading Research Scientist at the Skoltech Center for Hydrocarbon Recovery Evgeny Chuvilin. "Since these processes intensify the release of methane from frozen hydrate-containing rocks, which is important for understanding the mechanism of massive methane discharge from bottom sediments, we used the results of the experiments to build a model of the interaction of the hydrate- saturated permafrost with sea water on the Arctic Shelf."
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Huge explosion leaves crater 165ft deep in Arctic tundra following record hot summer
August 29, 2020
Giant hole, thought to have been caused by methane release, is biggest of its kind discovered in Russia’s Yamal peninsula
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/crater-explosion-arctic-tundra-russia-heatwave-methane-a9695581.html
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There’s a Russian Volcano That Erupts Diamonds
May 12, 2020
Researchers looking at the 2012-13 eruption from Russia’s Tolbachik found tiny diamonds, but where are they from?
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/theres-a-russian-volcano-that-erupts-diamonds
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Russia's Hephaestus mud volcano erupts chucking muck hundreds of meters (VIDEO)
25 Feb 2018
https://www.sott.net/article/378402-Russias-Hephaestus-mud-volcano-erupts-chucking-muck-hundreds-of-meters-VIDEO
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Siberian Traps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps
The
Siberian Traps is a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large
igneous province, in Siberia, Russia. The massive eruptive event that
formed the traps is one of the largest known volcanic events in the last
500 million years.
The eruptions continued for roughly two
million years and spanned the Permian–Triassic boundary, or P–T
boundary, which occurred around 251.9 million years ago. The Siberian
Traps are believed to be the primary cause of the Permian–Triassic
extinction event, the most severe extinction event in the geologic
record...
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List of volcanoes in Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia
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You'll blink in disbelief: The incredible mud volcano that has the uncanny resemblance to a gigantic human EYE
August 2015
The natural phenomenon is the Pugachevskiy mud volcano located on Sakhalin Island in East Russia
Photographer Mikhail Mikhailov, 40, captured the unique landscape as it was being created by an eruption
Following a build-up of pressure, mud is released out of the volcano through fractures in the structure
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3202093/You-ll-blink-disbelief-incredible-mud-volcano-uncanny-resemblance-gigantic-human-EYE.html
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The Active Volcano with the Largest Eruption in the Last 10,000 Years; Kurile Lake in Russia
Jul 26, 2021
Within Russia is a little known volcano which produced the largest eruption on the planet in the last 10,000 years. Known as Kurile Lake (Kuril Lake), the eruption in question produced a massive 14 by 8 kilometer wide caldera. Due to the long term history of this volcano within Kamchatka, it will erupt again. This video will discuss this little known active volcano, and mention what it’s future hazards are.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4zYb7K7xu4
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Scientists Say There’s A Geological Time Bomb Hidden Under Alaska – And It Could Be Catastrophic
2022
In the remote reaches of Alaska, scientists have bored a tunnel deep beneath the tundra – and revealed something horrific. At this exact moment, though, the incredible danger around them is sealed in permafrost. Yet that doesn’t offer much comfort for the scientists. Why? Because they know the frozen soil is starting to melt. And when the permafrost melts it will trigger a time bomb that could have frightening consequences for humankind...
https://atlanticmirror.com/geological-time-bomb-alaska-catastrophic?as=4r2g&asv=1&bdk=0&o=6-14&utm_source=google&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=RG_GOOG_US_atlanticmirror_AlaskaTimeBomb&utm_term=124769761865&utm_content=www.sciencemag.org&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIhtWp8Y6U8gIVUe3ACh0Wkgn8EAEYASAAEgJN8fD_BwE&ptp=s&dv=x
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Air bubbles in Antarctic ice point to cause of oxygen decline
December 20, 2021
Glacial erosion likely caused atmospheric oxygen levels to dip over past 800,000 years
An unknown culprit has been removing oxygen from our atmosphere for at least 800,000 years, and an analysis of air bubbles preserved in Antarctic ice for up to 1.5 million years has revealed the likely suspect.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211220190643.htm
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Correlation between phytotoxicity and properties of soils containing a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
16 June 2015
Abstract
Soil toxicity is evaluated in various ecotopes near the city of Elektrougli, Moscow oblast, according to data of a short-term root biotest with Latuca sativa. Correlation of toxicity with the main properties of the soil and the content of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is analyzed. It is revealed that phytotoxicity is characterized by close direct correlation with the content of light fluorene and inverse correlation with the content of organic carbon. There is a direct correlation between the content of heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic carbon and between light naphthalene and finely dispersed fractions.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S0147687415020088
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Barren forests, dirty rivers, unbreathable air: Inside an Arctic city's vast pollution problem
November 28, 2021
Dying forests and pollution visible from space
The story of Norilsk’s pollution is written in the trees: 5.9 million acres of dead and dying boreal forest downwind from the Norilsk Nickel compound — a scar larger than New Jersey, slashed into the largest forested region on Earth.
In tree ring samples, scientists have pinpointed the great rush of sulfur dioxide pollution that began in 1942, when the first nickel smelter geared up to meet the Soviet Union’s need for stainless steel during World War II. And the tree rings have shown how the rate of forest deaths here jumped in the 1960s, from 5 percent annually to 30 percent annually at one research site, said a study that researchers from Siberian Federal University and the University of Cambridge published last year. The discovery at that time of huge new ore reserves gave Norilsk Nickel “a new lease on life,” the company noted in its official history.
https://www.aol.com/norilsk-russian-arctic-became-one-100429905.ht
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Trace gas measurements along the Trans-Siberian railroad: The TROICA 5 expedition
25 July 2002
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001JD000953
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Elemental and organic carbon in aerosols over urbanized coastal region (southern Baltic Sea, Gdynia)
2010 Jul 17
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638103/
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East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi
2018 Nov 12
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30577143/
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Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon
18 April 2016
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2695
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Studies of atmospheric aerosols in the Russia Arctic regions
2013
Chemical composition of snow and ice in the Arctic depends, to a considerable extent, on chemical composition of aerosol particles. Analysis of atmospheric aerosol characteristics in the boundary layer near Arctic settlements Tiksi (Summer 2010) and Barentsburg (Spring–Summer 2011) have been investigated. The results contain the outcome of number concentration measure (NA), aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere, and chemical composition of the water soluble aerosol fraction. Level of aerosol concentration in the boundary layer of the tested points is rather low, and characterized by the following number concentration values: in Tiksi –NA = 1,80±4,5 μg∙cm−3, in Barentsburg – spring – 4,95±3,49 μg∙cm−3, summer – 3,66±3,13 cm−3. Aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere is characterized by rather low values, and low changeability as compared with continental areas of middle latitudes. Seasonal changes in the aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere near Barentsburg conforms with earlier obtained data in the Arctic regions. Mean value of Ångstrom selectivity indicator amounted to 1.28 in spring, and to 1.42 in summer. Mean total concentration of ions in aerosols near Tiksi (2.4±1.6 μg∙m−3) is quantitatively correlated with ions total in aerosols near Barentsburg for spring season (2.8±1.4 μg∙m−3). In the water soluble fraction of aerosols is dominated the concentration of ions both marine (Na+, Cl−), and continental (NH4+, SO42−, NO3−) origin. Chemical composition of aerosols in Tiksi and Barentsburg is similar to aerosols composition in the Antarctic coast regions.
https://doaj.org/article/f31cd4e4b3e94f03b958f8ec4dc299fc
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Global sulphur pollution decreasing
4 December 2020
According to a new analysis of NASA satellite data by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) and Greenpeace India, global sulphur dioxide (SO₂) pollution from large point sources, such as smelters, coal-fired power plants and oil and gas use, fell by six per cent from 2018 to 2019.
The report ranks the world’s biggest emitters of SO₂, a poisonous air pollutant that increases risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and premature death.
The NASA programme “Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments” (MEaSUREs) uses satellite measurements to detect and quantify major SO₂ pollution hotspots across the globe. NASA estimates that sources emitting less than 30 kilotons per year are not reliably detected and that the MEaSUREs catalogue accounts for about half of all known anthropogenic SO₂ emissions worldwide.
In 2019, emissions of SO₂ from large point sources decreased in all of the top three countries with the greatest emissions, namely India, Russia and China. India was responsible for more than one fifth of global SO₂ emissions from large point sources, with nearly twice the level of the world’s second largest emitter, Russia.
Table 1: The “dirty dozen” global hotspots of sulphur dioxide emissions (ktonnes).
Rank Country Emissions 2018 Emissions 2019 Change 2018–2019
1 India 6,329 5,953 -6%
2 Russia 3,635 3,362 -8%
3 China 2,263 2,156 -5%
4 Saudi Arabia 1,861 1,910 +3%
5 Mexico 1,809 1,873 +4%
6 Iran 1,977 1,746 -12%
7 South Africa 1,388 1,187 -15%
8 Turkey 938 1,072 +14%
9 United States 864 823 -5%
10 Kazakhstan 776 760 -2%
11 Ukraine 861 628 -27%
12 Australia 627 610 -3%
https://www.airclim.org/acidnews/global-sulphur-pollution-decreasing
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Climatologist: 30-Year Cold Spell Strikes Earth
Sunday, 16 Nov 2014
With nasty cold fronts thrusting an icy and early winter across the continental U.S. — along with last winter described by USA Today as "one of the snowiest, coldest, most miserable on record" — climatologist John L. Casey thinks the weather pattern is here to stay for decades to come.
In fact, Casey, a former space shuttle engineer and NASA consultant, is out with the provocative book "Dark Winter: How the Sun Is Causing a 30-Year Cold Spell," which warns that a radical shift in global climate is underway, and that Al Gore and other environmentalists have it completely wrong.
http://www.newsmax.com/Headline/dark-winter-cold-global-cooling/2014/11/16/id/607672/
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Perhaps World’s Largest Methane Leak Traced to Russian Coal Mine
June 18, 2022
https://www.ecowatch.com/methane-leak-russia-coal-mine.html
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In Russia, Coal Is Still King. And The Government Wants Even More.
December 02, 2021
https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-coal-mining-environment-safety/31590889.html
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In Siberia, Toxic Black Snow Reveals the Toll of Coal Mining
February 20, 2019
Authorities in one town reportedly attempted to cover up coal-polluted snow with white paint
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/siberia-toxic-black-snow-reveals-toll-coal-mining-180971525/
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The Big Thaw: Russia's disappearing permafrost
Jul 21, 2021
Expanses
of Russia's permafrost in the Arctic Circle is thawing - revealing
fascinating prehistoric artefacts but also releasing carbon into the
atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4kD9FYXlWk
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Siberia's permafrost erosion has been worsening for years
September 16, 2020
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200916113452.htm
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Soil erosion on the agricultural lands in Southern Siberia: current state, risks, soil protection models
October 2018
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328613804_Soil_erosion_on_the_agricultural_lands_in_Southern_Siberia_current_state_risks_soil_protection_models
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Description of Russian Soils
https://nsidc.org/data/docs/fgdc/ggd601_russia_soil_maps/russian_soil_desc.html
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Rapid Erosion of the Permafrost Soil in Siberia
2020
https://polarjournal.ch/en/2020/09/17/rapid-erosion-of-the-permafrost-soil-in-siberia/
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Soil Science 2018: Soil erosion-The Siberian agricultural lands in Russia- Elizaveta Tyumentseva- Irkutsk State University
2018
https://www.longdom.org/abstract/soil-science-2018-soil-erosionthe-siberian-agricultural-lands-in-russia-elizaveta-tyumentseva-irkutsk-state-university-55287.html
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Soil erosion: The Siberian agricultural lands in Russia
2018
https://www.longdom.org/proceedings/soil-erosion-the-siberian-agricultural-lands-in-russia-44508.html
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Siberia’s ‘gateway to the underworld’ grows as record heat wave thaws permafrost
Jul. 28, 2020
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/siberia-s-gateway-underworld-grows-record-heat-wave-thaws-permafrost
On a spring day in 2019, Alexander Kizyakov rappelled down the 60-meter headwall of the Batagay megaslump in eastern Siberia, pausing to chisel out chunks of ice-rich soil that had been frozen for eons. “One of my hobbies is rock climbing,” says Kizyakov, a permafrost scientist at Lomonosov Moscow State University. Colleagues below sampled the most ancient soil along the base of the cliff. Such work is too dangerous in summertime, when the constant crackling of melting ice is punctuated by groans as slabs of permafrost, some as big as cars, shear off the headwall.
Known to locals as the “gateway to the underworld,” Batagay is the largest thaw slump on the planet. Once just a gully on a slope logged in the 1960s, the scar has expanded year by year, as the permafrost thaws and meltwater carries off the sediment. Now more than 900 meters wide, it epitomizes the vulnerability of permafrost in the Arctic, where temperatures have shot up twice as fast as the global average over the past 30 years.
But it is also a time capsule that is seducing scientists with its snapshots of ancient climates and ecosystems. “It’s a mind-blowing place,” says Thomas Opel, a paleoclimatologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute. Dates from ice and soil gathered at Batagay show it holds the oldest exposed permafrost in Eurasia, spanning the past 650,000 years, Opel and colleagues reported in May at the European Geosciences Union’s online general assembly. That record could reveal how permafrost and surface vegetation responded to past warm climates. “It gives us a window into times when permafrost was stable, and times when it was eroding,” Opel says.
Global warming is inflicting wounds across Siberia. Outbursts of pent-up methane gas in thawing permafrost have pocked Russia’s desolate Yamal and Gydan peninsulas with holes tens of meters across. Apartment buildings are listing and collapsing on the unsteady ground, causing about $2 billion of damage per year to the Russian economy. Forest fires during the past three summers have torched millions of hectares across Siberia, blanketing the land with dark soot and charcoal that absorb heat and accelerate melting.
Intensifying this year’s fires was a heat wave that baked Siberia for the first half of 2020. On 20 June, the town of Verkhoyansk, just 75 kilometers from Batagay and one of the coldest inhabited places on Earth, reached 38°C, the hottest temperature ever recorded in the Arctic. The record-breaking heat “would have been effectively impossible without human-induced climate change,” said the authors of a 15 July study by World Weather Attribution, a collaboration of meteorologists who analyze the possible influence of climate change on extreme weather events.
An abiding question is how much carbon the thawing soil will release to the atmosphere, and whether the lusher growth of Arctic plants in the warming climate will absorb enough carbon to offset the release. The Arctic may already have reached a tipping point: Based on observations at 100 field sites, northern permafrost released on average about 600 million tons more carbon than vegetation absorbed each year from 2003 to 2017, scientists estimated in October 2019.
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Alarming 1km-wide 'gateway to hell' megaslump crater in Siberia getting even bigger
28 Jul 2020
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/alarming-1km-wide-gateway-hell-22428683
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GET AWAY FROM THE EDGE: The deepest, darkest holes on the planet including the ‘Door to Hell’ and Devil’s Sinkhole
29 Aug 2019
THE deepest hole on Earth drops 40,000 feet below the surface and was part of an abandoned Soviet experiment.
But the Kola Superdeep Borehole is just one of the world's deepest darkest pits — many of which have a sinister history of swallowing people up.
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/9803974/deepest-darkest-places-door-hell-toxic-mine/
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The Permafrost Mystery: scientists explore giant Yamal Sinkhole
Oct 18, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc-FFhdNG9A
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Soil Erosion on the Yamal Peninsula (Russian Arctic) due to Gas Field Exploitation
September 1996
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267392131_Soil_Erosion_on_the_Yamal_Peninsula_Russian_Arctic_due_to_Gas_Field_Exploitation
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A Giant Sinkhole
2007
A giant hole has appeared right in the middle of Russian town Berezniki. It’s hard to say what caused it to happen but it’s a great luck that there were no cars or people on the road wich got underground.
https://englishrussia.com/2007/10/29/a-giant-sinkhole/
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The giant sinkhole near Solikamsk continues to grow
2015
Brief background. Last November, one of the mines owned by “Uralkali” company was partially flooded. The mine is located near Solikamsk town (Perm region).
Later, about 3.5 km from the mine, on the territory occupied by garden plots of Solikamsk residents, a giant sinkhole (30×40 meters) was found (the first post about this event).
https://russiatrek.org/blog/regions/the-giant-sinkhole-near-solikamsk-continues-to-grow/
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Mysterious sinkhole: Giant 30 meter-wide hole in Russia found by scientists - sinkhole compilation
Jan 27, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2JMZmMGZpw
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Massive Sinkhole Might Swallow Up Russian Mining Town
November 26th, 2014
On November 18, giant sinkhole measuring 100 ft across was discovered about two miles away from a mine in Russia’s Perm region. The gaping chasm is believed to have already swallowed up several homes and locals in Solikamsk now fear that the same could happen to their whole town.
The hole is believed to have appeared after the nearby Solikamsk-2 mine was flooded. Luckily, workers were evacuated and operations were halted before the appearance of the chasm, because of the inflow of saline water. Thousands of miners have now been asked to stay away as geologists assess the situation.
https://www.odditycentral.com/news/massive-sinkhole-might-swallow-up-russian-mining-town.html
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Sinkhole city: Russian settlement being slowly consumed (VIDEO)
17 May, 2018
https://www.rt.com/news/426968-sinkholes-destroy-russia-berezniki/
The Russian city of Berezniki has paid the price for being located above a former Soviet potash mine, with the area’s capitulating soil leaving the settlement scarred by sinkholes and moon-like craters.
Springing up throughout the 1900s in the Ural Mountains, Berezniki has more recently become infamous for its devastating sinkholes - the result of mining practices in the area - forcing large areas to be abandoned. As parts of the city began to give way and disappear into the ground, thousands of people had to be evacuated and key services like schools and transport moved or shut down.
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Morphological Features of Soils in the Yelshanka River Floodplain Under Conditions of Urbotechnopedogenesis
May 2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352123528_Morphological_Features_of_Soils_in_the_Yelshanka_River_Floodplain_Under_Conditions_of_Urbotechnopedogenesis
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Arctic Sinkholes I Full Episode I NOVA | PBS
Feb 2, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvKpnaXYUPU
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Huge Sinkholes Are Forming on Arctic Seafloor
Mar 15, 2022
Permafrost is melting beneath the ocean, as on land: researchers
https://www.newser.com/story/318084/sinkhole-on-arctic-seafloor-could-hold-a-city-block.html
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Born of Nuclear Blast: Russia's Lakes of Mystery
Nov 28, 2010
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEqYroQEtA8
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Mysterious Sands of Russia. Russian village surviving in the sands
Jun 5, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiMf06GthU4
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The Aral Sea: The Toxic Soviet Sea
Jan 9, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaOwcYLGTMo
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Video: Dried-up Aral Sea springs back to life
Sep 18, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk4v0uu5rkY
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Water Unites - From the Glaciers to the Aral Sea
Jan 19, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctJzg6DiI_I
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Environment: Scientists Raise Alarm As Man-Made Deserts Spread
June 20, 2006
The Aral Sea, now desert (AFP) Each year, farming land the size of Kyrgyzstan is becoming wasteland. The result, experts warn, could be wars over water and mass migration.
https://www.rferl.org/a/1069318.html
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Desertification in the Caspian Sea region
2007
https://www.grida.no/resources/6114
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Formulating the Global Environment: Soviet Soil Scientists and the International Desertification Discussion, 1968–91
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.93.1.0181?seq=1
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Desertification in Russia: Problems and solutions (an example in the Republic of Kalmykia-Khalmg Tangch).
1995
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24197860
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Evidence of global pollution and recent environmental change in Kamchatka, Russia
2015
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818115000430
Abstract
Kamchatka is a remote, isolated and understudied area and is presumed to be pristine. Here we present the first high-resolution palaeolimnological investigation of the recent past. A short core representing the last 250 years was taken from Olive-backed Lake situated in central Kamchatka. Lead-210 dating revealed that sediment accumulation has increased at the site since the 1960s and may be related to greater rates of catchment erosion associated with wetter winters in the region. Mercury and spheroidal carbonaceous particle (an unambiguous indicator of fossil fuel combustion) concentrations are low but clearly detectable indicating that both regional and global pollution sources are observed at this site. The recent increase in the flux of mercury is more related to catchment sources and catchment erosion than increases from regional or global sources. The diatom and chironomid populations are stable and do not show any statistically significant changes related to either the low levels of pollution, or to temperature and precipitation changes. The lake is not pristine since anthropogenic contamination has occurred but since there have been no significant effects on the flora and fauna the lake can be considered to be unimpacted. Olive-backed Lake may be a suitable reference site to benchmark the natural variability of a lake ecosystem.
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Activity of bacteria in water of hot springs from Southern and Central Kamchatskaya geothermal provinces, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
2007
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7233243_Activity_of_bacteria_in_water_of_hot_springs_from_Southern_and_Central_Kamchatskaya_geothermal_provinces_Kamchatka_Peninsula_Russia
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A suspected toxic spill in Russia's Far East has killed 95% of marine life on the seabed
October 7, 2020
https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/07/asia/russia-kamchatka-toxic-marine-life-death-intl/index.html
A suspected toxic spill along a beach on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula has killed 95% of marine life on the surrounding seabed, local scientists have said, following a weeks-long campaign to investigate the mysterious incident.
Local surfers were the first to spot that something was wrong at Khalaktyr beach after about 20 people in a surf camp experienced severe retina burns and symptoms similar to food poisoning.
In early September, the water changed color to a greyish-yellow, with a thick milky foam on the surface, and a strong foul smell filled the air. A few days later, octopuses, seals and other sea creatures began to wash up on the beach.
The local authorities at first dismissed the reports. But amid mounting pressure, Russia's Investigative Committee Wednesday launched a criminal probe into suspected violations in the use of environmentally hazardous substances and waste and marine pollution.
In a meeting with Kamchatka Governor Vladimir Solodov, local scientists reported that the majority of marine life on the seabed was dead.
"On the shore, we did not find any large dead sea animals or birds," scientist Ivan Usatov said according to a report posted on the governor's official website. "However, when diving, we found that there is a mass death of benthos [bottom-dwelling organisms] at depths from 10 to 15 meters -- 95% are dead. Some large fish, shrimps and crabs have survived, but in very small numbers."
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'Unprecedented' Siberian Oil Spill Reaches Arctic Glacial Lake
June 9, 2020
A massive fuel spill in northern Siberia has reached an Arctic glacial lake after seeping through floating barriers installed to stop the leak, regional officials said Tuesday.
President Vladimir Putin declared a state of emergency last Wednesday, several days after 21,000 metric tons of diesel leaked from a collapsed fuel tank outside the city of Norilsk. Massive concentrations of pollution were recorded in a nearby river, a phenomenon that local environmental officials said was due to the floating dams being ineffective or installed too late.
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/06/09/unprecedented-siberian-oil-spill-reaches-arctic-glacial-lake-a70522
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Russian sea pollution forms massive moving slick
October 8, 2020
https://phys.org/news/2020-10-russian-sea-pollution-massive-slick.html
Suspected toxic waste pollution off Russia's Kamchatka peninsula that caused the mass deaths of marine animals has formed a moving slick stretching 40 kilometres (25 miles) along the Pacific coastline, researchers said Thursday.
The Far Eastern Federal University said in a statement the pollution was between 100 and 300 metres (330-1,000 feet) wide in some places, had a green hue and was creating an unusual foam while floating south along the Russian coast.
The waste was previously thought to be stationary and confined mostly to one beach, but researchers who carried out aerial photography said it was "gradually moving south" towards the contested Kuril Islands "without diminishing in size".
Kirill Vinnikov, the head of a biology lab at the university, also noted that the pollution was not disintegrating and had clear dimensions.
The statement said researchers collected pollution samples from a helicopter despite difficult weather conditions and an analysis will be carried out in Russia's far eastern city of Vladivostok.
Locals sounded the alarm in September as surfers experienced stinging eyes after being in the water and sea creatures including seals, octopuses and sea urchins washed up dead.
The Russian branch of Greenpeace has described the situation as an "ecological disaster".
Russian authorities on Wednesday opened a criminal probe, citing the illegal handling of dangerous substances and "pollution of the marine environment".
Kamchatka governor Vladimir Solodov previously said the most likely source was the Kozelsky site, 35 kilometres (20 miles) outside the region's main city Petropavlovsk-Kamchatksy and used since the Soviet era to store poisonous substances deep in the ground.
Several experts suggested that toxic rocket fuel such as heptyl or samin and melange from a nearby military facility could be responsible for the damage.
Solodov on Thursday ruled out that heptyl was behind the incident, saying samples had come back negative.
He said tests indicated the presence of fuel products but not in high enough concentrations to wipe out marine animals in such large numbers.
The governor, who took office several weeks ago, said around 20 people were examined and eight were diagnosed with third-degree corneal burns.
Vinnikov of The Far Eastern Federal University said scientists had found that streams next to the Kozelsky site are "completely ecologically clean."
"We observed four groups of organisms which can live only in crystal-clear water without any contaminants such as heptyl and other toxic chemicals," he was quoted as saying.
Conservation group WWF said it was not currently possible to say how many fish died.
"The death of fish and seabed creatures is dangerous for both sea birds and mammals," WWF said, adding that sea otters that eat urchins and clams could be among the most affected animals.
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Did toxic rocket fuel kill sea creatures in Russian ‘ecological disaster’?
Oct 2020
Greenpeace said activists found yellowish foam on the ocean’s surface and dead sea animals
People who got into the waters complained of sore throats, burns to their corneas
https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/3104321/did-toxic-rocket-fuel-kill-sea-creatures-russian
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Toxic fuel from Russian rockets in Arctic waters raises environmental and legal issues
October 9, 2017
https://www.arctictoday.com/toxic-fuel-from-russian-rockets-in-arctic-waters-raises-environmental-and-legal-issues/
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‘Considerable concern’: Russia dumping tonnes of toxic space fuel in Canada's Arctic waters
Oct 06, 2017
With unburned fuel aboard each stage, it’s possible that each launch is dropping as much as eight tonnes of UDMH, some of that fuel vaporizing and misting over Nunavut
https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/russia-dumping-toxic-space-rockets-in-canadas-arctic-waters
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Russia to Remove Hazardous Nuclear Objects Dumped in Its Arctic Waters
Aug. 5, 2020
The country's nuclear energy company will over the next eight years lift two submarines and four reactor compartments from the bottom of the Barents and Kara Seas.
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/08/05/russia-to-remove-hazardous-nuclear-objects-dumped-in-its-arctic-waters-a71060
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Mysterious toxic substance killing sea life in Russian beach
October 6, 2020
Upon initial analysis of the water, authorities were able to detect traces of oil products and phenol but no official cause of the pollution has been established.
Dead sea creatures have been washing up on the beaches of Kamchatka, Russia as environmental activists are demanding answers from what they call a major ecological disaster. Videos and photos of discoloured ocean waters, dead octopuses, carcasses of seals and the like are showing up on social media prompting Greenpeace to denounce the current state of the far eastern beach.
Believed to be caused by a toxic spillage in the Pacific Ocean, local residents and surfers have since been complaining of fever, rashes, swollen eyelids and vomiting. Health officials have also confirmed that surfers suffered mild burns in their corneas. Upon initial analysis of the water, authorities were able to detect traces of oil products and phenol, however, no official cause of the pollution has been established.
https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mysterious-toxic-substance-killing-sea-life-russian-beach-1684184
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Russia says algae killed marine life off far eastern coast
October 23, 2020
MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russia said on Friday the mass death of marine life off the coast of its far eastern Kamchatka region had been caused by toxic algae and was not a man-made disaster, but Greenpeace said it was still too early to say for sure.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-pollution-idUSKBN27813J
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Russia: Toxic algae blamed for death of marine life
23.10.2020
Hundreds of octopuses, seals and sea urchins washed up dead earlier this month in what was first thought to be an oil spill. Russian authorities now say a natural occurrence was responsible for the ecological disaster
https://www.dw.com/en/russia-toxic-algae-blamed-for-death-of-marine-life/a-55375657
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Algae that killed off marine life in Hokkaido from Russia
October 24, 2021
https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14467200
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Harmful algal blooms and associated fisheries damage in East Asia: Current status and trends in China, Japan, Korea and Russia
2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568988320300676
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Hokkaido sea urchin and salmon decimated amid rare red tide
October 9, 2021
Die-off linked to record heat seen affecting supplies for years to come
https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Food-Beverage/Hokkaido-sea-urchin-and-salmon-decimated-amid-rare-red-tide
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Death of sea life off Russia peninsula 'caused by algae'
October 23, 2020
https://phys.org/news/2020-10-death-sea-life-russia-peninsula.html
Blooming algae was behind a recent mass death of sea animals that saw octopuses and seals wash up on the shore off a Russian peninsula, scientists said on Friday in the final conclusion to their probe.
Locals in Kamchatka, a volcanic peninsula in Russia's Far East, raised the alarm in September after the animals were found dead and surfers complained of stinging eyes.
Scientists later said that up to 95 percent of marine life living along the seabed in the affected area had died.
Environmental campaigners said they were conducting their own inquiries and were not yet able to confirm the official probe's findings.
Andrei Adrianov, vice president of Russia's Academy of Sciences, announced the probe's conclusions on Friday, saying the mass death was due to the effects of toxins from single-cell algae.
Speaking at the same meeting, Svetlana Radionova of environmental watchdog Rosprirodnadzor said her agency conducted over 5,000 tests.
She said the agency did not see a way the situation could have been caused by humans.
In a separate criminal probe, investigators announced they had eliminated oil spills and toxic waste as possible causes.
They added that the previously reported high levels of phenol and petroleum products were "not critical" and had been observed in the bay for decades.
Environment Minister Dmitry Kobylkin said the situation in Kamchatka was improving.
But Russia's branch of Greenpeace said they would not rule out any theories until they received the final results of their own probes.
Greenpeace's Yelena Sakirko told AFP that human factors could have affected the algae—for example, if sewage or phosphates from washing powder and fertiliser leaked into the water.
Sakirko also said scientists were concerned that the incident could affect the food chains in the region, causing long-term damage to wildlife.
The World Wildlife Fund said its experts were likewise unable to make any conclusions yet.
"Unfortunately, public data available today does not fully prove any version of the ecological crisis off the coast of Kamchatka," it said.
Russia has been hit by a string of environmental disasters this year.
Just weeks after the Kamchatka incident, an oil spill covering 35,000 square metres was reported in the waters of the port city of Nakhodka in Russia's far east.
The most devastating incident took place in May, when some 20,000 tonnes of diesel leaked from a fuel tank into nearby rivers in the Siberian Arctic.
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Russia declares emergency after 22,000 tons of oil spill in the Arctic Circle
June 05, 2020
It could take decades for the region to recover.
Twenty-two thousand tons (20,000 metric tons) of oil products leaked from a Russian industrial power plant into a river in the Arctic Circle on May 29.
Russian president Vladimir Putin declared a state of emergency in the region around the Ambarnaya River, in eastern Russia, due north of Mongolia. According to Reuters, two days passed before local authorities learned of the spill from the Nadezhdinski (also spelled Nadezhdinsky) Metallurgical Plant. Even then, local officials only learned of the spill from social media. Per Reuters, Russian environmental agencies have said 16,500 tons (15,000 metric tons) of oil entered the river system, while an additional 6,500 tons (6,000 metric tons) leaked into the soil.
(These numbers do not perfectly add up to 22,000 tons. Live Science has reached out to Russian state authorities for more precise information.)
https://www.livescience.com/russian-arctic-ambarnaya-oil-spill.html
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Putin orders state of emergency after oil spill in Arctic Circle
June 4, 2020
Authorities are saying that a fuel reservoir at a power plant near the Siberian city of Norilsk collapsed last Friday, dumping 20,000 tons of diesel fuel into the Ambarnaya River, north of the Arctic Circle – turning broad stretches of it red.
The power plant is owned by a subsidiary of Nornickle, which is the world’s leading nickel and palladium producer. It is also ranked among the world’s top ten copper producers.
Nornickle is one of Russia’s most polluting companies, releasing approximately 1.67 million tons of harmful sulfur dioxide into the air every year, making the city of Norilsk one of the most polluted places on Earth.
Officials said Krasnoyarsk governor Alexander Uss only found out about the spill on Sunday, two days after it happened, when “alarming information appeared in social media.” On Wednesday,
Putin, in a videoconference that was broadcast on Russian television, lambasted the head of the Nornickle subsidiary, NTEK, after officials said the company failed to report the incident...
https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/putin-orders-state-of-emergency-after-oil-spill-in-arctic-circle/article/572706
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Rocket fuel leak could've caused water pollution, killed marine life in Russia's Kamchatka region
October 06, 2020
Last month, locals witnessed large numbers of dead sea creatures including seals, octopuses and sea urchins wash up onto the black-sanded beach.
https://www.firstpost.com/world/rocket-fuel-leak-couldve-caused-water-pollution-killed-marine-life-in-russias-kamchatka-region-8883911.html
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Fears of toxic fuel leak as sea creatures die in Russia 'ecological disaster'
October 5, 2020
https://phys.org/news/2020-10-sea-creatures-die-eastern-russia.html
Water pollution in Russia's Kamchatka region that caused sea creatures to wash up dead on beaches prompted fears on Monday that rocket fuel stored in the region's military testing grounds could have leaked out.
The water pollution came to light late last month after local surfers reported stinging eyes and said the water had changed colour and developed an odour. Officials later confirmed the surfers had suffered mild burns to their corneas.
Then locals witnessed large numbers of dead sea creatures including seals, octopuses and sea urchins washed up onto a black-sanded beach popular with tourists.
The regional governor, Vladimir Solodov, said Monday that the sea off the remote Kamchatka peninsula may have been contaminated with toxic chemicals as Greenpeace warned of an "ecological disaster" for marine life.
Officials have said tests soon after found above-permitted levels of phenol and petroleum products.
Experts were investigating whether this was linked to "spills of some toxic substances," Solodov said in a statement.
He added that divers had confirmed the deaths of sea creatures and pollution appeared to be spread over a wide area.
Officials are scrambling to come up with the cause after President Vladimir Putin in June reacted angrily to the late reporting of an oil leak in Arctic Siberia that poured thousands of tons of diesel into land and waterways.
Ecology Minister Dmitry Kobylkin said in televised comments that Putin had ordered him to get to the bottom of the situation.
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What are the Russian authorities trying to hide?
30 June 2020
Environmental stories out of Russia have been in the news lately. First, there was one of the largest diesel spills in the Russian Arctic’s history. Then, there is the shocking heating of the Arctic which can be directly connected to climate change, which is driven by the burning of fossil fuels, like diesel. Now — once again, as is happening with increasing fury every year — there are wildfires raging across Siberia, another effect of climate change.
Well, here’s a story that ties all these things together:
Last weekend Elena Sakirko and Josef Kogotko, who work with Greenpeace Russia, and Novaya Gazeta journalists, Elena Kostuchenko and Yuriy Kozyrev, collected scientific samples that could show the effects of the diesel spills on the surrounding delicate ecology as well as answer the question as to whether diesel leaking in the Pyasina river will reach the Arctic Ocean.
https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/43860/what-are-the-russian-authorities-trying-to-hide/
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Neighbouring countries cannot obtain data from Russia on oil spill in Novorossiysk
Earlier, Ukraine could analyze and monitor such an environmental catastrophe as oil spill, because the Russian port of Novorossiysk is located near Crimea. But after Russia had occupied the peninsula, Ukrainian scientists were deprived of the opportunity to do such work.
Aug 17, 2021
https://seawanderer.org/neighbouring-countries-cannot-obtain-data-from-russia-on-oil-spill-in-novorossiysk
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Russia: A Corrupt and Opaque Environmental Record
6/28/08
https://www.newsweek.com/russia-corrupt-and-opaque-environmental-record-91143
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Russian mining giant admits waste 'violations' at Arctic plant
June 28, 2020
https://phys.org/news/2020-06-russian-giant-violations-arctic.html
A Russian mining giant behind an enormous Arctic fuel spill last month said Sunday it had suspended workers at a metals plant who were responsible for pumping wastewater into nearby tundra.
Norilsk Nickel cited a "flagrant violation of operating rules" in a statement announcing it had suspended employees responsible for dumping wastewater from a dangerously full reservoir into wildlife.
The incident occurred at the Talnakh enrichment plant near the Arctic city of Norilsk, the company said, one month after the unprecedented fuel leak sparked a state of emergency declared by President Vladimir Putin.
More than 21,000 tonnes of diesel leaked from a fuel storage tank at one of the company's subsidiary plants near Norilsk. The fuel seeped into the soil and dyed nearby waterways bright red.
A source told Interfax news agency Sunday that in the most recent case, around 6,000 cubic meters of liquid used to process minerals at the facility had been dumped and that the discharge had lasted "several hours".
It was impossible to determine how far the wastewater had dispersed, the source said.
Independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta published videos from the scene showing large metal pipes carrying wastewater from the reservoir and dumping foaming liquid into nearby trees.
The journalists claimed the factory deliberately funnelled the wastewater into wildlife areas and hastily removed their pipes when investigators and emergency services arrived on the scene...
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RFE/RL Investigation: How Russian Oil Companies Illegally Dump Massive Amounts Of Toxic Waste
May 25, 2021
SELIYAROVO, Russia -- Russian oil companies are illegally disposing of millions of tons of contaminated drilling waste, a practice that is wreaking environmental havoc by polluting northern rivers that drain into the Arctic Ocean, a new RFE/RL investigation has found.
The investigation by RFE/RL's Russian Service found that regulations overseeing the disposal of drilling waste are routinely flouted, with bribes being paid to inspectors, data being omitted from required paperwork, and major oil companies pressuring regulators to effectively look the other way...
https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-oil-toxic-waste-arctic/31272382.html
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Russia's Catastrophic Oil & Gas Problem
May 31, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo6w5R6Uo8Y
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Arctic wastewater dump near Russia's Norilsk was toxic, says Greenpeace
7th August 2020
Water samples taken by Greenpeace in Russia’s Arctic at the site of a wastewater dump by mining giant Norilsk Nickel contained 50 times the permitted level of toxic substances, the environmental campaign group has said.
https://www.miningweekly.com/article/arctic-wastewater-dump-near-russias-norilsk-was-toxic-says-greenpeace-2020-08-07/rep_id:3650
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Russian firm to be probed over Arctic ‘dumping’
June 28, 2020
https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russian-firm-to-be-probed-over-arctic-dumping/article31940351.ece
Reports say that discharge of waste water could pose threat to a nearby river
Russian mining giant Norilsk Nickel said on Sunday that it had stopped the discharge of waste water from one of its Arctic facilities, one month after an unprecedented fuel leak nearby sparked a state of emergency.
The incident occurred at the Talnakh enrichment plant near the Arctic city of Norilsk, the company said, when liquids used to process minerals were “discharged from a reservoir”. “Measures were taken to stop” the removal of the liquid into nearby territory, the company said, adding that there was no threat of waste leaking.
Dumping of waste
A source in the Emergency Situations Ministry however told the RIA Novosti news agency that the discharge of toxic substances could pose a threat to the nearby Kharayelakh river. The Investigative Committee, which probes serious crimes, said it had received reports of “unauthorised dumping of liquid waste into the tundra” on the site of the facility and had opened an enquiry.
Independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta published videos of the scene in a report claiming the factory had deliberately discharged the waste water into nearby wildlife areas.
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Russia explores old nuclear waste dumps in Arctic
January 25, 2013
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21119774
The toxic legacy of the Cold War lives on in Russia's Arctic, where the Soviet military dumped many tonnes of radioactive hardware at sea.
For more than a decade, Western governments have been helping Russia to remove nuclear fuel from decommissioned submarines docked in the Kola Peninsula - the region closest to Scandinavia.
But further east lies an intact nuclear submarine at the bottom of the Kara Sea, and its highly enriched uranium fuel is a potential time bomb.
This year the Russian authorities want to see if the K-27 sub can be safely raised, so that the uranium - sealed inside the reactors - can be removed.
They also plan to survey numerous other nuclear dumps in the Kara Sea, where Russia's energy giant Rosneft and its US partner Exxon Mobil are now exploring for oil and gas.
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Snow algal communities on glaciers in the Suntar-Khayata Mountain Range in eastern Siberia, Russia
September 2016
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965216300123
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of the Peter the Great Bay (North-West Pacific Region) Using Brown Algae
2020
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=103543
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Marine Benthic Algae of the Russian Coasts of the Bering Sea (from Ozernoi Gulf to Dezhnev Bay, including Karaginskii Island)
2002
https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/constancea/83/selivanova/Selivanova.html
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[Occurrence of Salmonella in coastal North Sea water and their hygienic relation to indicator bacteria and sources of contamination]
1994
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7916878/
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Deep Trouble: Russia Finally Moves To Raise Radioactive Debris From Arctic Waters
May 29, 2020
https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-finally-moves-to-raise-radioactive-debris-from-arctic-waters/30640975.html
The nuclear-powered submarine, built four decades earlier for the Soviet Northern Fleet, was being towed to a Murmansk shipyard to be dismantled when it was hit by a summer storm. The sub sank, killing nine sailors and sending around 800 kilograms of radioactive fuel to the sea bottom.
Since the August 2003 incident, K-159’s snapped hull has been resting around 250 meters underwater at the entrance to the Kola Bay. So far, the fuel on board has not leaked into the surrounding waters, scientists say.
The K-159 is far from the only radioactive item in the junkyard of debris that was dumped in the Barents and Kara seas over decades by the Soviet Navy. An estimated 17,000 objects are scattered across thousands of square miles, including 18 nuclear reactors and another entire nuclear sub that was scuttled off Novaya Zemlya in 1982.
For years, the Russian government, prodded by Norway, Sweden, and other nations, has struggled to figure out what to do with the waste.
Now, according to a government decree published in March, that process is at last moving forward.
The decree -- titled On The Rehabilitation Of The Russian Arctic From Flooded And Sunken Objects With Spent Nuclear Fuel And Radioactive Waste -- orders the state-run atomic energy company Rosatom to oversee the cleanup of the most dangerous objects over a nine-year-period, up to 2029.
Rosatom, which oversees Russia’s sprawling nuclear complex including reactors, enrichment, fuel production, and other operations, declined to answer inquiries from RFE/RL to provide details or comment on the effort.
But Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian experts who have followed, or been involved directly with, the effort say the March decree is a concrete step forward for cleaning up some of the most dangerous debris.
"You are quite right that our government and the Rosatom Corporation are definitely moving in this direction," said Pavel Yakovlev, who edits a Russian government-funded web portal called Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning. "The Russian government is well on its way into doing the preparatory work for formalizing the final project."
"This is an important first step for the Russian side to be able to perform practical work to reduce risks from potential radioactive contamination of the marine environment," said Ingar Amundsen of the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.
The scope of the problem, and the potential hazards to the fragile Arctic ecosystems of the Barents and Kara seas, have been studied for years by both Russian and Western scientists. A 1993 report issued by a special commission set up by President Boris Yeltsin documented three decades of toxic waste dumping, mainly in the waters near Novaya Zemlya.
"It is obvious now that there is a critical situation," the so-called Yablokov Commission said at the time in a landmark report. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) later estimated that Soviet dumping was more than double the total amount dumped by a dozen nuclear nations combined between 1946 and 1982, including the United States.
No Dumping
The IAEA banned countries from dumping high-level radioactive waste in the oceans in the 1950s. In 1983, the London Dumping Convention, whose members included the Soviet Union, the United States, and other nuclear nations, agreed to halt low-level radioactive waste dumping.
Still, Moscow for years maintained that it did not sink hazardous atomic waste, something that ultimately was refuted, and documented in full, by the Yablokov Commission.
Since then, Norway and other countries have conducted joint expeditions with Russian scientists over many years to map and measures the worst locations, and to come up with long-term plans for either cleaning them up or minimizing the danger.
At least six sunken objects, including K-159, are considered priorities for the first phase. Those objects are estimated to hold more than 90 percent of all the identified man-made radioactive waste, according to the Norwegian environment group Bellona, which has monitored Russian Arctic environmental problems for years and first highlighted the significance of the new Russian government decrees.
Scientists have warned that although little to no environmental contamination from the K-159 has been recorded to date, the sub and its reactor are in danger of decay, which would release radiation into the Kola Bay, a major waterway that is home to the port of Murmansk, about 70 kilometers south of the wreckage site.
Another nuclear-powered submarine, called the K-27, was decommissioned by the Soviet Navy in 1982 and sunk in about 100 meters of water off the eastern shore of Novaya Zemlya. Yet another site includes spent fuel from the Lenin nuclear-powered icebreaker.
The government decree does not specify what it will cost to raise or clean up the most problematic waste, nor does it answer the question of liability or responsibility for the actual process.
At a conference in Moscow in December attended by Western and Russian scientists, experts estimated that the overall cost for raising the six wrecks at 287 million euros. ($305 million).
Some experts warn that lifting some of the materials, including the broken submarine hulls or damaged nuclear reactors, will be exceedingly complex -- and risks releasing more radiation into the environment.
"It is a risk of release of radionuclides if an accident occurs during a raising operation. Therefore, it is important to perform risk assessment to minimize this risk," Amundsen told RFE/RL.
"Obviously, there is no good solution," said Rashid Alimov, director of the energy program at Greenpeace Russia in Moscow. "It is dangerous to pick up objects flooded in the seas that contain spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. But you can’t leave it at the bottom."
Norwegian scientists last year announced that another Soviet submarine, the K-278, or Komsomolets, which accidentally sank in April 1989 about 350 kilometers northwest of the Norwegian coast, has been leaking radiation into the surrounding waters. That wreck does not appear in the planning documents that were presented at the December conference in Moscow and were published online.
Arctic Strategy
The Russian government’s decision to move forward on a cleanup plan dovetails with a broader Arctic strategy that the Kremlin has developed in recent years. Global warming has resulted in receding sea ice, making Russia’s Arctic coast more accessible for navigation and exploration of natural resources.
Cleaning up the most problematic debris fits into that strategy, said Jonas Kjellen, a military analyst at the Swedish Defense Research Agency.
"These type of operations give Russia another purpose in the region that is not purely military (or geopolitical)," he said in an e-mail to RFE/RL.
"The story to be told is that Russia is not only in control of the Northern Sea Route and a large chunk of the Arctic, it is also a responsible shepherd of the high north," he said. "Polls also show that the Russian public is also getting evermore concerned about environmental issues, and these types of operations give the [Defense Ministry] more legitimacy and popularity."
Sunken objects are also a danger to navigation and undersea exploration, further reasons for the government’s decision to move forward, Kjellen said.
The K-159, which sank in the Kola Bay inlet, is "probably a major concern and obstacle for naval operations, and possibly also obstructs laying of submarine cables or submarine sensor systems in this important area," he said.
Still, environmental groups like Greenpeace are skeptical about the government plans, given the secrecy and obfuscation around past incidents that Rosatom was involved in. That includes last year’s explosion at a White Sea missile test base that spewed radioactive material across a nearby city, and a 2017 incident at the long-troubled Mayak nuclear complex in the southern Ural Mountains, which sent a cloud of radioactive isotopes drifting over Europe.
Both cases were marked by intense official secrecy and shifting government explanations.
Previous, more localized Russian cleanup efforts in two bays on the Kola Peninsula have already led to decreased radiation there, said Anders Turesson, who heads a working group focused on environmental issues at the Arctic Council, an eight-nation intergovernmental group based in Norway.
“We hope to see the same in the Barents and Kara seas now that Russia has decided to move forward with cleanup,” he said in a statement.
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Russia's Water Crisis
April 26, 2021
Housing over one quarter of Earth's freshwater supply, Russia is allowing it to get polluted and become toxic.
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e7183dd10d194c20b515a700c37752fc
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Northwest Russia and the Dumping of Radioactive Waste: The London Convention Implemented
1997
https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/316578
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Treaty banning dangerous chemicals helped Arctic wildlife, study shows
August 30, 2018
https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2018/08/30/chemicals-arctic-wildlife-stockholm-convention-ban-study-pollution-environment/
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Contamination levels in North Sea declined significantly since 1980s
02-03-2022
https://ahmedabadmirror.com/contamination-levels-in-north-sea-declined-significantly-since-1980s/81823238.html
Contamination of the North Sea with inorganic and organic pollutants has declined significantly since the 1980s, according to a study published by Germany's Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH).
"Monitoring the marine environment shows the extent and efficiency with which legal regulations banning certain pollutants prevent harmful substances from entering the oceans," BSH said on Tuesday.
However, the study also found new substances that are harmful to the marine environment. Even small changes in the chemical composition of banned substances could be enough to make them legal again, Xinhua news agency reported citing the governmental agency.
The study was conducted by a research group from BSH, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, and the universities HAW Hamburg and RWTH Aachen. It analysed 90 inorganic and organic pollutants in sediment cores from the North Sea.
Based on the samples, "several pollution peaks with high concentrations of various pollutants could be detected in the sediment layers over the past 100 years," BSH said. These included a group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) that were banned in 1979.
PCB, toxic organic chlorine compounds, were used as softeners in paints and sealants from 1929 until the ban. According to the study, the sediment load of PCBs was highest in the period just before the ban.
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The Effect of Impurities on the Surface Melt of a Glacier in the Suntar-Khayata Mountain Range, Russian Siberia
18 December 2015
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2015.00082/full
We investigated characteristics of impurities and their impact on the
ablation of Glacier No.31 in the Suntar-Khayata Mountain Range in
Russian Siberia during summer 2014. Positive degree-day factors (PDDFs)
obtained from 20 stake measurements distributed across the glacier's
ablation area varied from 3.00 to 8.55 mm w.e. K−1 day−1.
The surface reflectivity measured with a spectrometer as a proxy for
albedo, ranged from 0.09 to 0.62, and was negatively correlated with the
PDDF, suggesting that glacier ablation is controlled by surface albedo
on the studied glacier. Mass of total insoluble impurities on the ice
surface varied from 0.1 to 45.2 g m−2 and was not correlated
with surface reflectivity, suggesting that albedo is not directly
conditioned by the mass of the impurities. Microscopy of impurities
revealed that they comprised mineral particles, cryoconite granules, and
ice algal cells filled with dark-reddish pigments (Ancylonema nordenskioldii).
There was a significant negative correlation between surface
reflectivity and algal biomass or organic matter, suggesting that the
ice algae and their products are the most effective constituents in
defining glacier surface albedo. Our results suggest that the melting of
ice surface was enhanced by the growth of ice algae, which increased
the melting rate 1.6–2.6 times greater than that of the impurity free
bare-ice.
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Arctic sea ice melt season is now underway, but not as strong as in recent years, except in the Siberian region
09/06/2021
https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/arctic-sea-ice-melt-season-2021-june-fa/
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Glacial debris cover and melt water production for glaciers in the Altay, Russia
01 Feb 2011
https://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2011-1/
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Unprecedented ice loss in Russian ice cap
September 19, 2018
https://phys.org/news/2018-09-unprecedented-ice-loss-russian-cap.html
In the last few years, the Vavilov Ice Cap in the Russian High Arctic has dramatically accelerated, sliding as much as 82 feet a day in 2015, according to a new multi-national, multi-institute study led by CIRES Fellow Mike Willis, an assistant professor of Geology at CU Boulder. That dwarfs the ice's previous average speed of about 2 inches per day and has challenged scientists' assumptions about the stability of the cold ice caps dotting Earth's high latitudes.
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Melting glaciers threaten to inundate Russia’s Far North and Siberia
March 14 2017
https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/03/14/melting-glaciers-threaten-to-inundate-russias-far-north-and-siberia_719366
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Russian Arctic ice melt is picking up speed
April 26th, 2018
https://www.futurity.org/russian-arctic-ice-melt-1741162-2/
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Late-20th-century changes in glacier extent in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/late20thcentury-changes-in-glacier-extent-in-the-caucasus-mountains-russiageorgia/CDE8FD0DF3C6E552C319807FEF82B8D3/core-reader
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Six Decades of Glacial Mass Loss in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
23 May 2018
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2017JF004304
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Current State of the Altai Glaciers (Russia) and Trends Over the Period of Instrumental Observations 1952–2008
September 2011
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51677464_Current_State_of_the_Altai_Glaciers_Russia_and_Trends_Over_the_Period_of_Instrumental_Observations_1952-2008
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Reconstruction of Environmental Conditions in the Eastern Part of Primorsky Krai (Russian Far East) in the Late Holocene
May 2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352282371_Reconstruction_of_Environmental_Conditions_in_the_Eastern_Part_of_Primorsky_Krai_Russian_Far_East_in_the_Late_Holocene
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Paleodietary Patterns of the Cherepakha 13 Site Population (Early Iron Age) in Primorye (Maritime) Province, Russian Far East, based on Stable Isotope Analysis
01 October 2018
Abstract
New paleodietary data were obtained after the discovery and excavation in 2015–2017 of the Cherepakha 13 site in the southern part of Primorye (Maritime) Province in far eastern Russia. The site is located near the coast of Ussuri Bay (Sea of Japan) and belongs to the Yankovsky cultural complex of the Early Iron Age 14C-dated to ca. 3000 BP (ca. 1200 cal BC). The stable isotope composition of the bone collagen for 11 humans and 30 animals was determined. For humans, the following values (with±1 sigma) were yielded: δ13C=–10.2±0.8‰; and δ15N=+12.4±0.3‰. The majority of terrestrial animals show the usual isotopic signals: δ13C=–19.4 ÷ –23.3‰; and δ15N=+4.6÷+6.6‰ (for wolves, up to +10.1‰); dogs, however, have an isotopic composition similar to humans: δ13C= –11.7±1.2‰; and δ15N=+12.4±0.4‰. Marine mammals have common values for pinnipeds: δ13C=–13.7 ÷ –14.6‰; and δ15N=+17.4 ÷ +18.0‰. The main food resources for the population of Cherepakha 13 site were (1) marine mollusks, fish, and mammals; and (2) terrestrial mammals; and possibly C4 plants (domesticated millets).
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FLOODS AND SOIL EROSION
2006
Department of Physical Geography and Land Use, Institute of Geography, Moscow,
Russia
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Water Erosion
3. Watershed Erosion
3.1. Uniform Slope Site Erosion
3.2. Slope Erosion
3.3. Gully Erosion
4. Fluvial Systems
4.1. Factors of Fluvial System Origination and Development
4.2. Processes in River Channels
4.3. Floods, Erosion, and Sediment Load
4.4. Extreme Flood Erosion
https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C01/E4-06-02-06.pdf
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Assessing the Acidification Risk in Lake Baikal Region
February 2006
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233253917_Assessing_the_Acidification_Risk_in_Lake_Baikal_Region
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ACID RAIN REPORTED OVER SOVIET UNION
1984
https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/24/science/acid-rain-reported-over-soviet-union.html
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Acid Rain In Russia
June 06 2014
https://prezi.com/u4m9mrg0jwfg/acid-rain-in-russia/
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Acid rain and toxic fumes devastate Arctic region as Moscow lacks cash to halt disaster
Sep 27 1997
https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/acid-rain-and-toxic-fumes-devastate-arctic-region-as-moscow-lacks-cash-to-halt-disaster-1.110305
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Siberian environmental change: Synthesis of recent studies and opportunities for networking
29 September 2021
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-021-01626-7
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First Detailed Documentation Of Tsunami Erosion
October 30, 2009
Summary:
For the first time, a group of scientists working in the Kuril Islands off the east coast of Russia has documented the scope of tsunami-caused erosion and found that a wave can carry away far more sand and dirt than it deposits.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091028112803.htm
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Rock the size of mountain under Japan may be causing megaquakes
Feb 08, 2022
https://www.wionews.com/science/rock-the-size-of-mountain-under-japan-may-be-causing-megaquakes-451566
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Deformation of the Northwestern Okhotsk Plate: How is it happening?
2009
https://smsps.copernicus.org/articles/4/147/2009/smsps-4-147-2009.pdf
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Ecological Monitoring of the Water Area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002)
September 2003
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026305410235
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Biological consequences of organic pollution of nearshore marine ecosystems in the Russian waters of the Sea of Japan
12 January 2010
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1063074009070025
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Malaya Cherepakha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya_Cherepakha
Malaya Cherepakha (Little Turtle in English) is a small river that flows through Taganrog (Rostov Oblast, Russian Federation) into the Azov Sea.
Description
The riverbed of Malaya Cherepakha is situated in Malaya Cherepakha Gully. The total length of the river is 3 kilometers. It flows into the Sea of Azov through the territory of Taganrog Tannery Factory.
The canal bed of the Little Turtle is silted, the slopes are washed out and covered with household rubbish. The silt layer at the bottom of the river reaches more than 4 meters.
According to data of the monitoring of water quality in 2005, the waters of Malaya Cherepakha River contained an excess of ammonium, nitrites, phosphates, manganese, iron, petroleum products, nickel, vanadium and molybdenum. Correspondingly, bottom sediments are equally heavily contaminated with heavy metals.
Along the open section of the riverbed there are areas that are prone to flooding and waterlogging: these are Oktyabrskaya and Sotsialisticheskya streets.
In February 2015 was announced the initiative of the students of the Taganrog College of Marine Instrument Making who together with other participants and curators of the SIFE to clear the channel of the river.
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Floods in Belarus, Ukraine, and Western Russia
April 7, 2004
https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/70666/floods-in-belarus-ukraine-and-western-russia/70666t
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Global warming to bring back DEADLY prehistoric diseases as Arctic ice MELTS in Russia
GLOBAL WARMING may bring back some of the world’s deadliest diseases after the coldest place on earth has started to melt, scientists have warned.
Apr 15, 2019
https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1114719/russia-news-global-warming-diseases-Yakutsk-permafrost
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Unprecedented Look at Ice Stream Formation on Remote Russian Glacier [Video]
December 23, 2019
https://scitechdaily.com/unprecedented-look-at-ice-stream-formation-on-remote-russian-glacier-video/
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A Never-Before-Seen Event Is Collapsing an Ice Sheet in the Russian Arctic
December 18, 2019
https://www.livescience.com/first-evidence-glacier-surges-become-ice-streams.html
For the first time, scientists think they're watching a fast-moving river of ice being born. These so-called ice streams are rapid, long-lasting flows of ice that form in the middle of more static ice formations known as ice sheets. There are only a handful of them on Earth. They form in remote parts of the arctic and antarctic and, once established, can last decades or even centuries. Until now, no one had ever seen one emerge.
But now, in a new paper published Nov. 21 in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, a team of glaciologists argues that another, shorter-term event that began in 2013 in the Russian Arctic may have sparked the emergence of a long-lasting ice stream. The event, called a glacier surge, is like a frozen flood. A great deal of ice comes loose and bursts out toward the ocean in a rush.
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Scientists Are Baffled By These Mysterious Circular Carvings In This Mountain In Turkey!
Aug 4, 2021
10:40 - Siberian Stripes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDuHMqyxrw0
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Receding Russian glaciers expose five new Arctic islands
Oct. 24, 2019
https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/10/24/Receding-Russian-glaciers-expose-five-new-Arctic-islands/3401571927141/
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Recent Russian Arctic glacier loss doubles from the previous 60 years
April 24, 2018
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2018/04/recent-russian-arctic-glacier-loss-doubles-previous-60-years
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Iron 'jet stream' detected in Earth's outer core
December 2016
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38372342
Scientists say they have identified a remarkable new feature in Earth’s molten outer core.
They describe it as a kind of "jet stream" - a fast-flowing river of liquid iron that is surging westwards under Alaska and Siberia.
The moving mass of metal has been inferred from measurements made by Europe’s Swarm satellites.
This trio of spacecraft are currently mapping Earth's magnetic field to try to understand its fundamental workings.
The scientists say the jet is the best explanation for the patches of concentrated field strength that the satellites observe in the northern hemisphere.
"This jet of liquid iron is moving at about fifty kilometres per year," explained Dr Chris Finlay from the National Space Institute at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space).
“That might not sound like a lot to you on Earth's surface, but you have to remember this a very dense liquid metal and it takes a huge amount of energy to move this thing around and that's probably the fastest motion we have anywhere within the solid Earth,” he told BBC News.
Dr Finlay was speaking here at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in San Francisco, just ahead of the official publication of the research in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Most people will be familiar with the atmospheric jet stream - the high-altitude, rapidly flowing belt of air on which aeroplanes ride to get to their destination more quickly.
Dr Finlay and colleagues want us to envision something similar but made of metal and 3,000km down, under our feet.
They assess the jet to be about 420km wide, and say it wraps half-way around the planet.
Its behaviour will be critical to the generation and maintenance of the global magnetic field, they add.
“It's likely that the jet stream has been in play for hundreds of millions of years," said Dr Phil Livermore from Leeds University, UK, and the lead author on the journal paper.
In the paper, the team puts forward a model to explain the jet.
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Scientists Puzzled with Growing ‘Dent’ in Earth’s Magnetic Field
August, 24, 2020
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/08/24/2334503/scientists-puzzled-with-growing-dent-in-earth-s-magnetic-field
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NASA Explores Earth's Magnetic 'Dent'
Aug 17, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpdQcw_52iM
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This Is Why The Earth Could Explode Soon
Feb 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP4e0Uh6lAg
{Is it true that the Earth's crust is
currently cracking open slowly, while letting more water drain inside of
the inner Earth. Water and oil act like lubrication to tectonic
plates}.
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Trillions Of Tonnes Of Water Is Being Swallowed Into The Earth's Interior
November 24th, 2018
http://www.ladbible.com/news/interesting-trillions-of-tonnes-of-water-is-being-swallowed-into-earths-interior-20181124
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Earth is Eating Its Oceans Way Faster Than Originally Thought, Study Finds
November 19 2018
https://weather.com/news/news/2018-11-19-earth-eating-oceans-mariana-trench
Three
times more ocean water than originally thought is being swallowed by
the Earth as the planet's tectonic plates sink below one another, a new
study discovered.
Published in the journal Nature, a
team of researchers took an estimate of how much water is being sucked
into the Earth's interior through subduction zones — where two
continental plates meet and one is being drawn downward.
Researchers
used data recorded by seismographs along the Mariana Trench — a
subduction zone where the Pacific Plate is subducted beneath the
Philippine Plate — to analyze a year's worth of measurements that
enabled them to draw a better picture of just how much water the rocks
inside the plates could hold. The determination was made by recording
the speed at which seismic waves travel through the rocks.
Near the Mariana Trench, at least 4.3 times more ocean water is subducted than previously thought.
This
discovery bodes large in understanding the Earth's deep water cycle,
said Columbia University's Donna Shillington. A marine geology and
geophysics researcher, Shillington said the water beneath the Earth's
surface can aid in the development of magma and could lubricate faults,
making earthquakes more likely.
Using velocity
measurements stretching down to 18 miles below the surface in a
combination of known temperatures and pressures, researchers were able
to calculate that subduction zones swallow 3 billion teragrams of water
into the crust every million years. A teragram is one trillion grams.
Unlike
the old adage "what goes up must come down," the opposite applies here.
Most of the water being subducted into the Earth is believed to be
emitted back into the atmosphere as water vapor in volcanic eruptions,
according to a Washington University release.
The
amount of ocean water ingested by the Earth and the amount emitted isn't
equal. In fact, the amount going in wildly exceeds the amount coming
out.
There's no missing water in the oceans, Cai said,
so there must be something about the way water moves through the Earth's
interior that scientists don't understand.
"Many more studies need to be focused on this aspect," said Cai.
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Scientists explain magnetic pole's wanderings
May 6, 2020
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43720024
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A Russian Ice Cap Is Collapsing--It Could Be a Warning
December 23, 2019
A surge in glacial ice flow that created an “ice stream” is a concern for Greenland and Antarctica as well
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-russian-ice-cap-is-collapsing-it-could-be-a-warning/
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Canada to claim north pole as its own
Dec 9, 2013
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/canada-north-pole-claim
UN submission will seek to redefine Canada's continental shelf to capture more Arctic oil and gas resources
Canada plans to make a claim to the north pole in an effort to assert its sovereignty in the resource-rich Arctic, the country's foreign affairs minister has said.
John Baird said the government had asked scientists to work on a future submission to the United Nations arguing that the outer limits of the country's continental shelf include the pole, which so far has been claimed by no one.
Canada last week applied to extend its seabed claims in the Atlantic Ocean, including some preliminary Arctic claims, but wants more time to prepare a claim that would include the pole.
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Russia's new claim to North Pole puts pressure on Canada, expert says
Aug. 04, 2015
Russia’s new bid for a vast swath of Arctic territory, including the North Pole, backs Canada into an uncomfortable corner in future negotiations over the frozen region, a defence expert says.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/russias-new-claim-to-north-pole-puts-pressure-on-canada-expert-says/article25838454/
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Russia submits claim on the North Pole to UN – but oil aspirations seem dead in the water
August 5, 2015
https://bellona.org/news/arctic/2015-08-19470
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Denmark challenges Russia and Canada over North Pole
15 December 2014
Denmark has presented a claim to the UN, arguing that the area surrounding the North Pole is connected to the continental shelf of Greenland, a Danish autonomous territory.
Foreign Minister Martin Lidegaard said it was a "historic and important milestone" for Denmark.
Canada and Russia have already asserted their own sovereignty over the energy-rich Arctic territory.
Arctic nations have agreed that a UN panel will settle the dispute.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30481309
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Toxic Russian rocket to splash down in Canadian Arctic
June 2, 2016
The rocket stage from a Russian for-profit space service is fueled by hydrazine, an obsolete WWII-era substance reviled for its toxicity
https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/technology/toxic-russian-rocket-splash-canadian-arctic-169381/
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ABANDONED Military base located in the freezing Arctic circle
Dec 14, 2015
A great video of an abandoned Russian military base in the arctic being recommissioned.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmcfbVbqPUo
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In Russia, the future of the Arctic is up for debate
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/russia-arctic-opinion-poll/blog/47129/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+GreenpeaceNews+%28Greenpeace+News%29
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In Arctic, Greenpeace picks new fight with old foe
August 29, 2012
https://phys.org/news/2012-08-arctic-greenpeace-foe.html
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UN declares the Sea of Okhotsk enclave part of Russia's continental shelf
15 Mar 2014
http://www.sott.net/article/276047-UN-declares-the-Sea-of-Okhotsk-enclave-part-of-Russias-continental-shelf
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CHINA NOW CLAIMS RUSSIAN TERRITORY - EYES CITY OF VLADIVOSTOK! RUSSIA vs CHINA IS BREWING ? (Debated)
Jul 9, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmFZ7cn9uUA
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Gravitas: China claims ownership of a Russian city (Debated)
Jul 3, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX5rZVH-9hY
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Window on Eurasia: Russian Duma Deputy Wants California and Alaska Back
September 26, 2014
http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2014/09/window-on-eurasia-russian-duma-deputy.html
Mikhail Degtyarev, a LDPR Duma deputy, has asked the Russian foreign ministry to clarify the status of land that had belonged to Russia in what is now the US state of California because he believes that Washington did not pay for it as required by a nineteenth century bilateral agreement.
As a result, Degtaryev is quoted by “Izvestiya” today as saying, “Russia as before has the basis to consider the territory of Fort Ross its own” and to seek either compensation via international courts or the return of that land to Russian control. In that event, he says, Moscow should install Russian missiles there (izvestia.ru/news/577183).
The LDPR deputy said that after Moscow examined the details of the 1841 sale of Fort Ross to the United States, it would need to focus on the issue of Russia’s subsequent sale of Alaska to the US in order to find out whether the Americans lived up to that bargain as well. If not, then he said, Russia should seek compensation or the return of its property.
Degtaryev is a member of Vladimir Zhirinovsky’s Liberal Democratic Party and like him has a reputation for outrageous statements which nonetheless sometimes capture the mood of Russians. In the past, the deputy has threatened Japan for its questioning of Russian sovereignty over the Kuriles, called for declaring the ruble an international reserve currency, and suggested putting pictures of Russian heroes in Russian passports (mk.ru/politics/2014/09/26/ldpr-trebuet-vernut-rossii-chast-kalifornii-i-razmestit-tam-sistemu-iskander.html).
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Alaska Purchase
The Alaska Purchase was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 by a treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Purchase
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After Crimea, Russians Say They Want Alaska Back
Apr, 2014
A mere four kilometers separate Russia's Big Diomede Island from Alaska's Little Diomede Island in the Bering Strait.
This boundary between two feuding powers — known as the "Ice Curtain" during the Cold War — is likely the only place from which former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin could really see Russia.
But after Russia's annexation of Crimea, which the Kremlin said corrected a "historical mistake," some in Russia would like to see the divide with Alaska eliminated by having Russia stake a new claim on the territory, which Tsar Alexander II sold to the U.S. for $7.2 million in 1867.
Amid growing anti-Americanism in Russia following the imposition of U.S. sanctions, Russian officials and pro-Kremlin journalists and bloggers have fueled talk — generally facetious — of an ambition to retake Alaska.
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/after-crimea-russians-say-they-want-alaska-back/497154.html
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Confirmation of Russian Troops Entering America Thru Alaska
March 10, 2014
http://thetruthsoldier.com/2014/03/10/confirmation-of-russian-troops-entering-america-thru-alaska/
My webmaster spent some time recently on a radar screen, and noted with grave concern signals which could possibly indicate Russian military troop build-up, both Naval, and on land in eastern Siberia directly across from Alaska and the Bering Strait, and in Alaska on the coast as well. If we can obtain confirmation, this would not surprise me in the least.
Enemies and communists always attack when their target is most weakened and divided, and martial law will serve that very purpose of weakening and dividing our nation.
Russia is already under secret treaty with the US to provide her troops to the US military to assist in “urban pacification,” round-ups and arrests, gun seizure, running the camps, etc., under martial law. The treaty is called, “the Trilateral Alliance Treaty” and also includes Chinese troops as well. Russian troops have been trained extensively in our military bases, such as Fort Polk, LA, and others for their role in the US under martial law.
When I researched in Washington state and the Pacific northwest, I interviewed members of the Patriot community and watchdog groups who admitted that Russian subs were practicing maneuvers freely off our western coast, as well as Russian helicopters practicing take-offs and landings. (Stealth helicopters, which make little noise upon take off or landing, were observed.) Understand that this is with the ful blessing of our traitorous US government and military!
IF such things are about to come down soon in America, it would call for an increase of Russian troops in the CONUS.
The logical entry point would be ALASKA. This is exactly what Dmitri Duduman said the Lord showed him: several major entry points for these Russian troops would be ALASKA, MINNESOTA and FLORIDA.
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BBC Interviews Chinese Sailors Preparing for "American Invasion"
July 31, 2001
The reader MUST understand that both China and Russia are joined with the traitorous NWO takeover elements of America through the TRILATERAL ALLIANCE TREATY. This treaty makes provision for both CHINESE and Russian troops to work with the traitorous elements of our military when martial law comes down, to conduct door-to-door "search, seizure and arrest" maneuvers, to march arrested Americans off to the internment/death camps, and secure America under martial law for the New World Order.
http://educate-yourself.org/ps/psrcresmokestackshawaii31jul01.shtml
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This map shows Russia's dominant militarization of the Arctic
Aug. 7, 2015
http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-russias-militarization-of-arctic-2015-8
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Russia’s Arctic Militarization ‘Disturbing,’ US Lawmakers Say
March 12, 2015
http://defensetech.org/2015/03/12/russias-arctic-militarization-disturbing-us-lawmakers-say/
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Why a 'feverish' Arctic will affect everyone on the globe
Jun 25, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75IxMysh10E
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Historic Arctic Heat Wave Roasts Siberia
June 25, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/world/europe/siberia-heat-wave-climate-change.html
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Russia's Fires Are So Out of Control They're Melting Polar Ice Caps
Aug 26, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3R0PoS_Q4Y
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2019 to be ‘worst-ever year’ for wildfires in Siberia and ‘only rain can now extinguish flames’
August 14, 2019
Military fully engaged in minimising carnage, but water sprayed by planes to extinguish infernos is ‘as expensive as Champagne’.
http://siberiantimes.com/ecology/casestudy/news/2019-to-be-worst-ever-year-for-wildfires-in-siberia-and-only-rain-can-now-extinguish-flames/
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Siberia Is LITERALLY ON FIRE
Jun 29, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDtDp6U0NWE
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Siberian Wildfires Doubly Dangerous to Distracted Russia
May 21, 2022
https://www.yourearth.net/siberian-wildfires-doubly-dangerous-to-distracted-russia/
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Siberia's Diamond Mines Leave Gaping Holes In The Planet
Aug 23, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6oo6PdQ6xo
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Gas Explosion Leaves 165ft Deep New Crater In Russia’s Arctic Tundra
Aug 31, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kanyJeI2Oec
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Scientists Investigating Mysterious Giant Hole In Siberia
Jul 17, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZMHfCDJiY4
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Scientists Climb Into A Mysterious Hole That Opened Up In Russia This Is What They Found
Jun 9, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5G1xM7kooI
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Why This Monstrous Crater Suddenly Appeared in Russia
Sep 1, 2020
A 164-foot crater appeared along the Yamal Peninsula in Russia.
A team of journalists from Vesti Yamal spotted the crater—caused by an explosive pocket of methane—and alerted scientists.
Russia's northern latitudes have seen record temperatures this year, a harbinger of doom for thawing permafrost in the region.
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a33864835/crater-methane-eruption-russia/
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Strange Places On Earth That Seem Scientifically Impossible
Aug 20, 2022
14:40 - Patomskiy Crater, Siberia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PAuT9nqO3c
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Solved? How scientists say mystery craters were formed in northern Siberia
July 2015
http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/news/n0302-startling-changes-revealed-in-mystery-craters-in-northern-siberia/
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Here's What is at the Bottom of the Deepest Hole on Earth...
Feb 2, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIxWDHr1ddc
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The Deepest Hole On Earth Was Sealed Up Because Scientists Found This
Mar 22, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7LmvBvBv_U
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Kola Superdeep Borehole: The Deepest Hole Ever Made
Apr 27, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Od6PDbl-RQ
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This Hellish Crater Has Been on Fire for Almost 50 Years
Dec 26, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWFjbdVgjo4
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Stopping a 1,074 Day Fire with a Nuclear Bomb
Sep 3, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlVmo_jvBQE
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Chapter 4: Weapons
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Red Lies: Biological warfare and the Soviet Union
CBC News Online | February 18, 2004
In April, 1979, a horrifying accident happened at a secretive military base called "Compound 19." Behind imposing walls, a deadly production line turned out tonnes of anthrax powder for the Soviet Union's biological arsenal. One April morning, a small amount of the dust was accidentally released through the ventilation system. The invisible plume was blown over a working class neighbourhood and nearby ceramics factory.
http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/bioweapons/redlies.html
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An Arsenal of Germs
June 20, 1999
https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/06/20/reviews/990620.20taubmat.html
A former Soviet scientist reveals a well-kept secret from the cold war.
Tularemia is a highly infectious disease that produces headaches, nausea and high fevers. It can be lethal if untreated. Tularemia is also hard to extinguish, making it attractive to anyone trying to produce biological weapons.
That's just what Ken Alibek was doing for the Soviet Union in 1983 when he found himself standing in a puddle of tularemia bacteria that had accidentally spilled onto the floor of a secret weapons lab. There was enough tularemia in the small, milky brown pool to infect everyone in the Soviet Union. Within hours Alibek was too sick to move. Only megadoses of tetracycline, hastily obtained from a friend, prevented the disease from disabling if not killing him.
That is one of many harrowing moments that Alibek describes in this absorbing account of the Soviet Union's demonic effort to make biological weapons. The program was one of the best-kept Russian secrets of the cold war, and Alibek was one of its central architects. He reports that at its high point in the late 1980's, when Mikhail Gorbachev was the Soviet leader, the program consumed close to $1 billion a year and employed more than 60,000 people at dozens of clandestine sites. Needless to say, it was not an activity that Gorbachev advertised as he tried to improve relations with the West.
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Russia Developed New Fuel to Power Mach 5 Hypersonic Missiles
February 17, 2015
http://nationalinterest.org/blog/russia-developed-new-fuel-power-mach-5-hypersonic-missiles-12266
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Arms race between US, China and Russia to develop hypersonic missiles and fighter aircraft
June 27, 2015
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/arms-race-between-us-china-russia-develop-hypersonic-missiles-fighter-aircraft-1508241
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DOD states that Russia and China have weaponized their satellites with directed energy weapons!!
September 16, 2020
https://twitter.com/BodhiCrane
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Hypersonic jet travels a mile a second
June 5th, 2015
"The High Speed Strike Weapon," a hypersonic jet being developed by the Pentagon, rivals some of the world's fastest man-made objects.
(The hypersonic jet travels faster than mach 5, about a mile a second, around 3800 feet per second. An unmaned jet in 2004, surpassed mach 9, going around 7,000 miles per hour. A NASA space rocket can reach over 24,000 miles an hour.
http://www.cnn.com/videos/tech/2015/06/05/high-speed-strike-weapon-hypersonic-jet-orig.cnn/video/playlists/military-technology/
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Russia tests world's most powerful bomb
Sep 12, 2007
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2FGA3Z-oYM
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12,000 lb Tallboy Earthquake Bomb
Apr 10, 2009
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHPEP7ziKmU
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Russian Next-Gen 100-Ton Nuclear Missile Could Be Test-Fired By 2017, Says Russian News Wire
January 29 2015
Russia’s Sarmat intercontinental ballistic missile is set for a drop test this year and a test launch within a year and a half of the drop test, Russian defense sources told ITAR-TASS on Thursday. The new missile is set to replace the Cold-War era R-36 missile, nicknamed “SS-18 Satan” by NATO, which is still the world’s largest intercontinental ballistic missile ever made.
Russian technicians will conduct a “drop test” at some point this year to measure the missile’s lift and proper evolution through its launch stages before they conduct a full test launch, provided the missile performs. The missile is expected to enter service in 2020.
http://www.ibtimes.com/russian-next-gen-100-ton-nuclear-missile-could-be-test-fired-2017-says-russian-news-1799970
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Russian fighter blinds US naval ship with radar jamming. USS Donald Cook.
November 15, 2014
http://beforeitsnews.com/eu/2014/11/russian-fighter-blinds-us-naval-ship-with-radar-jamming-uss-donald-cook-2572796.html
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Chinese scientists develop radar-absorbing active “stealth” material
Published research shows surface that can be tuned to absorb different bandwidths.
Nov 12, 2015
Chinese researchers have developed a material called an "active frequency selecting surface" (AFSS)—a thin layer of material covered with a substance used in printed circuit boards that can be "tuned" to absorb microwaves at a range of frequencies. The material could be used to reduce the radar cross-section of whatever it covers, including stealth aircraft, making it possible to reactively change the absorption of radar signals of different types. And the science behind their work is now public, published in the Journal of Applied Physics.
http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/11/chinese-scientists-develop-radar-absorbing-active-stealth-material/?mbid=synd_moz_newssci1
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Radar jamming and deception
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception
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Operation Ivy Bells
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy_Bells
Operation Ivy Bells was a joint United States Navy, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and National Security Agency (NSA) mission whose objective was to place wire taps on Soviet underwater communication lines during the Cold War.
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Army Testing Improved Electronic Jamming Technology
December 2, 2014
http://defensetech.org/2014/12/02/army-testing-improved-electronic-jamming-technology/
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New acoustic detection system to make Russian Navy’s 4th-gen stealth subs even quieter
Published time: 6 Jul, 2015
https://www.rt.com/news/271888-russian-stealth-submarine-signature/
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Nuclear Armed Russian Stealth Sub Goes Missing
March 16, 2015
http://realnewsrightnow.com/2015/03/nuclear-armed-russian-stealth-sub-goes-missing/
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Russia's new assassin sub has a fatal flaw
January 15, 2015
http://theweek.com/articles/533541/russias-new-assassin-sub-fatal-flaw
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Russia still exists owing to Stalin and nuclear bombs
12.08.2015
Modern history is drowning in conspiracy concepts. Probably the most popular one of them is a concept of world government. There is no such government, of course, but there are some 30-40 families that have got their hands on the resources of the planet. Pravda.Ru spoke about the struggle for resources, the fate of Russia, the collapse of the USSR and shadow economy to renowned sociologist Andrei Fursov.
"In one of your speeches, you spoke about the close connection between world wars and financial processes."
"In today's global financial establishment, there are two main blocs. The first one of them is the British-American bloc. During the 19th century and in the 1920s, the bloc was falling apart. Today, however, the ties inside the bloc have grown strong again.
"The second bloc includes Germans, northern Italians, the Vatican. There is no "secret" world government, of which conspiracy theorists like to speak. Yet, there are about 30-40 families that hold the levers of world economic processes.
"A few years ago, a team of Swiss mathematicians conducted a survey and found that 40 percent of the world's wealth was owned by 147 transnational corporations. Each of them have their own "core" of about 45 corporations. The core has its nucleus - 15 transnational corporations.
"This structure continues to operate, although there is a plethora of internal contradictions in it. The contradictions are mostly related to the redistribution of the drug industry. Everybody understands that if there were no drug trafficking, a half of all banks in the world would close.
"Experts say that this area has its own trends. The UK and the USA fund heroin flows, the Vatican - cocaine, Germany funds synthetic drugs. Drugs today are one of the most important components of global economy.
- "Russia has long lived in isolation. Russia is a great and independent country - this annoys everyone else. What is happening now and what will be happening in the future?"
"Nowadays, we are witnessing a global crisis of capitalism. Brzezinski used to say that this crisis would be resolved at the expense of Russia - we must keep this in mind.
"What do we have now? The Middle East - Syria, Iraq and ISIS as one theater of actions and Ukraine as the other one. If we add Central Asia, we will have a set of local conflicts that together look like World War III. The West will continue creating problems along Russia's borders to remove the existing regime from power.
"We can survive on the Stalinist foundation, on a nuclear bomb that was built in the 1950s. If we did not have that, they would make Russia another Libya or Iraq. We should be grateful to the creators of this foundation.must be grateful to those who built this foundation to protect us..."
http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/12-08-2015/131637-russia_stalin_nuclear_bomb-0/#sthash.yaGFqXG4.dpuf
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Germany terrified by Russian bombs that may fall on Berlin for Stalin
13.08.2015
At first, the German tabloid Bild wrote about "Makaberes Manöver" (Macabre Maneuvers) in Russia, having posted screenshots of the photo report from the Central Navy Portal. Some of the photos depicted images of aviation bombs with the following inscriptions in Russian: "To Berlin!" and "For Stalin!" The Bild journalists were quick to come up with the headline "Verstörende Bilder aus dem russischen Kaliningrad" ("Disturbing Images from Russia's Kaliningrad)".
http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/13-08-2015/131645-germany_russia_to_berlin_bombs-0/#sthash.TUpUJS1h.dpuf
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Severny: Where the USSR Tested the Biggest Nuke in History
May 7, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASwBItUKzWo
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4 Abandoned Nuclear Testing Sites Humans Destroyed Worse Than Chernobyl
August 28, 2016
https://allthatsinteresting.com/nuclear-testing-sites/2
Sukhoy Nos nuclear testing site
In October 1961 the Soviet Union detonated Tsar Bomba, the most powerful manmade explosive in human history. Detonated on the Sukhoy Nos cape of Severny Island, just off the coast of northwest Russia, the bomb’s mushroom cloud was 40 miles high (seven times the height of Mt. Everest) and 59 miles wide. With more than three times the power of the device the U.S. tested during Castle Bravo, Tsar Bomba possessed 1,570 times the combined energy of the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan.
Even though the Soviet Union attempted to modify the bomb such that the fallout wouldn’t have as much of an environmental impact, it destroyed all the buildings in the village of Severny and interrupted radio communications for an hour. The destruction of course did not confine itself to the island: One witness felt the thermal pulse from the explosion from 170 miles away, and windows as far away as Norway and Finland shattered. Had the bomb encountered any people, it would have caused third degree burns as far as 62 miles away.
After the test, a surveyor observing the detonation zone wrote that “the ground surface of the island has been leveled, swept and licked so that it looks like a skating rink.”
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A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities
2019
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111370/document
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Tzar Bomba effects on different cities from Google Earth
Jul 28, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mNty-HMBPk
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Researchers find traces of nuclear tests in the Arctic Ocean
14 November 2016
https://arctic.ru/environmental/20161114/489489.html
Russian oceanographers who conducted research off the western coast of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago have established that radionuclides that polluted the island after a series of nuclear tests in the 1960s are gradually washed into the Arctic Ocean, RIA Novosti reported, citing the journal Oceanology.
"Analysis of ice samples from the northern ice dome of Novaya Zemlya has not yet revealed any high radioactivity areas. However, our research has produced information about a glacier we did not study before and has identified the layer that is contaminated by radioactive materials," said Alexei Miroshnikov from the Moscow-based Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS).
According to RIA Novosti, Novaya Zemlya has been a nuclear testing ground since the mid-1950s. In all, 224 nuclear devices with total explosive energy equivalent to 265 megatons of TNT have been detonated on Severny and Yuzhny islands of the archipelago, including the АН602 Tsar Bomba. Tests in the atmosphere and under water were not held there after the Partial Test Ban Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water was signed in 1963. However, non-nuclear tests and experiments related to nuclear weapons continue to this day.
Last year, an expedition of researchers from IGEM RAS went to Novaya Zemlya to study the effect of those nuclear tests on the glaciers, soil and bottom silts. Their studies have shown that the so-called northern ice dome, or the glacier that covers the northwestern part of Novaya Zemlya, contains traces of radioactive contamination since the explosions there in the 1950s and 1960s.
The samples collected at the edge of the glacier revealed a very high level of trace amounts of Cesium-137: between 420 and 650 becquerels (Bq) per kilogram of Cs-137 (one becquerel equals one disintegration or nuclear transformation per second), which means that ice on the Novaya Zemlya is getting rid of the nuclear contamination of the past century. RIA Novosti writes that maximum radiation levels for water is 370 Bq per kilogram according to the EU standards or 10 Bq per kilogram according to Japanese standards.
The largest amount of radionuclides was detected in dust on the surface of the Blue Glacier located 300 kilometers south of the northern ice dome. The radioactivity level there is more than 1230 Bq per kilogram of ice or soil. Judging by traces of Americium (Am) in ice there, the source of radioactivity could only be atmospheric nuclear test explosions, according to researchers.
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Radium 228 and Radium 226 in surface water of the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea
2003
https://core.ac.uk/display/58318661
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228Ra and 226Ra in the Kara and Laptev seas
2002
https://core.ac.uk/display/33669266
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Nuke bomb fallout in Norway sourced
December 2014
https://sciencenorway.no/forskningno-norway-nuclear-physics/nuke-bomb-fallout-in-norway-sourced/1411332
Thousands of nuclear weapons tests have been conducted around the world since 1945. A Norwegian researcher has recently investigated where fallout in Norway came from.
Right from the USSR
In 1962 a small atomic bomb was detonated in the Soviet Union’s testing grounds at Semipalatinsk in present-day Kazakhstan. The traces of this particular bomb test turned up in the samples analysed by Wendel.
“The tests were conducted at a point in time when the weather conditions were just right for the particles to be blown toward Norway,” he said.
The prevailing winds in the Northern Hemisphere are westerly, meaning they blow from west to east. So the fallout from such a test would normally have to travel eastward and circle the Northern Hemisphere before coming to Norway. But just then the meteorological conditions were different and Norway was an early recipient outside the USSR.
The amount of radioactivity in the air above Norway increased during this period and the ratio of plutonium isotopes bore the signature of this detonation.
It’s likely that much of the fallout that has ended up in Norway has come from the former USSR. The biggest Soviet tests were conducted on the island of Novaya Zemlya between the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea north of Russia. The island is 1,000 km east of Norway’s northernmost county of Finnmark, but Wendel has found direct fallout there from these tests.
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Novaya Zemlya, Russia
http://www.nuclear-risks.org/en/hibakusha-worldwide/novaya-zemlya.html
Nuclear weapons test site
From 1954 to 1990, the islands of Novaya Zemlya were used by the Soviets to conduct atmospheric and underground nuclear tests. Decommissioned nuclear weapons and nuclear submarines were also scuttled around the islands, turning the entire region into an environmental disaster zone.
History
In July 1954, the two islands of Novaya Zemlya (“New Land”) on the Russian Arctic coast were designated a nuclear weapons test site. The indigenous Nenets population was forcibly resettled and the islands were divided into different testing zones. Between 1955 and 1990, Novaya Zemlya was the site of 130 nuclear detonations, including the “Tsar Bomba,” the biggest nuclear device ever detonated, with 50 megatons of TNT equivalent, almost 4,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. The “Tsar Bomba” detonation caused severe destruction of the island within a radius of about 100 km and spread nuclear fallout all over the Northern Hemisphere.
In addition, the practice of dumping nuclear waste around the islands contributed greatly to the current environmental catastrophe around Novaya Zemlya. Together with fallout from nuclear weapons testing and the continuous discharge of nuclear waste from the reprocessing plants at La Hague and Sellafield, nuclear waste dumped near Novaya Zemlya added to the radioactive contamination of the North Sea and Arctic Ocean. Thirteen decrepit nuclear reactors, along with spent fuel from nuclear submarines with a total radioactivity of 37 Peta-Becquerel (Peta = quadrillion), were dumped along the coast of Novaya Zemlya and into the Barents and Kara seas. Two of the most contaminated sites on Novaya Zemlya are the Abrosimov and Stepovogo Fjords in the southern part of the isla
Health and environmental effects
Outlook
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Chagan (nuclear test)
Chagan was a Soviet underground nuclear test conducted at the Semipalatinsk Test Site on January 15, 1965.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagan_(nuclear_test)
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Nyonoksa radiation accident
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyonoksa_radiation_accident
The Nyonoksa radiation accident, Arkhangelsk explosion or Nyonoksa explosion occurred on 8 August 2019 near Nyonoksa, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation. Five military and civilian specialists were killed and three (or six, depending on the source) were injured.
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Radiation levels at Russian test site spiked up to 16 times above normal after explosion
August 13, 2019
A mysterious explosion in northern Russia caused radiation levels to spike up to 16 times above normal, the state weather agency said Tuesday, amid reports that evacuations have been ordered in the village not far from the blast site and medics who treated the initial victims have been ordered back to Moscow.
Last week's deadly explosion took place at a military shooting range in Nyonoksa, in the far northern Arkhangelsk region.
Russia's Defense Ministry initially said the blast killed two people and injured six, but the state-controlled nuclear agency, Rosatom, later disclosed that the explosion killed five of its workers and injured three others. Rosatom said the explosion occurred while engineers were testing "a nuclear isotope power source" for a rocket...
https://www.foxnews.com/world/russia-radiation-nuclear-cruise-missile-accident-evacuation
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ROAMING RADIATION: Mysterious ‘nuclear’ radiation spike over Europe detected and Russia could be to blame
29 Jun 2020
A MYSTERIOUS spike in radiation levels has been detected over northern Europe and no one has claimed responsibility.
Several European authorities have revealed readings of an increase in human-made radionuclide particles in the atmosphere...
https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/11978579/mysterious-nuclear-radiation-spike-europe/
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Semipalatinsk: The Most Nuked Place on Earth
Jan 23, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bByJdUw8KtE
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Inside One of the Most Radioactive Places on Earth: Russian Road Trip (Part 3/3)
Oct 27, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrn_ekMx6cw
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Anti-Radiation Deer Blood Baths: Russian Road Trip (Part 2/3)
Oct 26, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPxMtj3bdPc
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Drinking Vodka With Russian Separatists: Russian Road Trip (Part 1/3)
Oct 25, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhG46p1fVA4
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Nuclear Weapons Tests and Environmental Consequences: A Global Perspective
2014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165831/
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This Is What Nuclear Weapons Leave in Their Wake
October 13, 2017
A remote area of Kazakhstan was once home to nearly a quarter of the world’s nuclear testing. The impact on its inhabitants has been devastating.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2017/10/nuclear-ghosts-kazakhstan/
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Russia Installs Nukes In Cuba!
March 1, 2014
http://thetruthsoldier.com/2014/03/01/russia-installs-nukes-in-cuba/
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NOT the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Other Secret Nuclear Rockets in America's Backyard
May 11, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxXYcyCKIFQ
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US encircling Russia with bioweapons labs, covertly spreads them – Russian FM
June 11th, 2015
http://www.prisonplanet.com/us-encircling-russia-with-bioweapons-labs-covertly-spreads-them-russian-fm.html
The US is obstructing international efforts to eradicate biological weapons, seeking to involve other nations covertly in research on weaponized diseases, Moscow charged. America’s record of handling bioweapons is poor.
The accusations of mishandling biological weapons voiced by the Russian Foreign Ministry refer to a recent report that the US military shipped live anthrax by mistake. Last week, the Pentagon admitted sending samples of the highly dangerous disease to at least 51 labs in 17 US states and three foreign countries.
The delivery “posed a high risk of outbreak that threatened not only the US population, but also other countries, including Canada and Australia. Of great concern is the shipment of bacteria to a US military facility in a third country, the Osan Air Base in South Korea,” the Russian ministry said in a statement.
It added that an anthrax outbreak incident occurred in 2001, which also involved a US military lab.
For Russia such incidents are of particular concern, because one of its neighbors, Georgia, hosts a research facility for high-level biohazard agents. The Richard G. Lugar Center for Public and Animal Health Research near Tbilisi is an undercover American bioweapons lab, a branch of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Russia believes.
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Secret Russian Ebola Labs Spark Bioweapon Concerns
October 25, 2014
Russian Ebola labs are causing new concerns about old Soviet military research into bioweapons, according to a new in-depth report by the Washington Post.
http://www.business2community.com/world-news/secret-russian-ebola-labs-spark-bioweapon-concerns-01048264#P7YkgpQICmkYH0It.97
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US Navy goes tubular with autonomous swarming UAV demonstrations
April 15, 2015
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) has revealed that it has been conducting demonstrations of swarming unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) at various locations over the past month. The demonstrations were part of the Low-Cost UAV Swarming Technology (LOCUST) program, which is developing quick launching UAV swarm technology to overwhelm adversaries. --
-- The LOCUST system consists of a tube-based launcher that is able to get multiple drones airborne in quick succession. ONR says the small size of the launcher and the drones themselves means the system can be used to launch UAVs from ships, tactical vehicles, aircraft, or even larger unmanned platforms...
http://www.gizmag.com/us-navy-demonstrates-autonomous-swarming-uavs/37031/
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WORST NIGHTMARE for Russian military!!! US Military Rail Gun ready for sea trials in 2016
Oct 7, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwBD5Y9rNS8
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Russian Expert: PLA could be defeated in an hour in nuclear war with US
Aug 22, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMYeD-dLySE
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DARPA looks at "system of systems" to maintain US air superiority
April, 2015
Imagine a near-future conflict where a US fighter plane is approaching a hostile anti-aircraft missile unit. Instead of being part of a squadron of near-identical aircraft, the fighter is acting as a command and control platform followed by a transport plane acting as a weapons carrier, which can deploy recoverable drones and inexpensive munitions, such as simple cruise missiles.
As the fighter and transport approach the enemy defenses, the transport deploys recon drones equipped with jamming systems. These are commanded by the fighter pilot, but computers do the heavy lifting when it comes to controlling them. While the manned aircraft hang back, the drones locate the enemy radar unit, jam it, and send back images to the fighter of the target while filtering out irrelevant data.
http://www.gizmag.com/darpa-systems-sosite/36801/
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Spice 250 bombs - The israeli heavy weapon exposed
Jan 12, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUD4zMMIk68
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{Even people state that George Soros including other individuals are funding the movement of having weapons close to the Russian border, this can be heard seventeen minutes into the following video titled " CIA Analyst: We Are All Gonna Die." The last thing the world needs is a nuclear and chemical world war. This is why we need to stop groups such as the Soros Group, the Rockefellers, Rothschilds, including different governments, political structures, royal families and the secret societies that keep these families in power}.
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George Soros Calls for War with Russia
http://www.infowars.com/george-soros-calls-for-war-with-russia/
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CIA Analyst: We Are All Gonna Die
Aug 28, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xB9TzZKUXM
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Chapter 5: Crimea
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Putin Considered Nukes in Crimea Takeover
15 Mar 2015
http://www.newsmax.com/newswidget/Russia-Ukraine-crisis-Crimea/2015/03/15/id/630241/?Dkt_nbr=wdxgn7gs&nmx_source=GunupPublishing-Conservative&nmx_medium=widget&nmx_content=780&nmx_campaign=widgetphase2
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Putin Warns "We Were Ready" To Use Nukes To Secure Crimea
03/16/2015
http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2015-03-16/putin-warns-we-were-ready-use-nukes-secure-crimea
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Why Putin says Crimea is Russia’s ‘Temple Mount’
December 4, 2014
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/12/04/why-putin-says-crimea-is-russias-temple-mount/
Putin also justified his country's annexation of Ukraine's autonomous Crimean Peninsula as a matter of great historical redemption. The Black Sea region, Putin insisted, was as dear to Russians "as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem" is to Jews and Muslims.
That's a loaded metaphor, not least because tensions over the actual Temple Mount have led to violence and deaths in Jerusalem in recent months.
Crimea is where, in the 10th century, one of the first great Slavic princes is said to have shed his pagan beliefs for the Orthodox Christianity of the Byzantine Empire. This is a moment deeply embedded in Russian nationalism, and Putin spoke of it at length on Thursday. Here is an excerpt from the Kremlin's official English translation:
It was an event of special significance for the country and the people, because Crimea is where our people live, and the peninsula is of strategic importance for Russia as the spiritual source of the development of a multifaceted but solid Russian nation and a centralised Russian state. It was in Crimea, in the ancient city of Chersonesus or Korsun, as ancient Russian chroniclers called it, that Grand Prince Vladimir was baptised before bringing Christianity to Rus.
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The Bigger Story Of What's Happening In Ukraine Right Now
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcOxTcW5r0I
Ukraine has lots of resources, such as coal.
Ukraine owes Russia 4.5 Billion dollars.
Ukraine agrees to Monsanto land grab, with private land ownership.
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Russian Foreign Minister Demands Obama Reply to Claim U.S. Mercenaries in Ukraine
May 14, 2014
http://www.infowars.com/russian-foreign-minister-demands-obama-reply-to-claim-u-s-mercenaries-in-ukraine/
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Uncut Chronicles: East Ukraine War Surge. Battlegrounds Donetsk & Marioupol (JAN 2015)
Feb 7, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBuCrmYeiyM
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Vladimir Putin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin
For 16 years Putin was an officer in the KGB, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before he retired to enter politics in his native Saint Petersburg in 1991. He moved to Moscow in 1996 and joined President Boris Yeltsin's administration where he rose quickly, becoming Acting President on 31 December 1999 when Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned. Putin won the subsequent 2000 presidential election, despite widespread accusations of vote-rigging, and was reelected in 2004. Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term in 2008. Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election and appointed Putin as Prime Minister, beginning a period of so-called "tandemocracy". In September 2011, following a change in the law extending the presidential term from four years to six, Putin announced that he would seek a third, non-consecutive term as President in the 2012 presidential election, an announcement which led to large-scale protests in many Russian cities. In March 2012 he won the election, which was criticized for procedural irregularities, and is serving a six-year term
First Premiership (1999)
On 9 August 1999, Vladimir Putin was appointed one of three First Deputy Prime Ministers, and later on that day was appointed acting Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation by President Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin also announced that he wanted to see Putin as his successor. Still later on that same day, Putin agreed to run for the presidency.
On 16 August, the State Duma approved his appointment as Prime Minister with 233 votes in favour (vs. 84 against, 17 abstained), while a simple majority of 226 was required, making him Russia's fifth PM in fewer than eighteen months. On his appointment, few expected Putin, virtually unknown to the general public, to last any longer than his predecessors. He was initially regarded as a Yeltsin loyalist; like other prime ministers of Boris Yeltsin, Putin did not choose ministers himself, his cabinet being determined by the presidential administration.
Economic, industrial, and energy policies
- In the decade following 2000, energy in Russia helped transform the country, especially oil and gas energy. This transformation promoted Russia's well-being and international influence, and the country was frequently described in the media as an energy superpower. Putin oversaw growing taxation of oil and gas exports which helped finance the budget, while the oil industry of Russia, production, and exports all significantly grew.
Putin sought to increase Russia's share of the European energy market by building submerged gas pipelines bypassing Ukraine and other countries which were often seen as non-reliable transit partners by Russia, especially following Russia-Ukraine gas disputes of the late 2000s (decade). Russia also undermined the rival pipeline project Nabucco by buying the Turkmen gas and redirecting it into Russian pipelines.
A construction program of floating nuclear power plants will provide power to Russian Arctic coastal cities and gas rigs, starting in 2012. The Arctic policy of Russia also includes an offshore oilfield in the Pechora Sea is expected to start producing in early 2012, with the world's first ice-resistant oil platform and first offshore Arctic platform. In August 2011 Rosneft, a Russian government-operated oil company, signed a deal with ExxonMobil for Arctic oil production. "The scale of the investment is very large. It's scary to utter such huge figures" said Putin on signing the deal.
The construction of a pipeline at a cost of $77bn, to be jointly funded by Russia and China, was signed off on by President Putin in Shanghai on 21 May 2014. It would be the biggest construction project in the world for the following 4 years, Putin said at the time. On completion in 4 to 6 years, the pipeline would deliver natural gas from the state-majority-owned Gazprom to China's state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation for the next 30 years, in a deal worth $400bn.
In 2014, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project gave Putin their Person of the Year Award for furthering corruption and organized crime
- Putin and United Russia enjoy high electoral support in the national republics of Russia, in particular in the Muslim-majority republics of Povolzhye and the North Caucasus. -
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Russia has drilled a good amount of oil from the country of Azerbaijan, this was taking place while Azerbaijan was under Soviet control.
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Why Azerbaijan Is Getting Poorer Despite An Oil Revolution (2000)
Aug 27, 2015
https://youtu.be/HvyK2YdXRzU?t=1m1s
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Energy policy of Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia
Russia's energy policy which is set out in the government's Energy Strategy document, first approved in 2000, which sets out the government's policy to 2020. The Energy Strategy outlines several key priorities: an increase in energy efficiency, reducing the impact on the environment, sustainable development, energy development and technological development, as well as improved effectiveness and competitiveness.
In July 2008 Russia's president signed a law allowing the government to allocate strategic oil and gas deposits on the continental shelf without an auction procedure. On 17 February 2011, Russia signed a deal with China, stating that in return for $25 billion in Chinese loans to Russian oil companies, Russia will supply China with large quantities of crude oil via new pipelines for the next 20 years.
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Russia's Transneft signed off on alleged supplier of tainted oil: documents
July 17, 2019
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-oil-certificates-idUSKCN1UC1IP
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The Giant Soviet Pipeline System That's Full of Tainted Crude
April 26, 2019
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-26/the-giant-soviet-pipeline-system-that-s-full-of-tainted-crude
Russia’s Druzhba pipeline is vital to European refineries
Contamination impacted flows of 1.5 million barrels a day
Russia’s giant Soviet-era oil pipeline is a vital piece of Europe’s energy infrastructure, carrying crude to refineries across the region. This week it’s been hit by probably the biggest crisis in its 55-year history: both branches of the Druzhba pipeline have been closed due to the presence of contaminated crude oil that can cause serious damage to refineries.
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Putin says contaminated oil pipeline scandal has hurt Russia's image
May 01, 2019
Belarus said earlier on Tuesday that months of work would be needed to restore clean oil supplies via the Druzhba pipeline from Russia to Europe.
https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/putin-says-contaminated-oil-pipeline-scandal-has-hurt-russias-image/69124483
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Druzhba pipeline
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhba_pipeline
The Druzhba pipeline (Russian: нефтепровод «Дружба»; also has been referred to as the Friendship Pipeline and the Comecon Pipeline) is the world's longest oil pipeline and one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) from the eastern part of European Russia to points in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany. The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver its product throughout Eastern Europe and beyond.
2019 oil contamination scandal
The delivery of oil was halted on 20 April 2019 due to high concentrations of organic chloride found in the pipeline. These chemical compounds contaminated the pipeline and equipment in Russia and Europe causing an economic impact of billions of dollars. Investigation into the scandal is ongoing with individuals being detained in Russia suspected of having stolen oil and pouring in organochloride to the pipeline to cover up the theft.
Disputes over payment for contaminated oil were ongoing a month later.
By late May, a month after the contamination was discovered, Russia agreed to take back some of the 8-9m tons of contaminated oil remaining in the pipeline.
Estimates of overall contaminated stock, including that still in the pipeline and other stock pumped to tankers or to storage range from 20-40m tons as of end May. This stock will all require dilution before it can be refined.
By the 9th of June Belarus announced that it had cleaned up its sector of the pipeline, returning 450,000 tons to Russia in the process, and that limited flow across the Poland border had resumed at a rate of 65,000 tons a day, the normal rate before the contamination was discovered was 145,000 tons a day. Projections were that full capacity would be reached again by July 2019.
In mid September 2019, almost 5 months after the contamination was noticed, the Polish pipeline operator confirmed their section of the pipeline had been cleared of contamination and was operating normally. 450,000 Tons of Contaminated Oil had been moved to storage.
Also in September 2019 oil companies BP and Total were trying to sell 2.3m Barrels (over 300,000 tons) of tainted oil that they had received earlier from the pipeline.
Belarus–Russia relations
In February 2020, Belarus threatened to take oil from the Druzhba pipeline if Russia did not supply it with the required volumes of crude oil. Russian oil supplies to Belarus have not been agreed for 2020 and shipments have dwindled to 500,000 tonnes, down from a planned 2 million tonnes.[26] Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko said Moscow hinted at an energy supply deal in exchange for Belarus merging with Russia, which caused talks to collapse.
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Belarus Seizes a Chance to Hit Russia Where It Hurts
May 1, 2019
Its president is happy to play hardball over contaminated oil in an important pipeline to Europe.
https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-01/contaminated-druzhba-pipeline-oil-allows-belarus-to-needle-russia
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2020 Belarusian protests
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Belarusian_protests
Allegations of foreign interference
According to Russia's press service statement issued on August 19th, 2020, "Russia pointed out that foreign attempts to interfere in the country’s domestic affairs were unacceptable and could further escalate tensions" As Georgy Saralidze, advisor to the director of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company on program policy, noted in an interview with Vestnik Kavkaza that western countries had been striving to isolate Belarus away from Russia for several years.
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The Wrath of Putin
April 2012
http://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2012/04/vladimir-putin-mikhail-khodorkovsky-russia
Mikhail Khodorkovsky was the richest man in Russia when he dared confront then president Vladimir Putin, criticizing state corruption at a meeting with Putin in February 2003. Arrested that fall, then convicted in two Kafka-esque trials, Khodorkovsky has been imprisoned ever since, the once powerful oligarch now an invisible hero for the growing opposition to Putin’s tyranny. From Moscow, as elections approach and demonstrators spill into the streets, Masha Gessen chronicles the clash of two titans, each of whom has badly underestimated the other...
It is a story of malice, cruelty, and vengeance—but more than anything it is a story of a failure of imagination. Almost a decade ago, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, then the owner of the Yukos Oil Company and Russia’s richest man, completely miscalculated the consequences of standing up to Vladimir Putin, then Russia’s president. Putin had Khodorkovsky arrested, completely miscalculating the consequences of putting him in prison. During his eight years in confinement, Khodorkovsky has become Russia’s most trusted public figure and Putin’s biggest political liability. As long as Putin rules Russia and Khodorkovsky continues to act like Khodorkovsky, Khodorkovsky will remain in prison—and Putin will remain terrified of him.
http://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2012/04/vladimir-putin-mikhail-khodorkovsky-russia
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Mikhail Khodorkovsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky
As reported on 20 October 2005, Khodorkovsky was delivered to the labor camp YaG-14/10 in the town of Krasnokamensk near Chita. The labor camp is attached to a uranium mining and processing plant and during Soviet times had a reputation as a place from which nobody returned alive. According to news reports, prisoners at the camp no longer work in uranium mining and have much better chances of survival than in the past. Khodorkovsky was put to work in the colony’s mitten factory. He slept in a barracks and often spent his days in a cold solitary cell in retribution for his supposed violating of various rules.
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Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes refer to a number of disputes between Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftohaz Ukrayiny and Russian gas supplier Gazprom over natural gas supplies, prices, and debts. These disputes have grown beyond simple business disputes into transnational political issues—involving political leaders from several countries—that threaten natural gas supplies in numerous European countries dependent on natural gas imports from Russian suppliers, which are transported through Ukraine. Russia provides approximately a quarter of the natural gas consumed in the European Union; approximately 80% of those exports travel through pipelines across Ukrainian soil prior to arriving in the EU.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
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Rebel sniper kills Ukrainian serviceman despite ceasefire: military
March 8, 2015
http://news.yahoo.com/ukrainian-serviceman-killed-despite-ceasefire-ukraine-military-115038450.html
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Russia denies nuclear power plant leaks after higher than normal radiation levels in Europe
June 29, 2020
Russia has denied that any leaks have occurred at two of its nuclear power plants after higher than usual radiation was detected over Norway, Sweden and Finland in the first half of June.
The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) said Sunday that "very low" levels of man-made radioactivity were found over the three countries. There was no impact on the environment or human health, it said.
"The combination of radionuclides may be explained by an anomaly in the fuel elements of a nuclear power plant," RIVM suggested after performing a calculation to find the source of the radionuclides, which are atoms with an unstable core.
"The calculations indicate that the nuclides come from the direction of western Russia. Determining a more specific source location is not possible with the limited data available," RIVM said on its website. It made clear that "no specific country of origin can be pointed out at this moment".
https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/europe/russia-denies-nuclear-leaks-intl/index.html
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The Soviet government was responsible for the events of Chernobyl.
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Chernobyl 2? Watching the world’s aging power plants
Published February 14, 2014
http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2014/02/14/chernobyl-2-watching-worlds-aging-power-plants/
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Hunting the Radioactive Beasts of Chernobyl
Jul 19, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INAlUGn0RYg
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Radioactive Animals In Chernobyl Mutations Full Documentary
Apr 2, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cLSLp5JCL4
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Fear of hyperflooding and nuclear hazard on Dnieper River, Ukraine
April 05, 2012
http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2012/04/05/fear-of-hyperflooding-and-nuclear-hazard-on-dnieper-river-ukraine/
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CANCER INCIDENCE AND NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN UKRAINE: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY
April 20, 2012
http://exp-oncology.com.ua/article/3147/cancer-incidence-and-nuclear-facilities-in-ukraine-a-community-based-study
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Chapter 6: Pyramid technology
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Crimean Prehistoric pyramid technology the cause of Russian Reclaim of her historic territory ?
What is the cause of the Russian sudden move on Crimea after federating it in 1954 and surrendering it to Ukraine in 1991. Many suspect that a new ancient advanced technology inside the underground pyramid found in 2012 by Dr.Gokh near Sebastopol.
http://www.eppf.net/5778/crimean-prehistoric-pyramid-technology-the-cause-of-russian-reclaim-of-her-historic-territory/
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Is This The Cause of War? Oldest Pyramid On Earth Found Buried In Crimea, Ukraine!
Mar 3, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aNLvFKPvPc
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Merheleva Ridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merheleva_Ridge
Merheleva Ridge is the site of an Eneolithic temple and burial complex consisting primarily of four large stone mounds or kurgans situated near Perevalsk, Luhansk oblast, Ukraine, about 30 km to the west-to-southwest of the city of Luhansk. Its name is Ukrainian adaptation of word marlstone which is a type of limestone common in the region. Supposedly the site was built in about 4000 BC, corresponding to the Dnieper-Donets or early Yamna culture, and remained in use throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age, until 5th century BC Sarmatia. It was discovered in 2004, and the discovery officially announced on 7 September 2006.
The site was discovered in 2004 by school children participating in an archaeology camp organised by Alchevsk history teacher Vladimir Paramonov, who has been organising expeditions of schoolchildren to the hill range since 1995.
It is believed that much of the site was constructed about 3000 BC, in the early Bronze Age. The site is believed to be a complex of temples and sacrificial altars topping a hill with sides sculpted into steps.
Viktor Klochko, the archaeologist in charge of the dig site and deputy Minister of Science of the Tourism and Protection of Cultural Heritage Department of the Lugansk regional administration, said that the discovery was of international significance as the first monument of its kind found in Eastern Europe:
Misidentification as pyramid and clarification
Initial reports indicated that archaeologists had discovered a pyramidal structure.
Klochko blamed the press: "I'm not sure where the pyramid idea came from - the media got it wrong," says Klochko. "We didn't find anything like an Egyptian pyramid. Though the site is on a hill. But it's interesting enough in its own right."
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Landmarks of Ukraine
Inthe village of Lychkivtsi in the Land of Ternopilshchyna you can see a somewhat disturbing piece of sculpture — on a pedestal stands a pillar on the top of which there sits a human head in a helmet but without the lower jaw. There is an inscription on the pedestal but it is impossible to read it because the stone has crumbled away in many places leaving only illegible traces of letters. Local lore has it that it is the monument to a young man who was captured by the Tartars during one of their raids in the times of old, but who erected the monument and when remains unclear. Not far from this monument there is another one that commemorates an epidemic disease that struck the village in the 1830s when hundreds of people died.
The village used to be the estate of the local nobles but now only ruins indicate the spots where the castle, the church and other buildings used to stand.
It was in the village of Lychkivtsi that a pagan idol, the representation of god Svyatovyd, was found in 1848. The reliefs carved on the idol reflect the ancient Slavic view of the Universe.
Pyramids in Ukrainian villages
There are pyramids in Ukraine which, similarly to the Egyptian ones, are tombs.
In the village of Komendantivka, Poltava Oblast, you can see a fifteen-meter high granite pyramid, the tomb of Oleksandr Bilevych and his wife.
Oleksandr Bilevych was a Navy officer and when, in the nineteenth century, he happened to visit Egypt, he was very much impressed by the Great Pyramids at Giza. When he retuned to his native land, he, inspired by what he had seen in Egypt, had a pyramid-shaped-tomb built at his country-side estate. The granite was quarried in the vicinity; for the mortar egg whites and blood of the slaughtered animals were used to improve the mortar’s binding qualities. The sepulcher chambers were connected by corridors. The first to be buried there was Bilevych’s wife, and several years later Bilevych himself joined her in the pyramid.
The nine-meter tall pyramid in the village of Berezova Rudka, Poltava Oblast, is made of brick, rather than granite. The village used to be the estate of the Zakrevsky family. Ihnaty Zakrevsky was ambassador of the Russian Imperial government under Tsar Alexander III to Egypt. Similarly to Bilevych, he was fascinated with the Egyptian pyramids, and upon returning home, he had his own pyramid built. It was not meant to be a tomb though. The pyramid was a decorative architectural landmark, with the interior decorated with murals. The subjects of the murals varied from Biblical scenes to scenes from the Egyptian mythology. There was even an altar inside. The entrance to the pyramid was guarded by the statue of the Egyptian goddess Isida which Zakrevsky had brought from Egypt. The portal carried the image of the Christian cross.
Vandalism and time did not spare the murals or anything else in the pyramids but were powerless to destroy the pyramids themselves.
Learn more at http://ivushka.webservis.ru/Vid_Piramid/Titul.htm
http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20061/118
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Prehistoric Rock Sculptures Discovered in Ukraine: Another Stonehenge?
http://inventorspot.com/articles/prehistoric_rock_sculptures_discovered_ukraine_another_stoneheng_18592
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There's Something WEIRD About Ukraine! (2014)
Jul 20, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbxVqfVWUXk&feature=youtu.be
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There remains intense research in Russia on the pyramids of the world, this includes different Stonehenge type structures and key places of interest. This also includes how magnetism affects different areas of the planet.
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Pyramid near Moscow - Russian Wonder of the World.
http://www.pyramids.ru/english.html
Alexander Golod, who coordinated groups of scientists in Russia, carried out scientific studies for over a decade in fiberglass Pyramids built by him. The results showed significant positive effects for both biological and non-biological materials. The largest Pyramid built by Alexander Golod in Russia is 44 meters (144 feet) high and weights 55 tons.
Some of the scientific results of previous studies with Golden Section Pyramids built by Alexander Golod show:
The Immune system of organisms increased upon exposure in the pyramid (Scientific Research Institute named by Mechnikov, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences);
Specific properties of medicines increase with decreasing side effects after exposure in the Pyramid (SRI of Virology named by Ivanovskiy, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences);
Agricultural seeds placed in the pyramid showed a 30-100% increase in yield;
Russian military radar detected an energy column above the Pyramids built by Alexander Golod which is thought to have repaired the Ozone layer in Russia (the same can be done for example in Australia);
The pathogenic strength of different viruses and bacteria becomes less with exposure in the pyramid;
The amount of radioactivity becomes less after exposure in the pyramid.
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Amazing Russian Pyramid Research
http://ten1000things.org/russian-pyramid-power/
Brief Summary of Pyramid Research Results
Immune system of organisms improved (blood leukocyte composition increased).
improved regeneration of tissue
seeds stored in the pyramid for 1-5 days showed a 30-100% increase in yield
soon after construction of the Lake Seliger pyramid a marked improvement of the ozone was noted above the area
seismic activity near the pyramid research areas are reduced in severity and size
violent weather also appears to decrease in the vicinity of the pyramids
pyramids constructed in Southern Russia (Bashkiria) appeared to have a positive effect on oil production with oil becoming less viscous by 30% and the yield of the oil wells increased according to tests carried out by the Moscow Academy of Oil and Gas.
a study was done on 5000 prisoners who ingested salt and pepper that had been exposed to the pyramid energy field. The test subjects exhibited a greatly reduced violence rate and overall behavior was much improved.
standard tissue culture tests showed an increase in survival of cellular tissue after infection by viruses and bacteria
radioactive substances show a decreased level of radiation inside the pyramid
there are reports of spontaneous charging of capacitors
physicists observed significant changes in superconductivity temperature thresholds and in the properties of semi-conducting and carbon nano materials.
water inside the pyramid will remain liquid to minus 40 degrees Celsius but freeze instantly if jostled or bumped in any way
It is interesting to note that results seem to show that increasing the height of the pyramid improves the quality of the results.
So, as you can see from this brief introduction, there is much we have to learn about the natural forces around us. The Egyptians knew some of this when they designed the great pyramids at Giza. However, with modern scientific research techniques it is now becoming possible to gain even more insight and benefit from “Russian Pyramid Power!”
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Pyramid Hill of the Lake Baikal, Russia
In 2007 an architect and scholar of the Irkutsk State Technical University Lubov Makogon visited with her student Port Baikal, a little fisher port town on western Baikal lakeshore where she noted an unusual hill with four visible sides oriented to the North. The hill in height of 80 meters with the width of the base in 170 meters located in the center of Baikal Port close to the lakeshore and had a perspective view from the lake and mouth of the Angara river.
Being a Member of the Russian Union of the Architects Lubov Makagon made observation that this pyramid hill is only one hill in all that area with four visible pyramidal sides and four edges of the sides getting interesting connections with surrounding hills. In 2012 she visited again Port Baikal with a group of her students where she found topographic base area and made topographic technical research. This research gave more features that the hill is can be pyramidal construction with direct orientation to the North. More over this pyramid hill has amazing connections with suburb hills which is clear to see on the topographic research made by Lubov Makagon and shared with World-Pyramids.
There are no doubts for professional architect Lubov Makagon that it’s real pyramid on the lakeshore of the Baikal. For further investigation the Baikal pyramid hill need in detail research as the local legends and mythology.
http://world-pyramids.com/en/world-pyramids/europe/pyramid-baikal.html#.VPzKF-G-2zl
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Melted Mountain & Ancient Pyramids Found In Siberia?
Apr 12, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_N3YlUdLQ0
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Melted Mountain & Ancient Pyramids Found In Siberia?
May 22, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvlSR2ODLy8
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Siberia's Incredible 1,300 Year Old Mystery Fortress
May 5, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAczNdysnsc
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The Mysterious Russian Stonehenge
On March 8, 2014
These mysterious stones are found on the Mountain (Gornaya) Shoria in the Kemerov region of Russia. At first they just look like lumps of naturally placed stone, but when investigated a little closer they appear to have been crafted and thoughtfully honed at some point in their distant past...
http://www.lazerhorse.org/2014/03/08/russian-stonehenge/
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Giant Megaliths Found in Siberia Could Be Largest in the World
Mar 23, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kngM_Pz20bw
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Giant Megaliths in Russia
Oct 10, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFOwlZfNTO4
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Here's a short list of discovered pyramids near Ukraine.
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Bosnian pyramid claims
The Bosnian pyramids are a pseudo-archaeological claim promoted by author Semir Osmanagic, that a cluster of natural hills in central Bosnia and Herzegovina are the largest human-made ancient pyramids on Earth. The hills are located near the town of Visoko, northwest of Sarajevo. Visocica hill, where the old town of Visoki was once sited, came to international attention in October 2005, following a news-media campaign by Osmanagic and his supporters.
Osmanagic states that he has found tunnels, stone blocks and ancient mortar, which he has suggested once covered the Visocica structure. He opened excavations in 2006 which have reshaped the hill, making it look like a stepped pyramid. Geologists, archeologists and other scientists have however concluded, after analysis of the site, its known history, and the excavations, that the hills are natural formations known as flatirons and that there are no signs of human construction involved. The European Association of Archaeologists released a statement calling the pyramid hypothesis a "cruel hoax".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pyramid_claims
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Pyramid in Bosnia -- Huge Hoax or Colossal Find?
October 28, 2010
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/pyramid-bosnia-1_2.html
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The Mystery of Bosnia's Ancient Pyramids
An amateur archaeologist says he's discovered the world's oldest pyramids in the Balkans. But many experts remain dubious
December 2009
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-mystery-of-bosnias-ancient-pyramids-148990462/?no-ist
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9 Cases That Prove the Existence of Pyramids in Bosnia
http://www.wakingtimes.com/2014/03/03/9-cases-existence-pyramids-bosnia/
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The following documentary explains the inside of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun.
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Whats Inside the Bosnian Pyramids ??
Jun 23, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIg7ceRvbYU
The discovery of the Bosnian pyramids takes us back thousands and thousands of years, before what we consider today as the beginning of civilization. The ancient Sumer, Babylon, Akkad, Assyria, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Indian and so on, it’s about 8,000 years (old). The Bosnian pyramids, are all 12,000 years (old), meaning we need to move (the date of) the beginning of advanced civilization. So it’s not just a matter for us adding a couple of chapters in our history books.
For an in depth look at the mystery behind the Bosnian Pyramids and photos this is a great video look at the archaeology. Prehistorical underground tunnel network connects all pyramids, water wells and other significant structures in Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids and runs for tens of kilometres.
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Scientific analysis of the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids
The four-year comprehensive geo-archaeological research points to the existence of huge construction complex in Visoko Valley. This complex is named the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramidsand includes the following structures:- Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (former “Visocica Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon (former “Pljesevica Hill”)- Pyramid of the Bosnian Dragon (former “Buci Hill”)- Temple of Earth (former “Krstac Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of Love (former “Cemerac Hill”)- Tumulus in Vratnica (former “Toprakalija Hill” in Vratnica)- Structure “Dolovi” (Vratnica)- Underground tunnel complex “Ravne” (entrance to the tunnel 2.5 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)- Underground tunnel network “KTK” (entrance to the tunnel 1 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)
http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/scientific-analysis-of-the-bosnian-valley-of-the-pyramids/
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Bosnian pyramid of the Sun
http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/
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Secret Earth - The Dark Side Of Google Earth
Nov 15, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM_TDWankJc
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New Bosnian Pyramids Discoveries That No One Is Telling You About
Jun 17, 2019
The Fojnica River winds placidly through the Bosnian Pyramid Complex. What many people don't know is that the riverbed was built by the ancients who built the pyramid complex. The ancients constructed an entire riverbed and connected it to their structures, creating a megastructure impermeable to erosion - river water is flows on top of the megastructure instead of cutting into individual structures from the side.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsveDYlDzDk
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Faster than Light Scalar Phenomena Detected Above the Bosnian Pyramids
Jul 3, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=058wdDNy7kw
Serbian electrical engineer Goran Marjanovich measured scalar energy on the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun. He and Dr. Sam Osmanagich, discoverer of the of Bosnian Pyramid Complex, have since promoted the idea of a "Cosmic Internet," which posits that pyramids on planets across the galaxy are communication devices allowing virtually instant communication galaxy wide and beyond. Jock Doubleday's article "The Scalar Conundrum" examines in detail the phenomenon of scalar waves..
9:00 - Tesla related research
10:30 - Tesla's "Non-Hertzian" wave & pyramid technology?
10:31 - Fibonacci sequence
11:00 - Energy flow of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun
43:00 - Tesla's Wardenclyffe tower used similar technology to the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun?
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Bosnian Pyramids & Energy - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 113
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple113
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Greek Pyramids of Hellinikon - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 135
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple135
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'STAR SHAFTS' INSIDE ROME PYRAMID! - Pyramid of Romulus - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 244
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple244
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Proof Tesla Discovered The Secret of Ancient Pyramid Builders! - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 230
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple230
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The Hidden Labyrinth, Tesla, The Pyramids, Energy & The Intergalactic Medium - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 245
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple245
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Electromagnetic Power Grid Inside the Pyramids, The Solar Radius & Tesla - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 218
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple218
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WORLD EXCLUSIVE! (CLUE IN OLD-IRISH BOOK!) (Vikings in America) (Kensington Runestone) - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 258
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple258
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Roman/Greek Sacrifice, Moloch, Prometheus, Vulcan, The Eagle of Zeus, The stealing of Fire and knowledge - The Duel of the King of the Grove (Priest of the Goddess Diana) - Sacrificing 3 Persians to Dionysius - 8-Sided Roman Pyramid - 'STAR SHAFTS' INSIDE ROME PYRAMID! - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 259
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple259
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King Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon - Legend
https://solomonstempleinvestigation.blogspot.com
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Pyramids of Güímar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramids_of_G%C3%BC%C3%ADmar
The Pyramids of Güímar refer to six rectangular pyramid-shaped, terraced structures, built from lava stone without the use of mortar. They are located in the district of Chacona, part of the town of Güímar on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. The structures have been dated to the 19th century AD and their original function may well be explained as a byproduct of contemporary agricultural techniques.
Other pyramids employing the same methods and materials of construction can be found in various sites on Tenerife. In Güímar itself there were nine pyramids, only six of which survive.
Astronomical research and Freemasonry
In 1991, research by Juan Antonio Belmonte Avilés, Antonio Aparicio Juan and César Esteban López, researchers of the Canary Institute of Astrophysics, shown that the long sides of some of the terrace structures at Güímar marked the direction of both solstices. The main limiting wall points to the sunset in the Summer solstice and the pyramids have stairs on their western side which face the direction of the rising sun on the Winter solstice. Also, standing on the platform of the largest pyramid on the day of the Summer solstice it is possible to experience a double sunset, as first the sun sets behind a mountain top, then it emerges again from behind the mountain and sets a second time behind a neighbouring peak. However, considering the room for interpretation, it is impossible based solely on these observations to conclude what was the intention of the builders or the building date.
In 2005, a book was published in Spanish by Aparicio and Esteban titled The Pyramids of Güímar: Myth and Reality. Aparicio and Esteban suggest that the solstitial orientations of the pyramids were potentially motivated by the Freemasons symbolism. These authors argue that solstices are very important in the symbolism of Freemasonry and that the owner of the land in the epoch in which the pyramids were built was himself a freemason. This motivation would be only an aesthetic one and would not modify in any rate the fundamental motivation (agriculture) and date of construction.
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Origins of Freemasonry: The Church Hires Merovingian Stone Masons
Mar 14, 2013
http://gnosticwarrior.com/church-hires-merovingian-stone-masons.html
Benedict crossed the ocean and passed into Gaul, when he made inquiry for masons who could build him a church of stone after the Roman style, which he always loved. - Saint Bede, Doctor of the Catholic Church and Father of English History.
In my search for the beginning origins of freemasonry, my path has led me to a most mysterious and almost forgotten medieval time that seems to be lost in history. It was an era with very little brotherly unity when various peoples such as the Saxons, Picts, Angles and other pagan tribes along with the Celtic Druid Priesthood had held sway in much of what we know today as England, Ireland, Scotland and France in the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th centuries.
This was also the pivotal period in the past when some of these kingdoms, tribes and members of this same Druid priesthood would make an alliance with the Roman Church to create a new unified Brotherhood called the "Universal Church (Catholic)." This would be the same exact time in history where you will find stone masons (Freemasons) that were specifically hired by this new Christian Brotherhood to perform a mass building campaign for the Universal Church across the world.
In the course of my research I have found no other evidence of Freemasons working inside the Brotherhood or being bestowed with the secret mysteries because before this time, most builders or stone masons were not true freeman and the previous secret societies had only allowed royal blood to become members of such "Brotherhoods." This was an ancient customary family practice of the Druids and it was also the same policy of the Romans, and the Egyptians.
The facts are that this new Christian Brotherhood would have many secrets and plans that they would need to conceal in the darkness from outsiders or enemies. In order to accomplish this, they would have to develop a system of CHAO to protect these secrets from even their own hired craftsman such as the Merovingian stone masons, that I will discuss in more detail below. Simply put, these stone masons would be set with the task to build many churches around the world where they would often spend years working along side these priests, bishops and monks. To enter into such a secret Brotherhood with so much on the line (the world and world peace), there would be many secrets and secret oaths that would need to be protected. The penalty for breaking these oaths would be death and nothing less.
http://gnosticwarrior.com/church-hires-merovingian-stone-masons.html
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Tetrahedral granite pyramid
The most known is the tetrahedral granite pyramid which is situated near Palladiev bridge in Tsarskoe Selo. A pyramid is characteristic enough for its epoch of park construction. It is constructed in 1770-1771 by an architect V.I.Neelov. Initially the pyramid was intended for a burial place of favorite doggies of Empress Catherine II. In 1773 in pyramid corners four columns, hewn out from marble have been established. The pyramid has been erected from a brick and revetted square granite. In 1782 it has been disassembled and built up anew in 1783 by an architect Ch.Kameron. In the beginning of XIX century a pyramid named Egyptian. Entrance located in its facing side, leads into the internal premise blocked with a spherical dome. Here in wall niches the collection of antique urns and vases has been placed.
http://geolines.ru/eng/publications/ONWARD-TO-THE-PAST/ONWARD-TO-THE-PAST_29.html
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Huge Underwater Pyramid Found Near Portugal Has Portuguese Navy Investigating, Link to Atlantis?
January 10, 2014
http://www.collective-evolution.com/2014/01/10/underwater-pyramid-found-near-portugal-has-portuguese-navy-investigating-link-to-atlantis/#sthash.HyrAXM1r.dpuf
Further investigations are beginning to point to the possibility of an underwater volcanic hill based on more recent scans. More information should come to the surface. Some believe this new explanation may be a cover up but that position is currently based on a belief only.
Portuguese news reported the discovery of a very large under water pyramid first discovered by Diocleciano Silva between the islands of São Miguel and Terceira in the Azores of Portugal. According to claims, the structure is said to be perfectly squared and oriented by the cardinal points. Current estimates obtained using GPS digital technology put the height at 60 meters with a base of 8000 square meters. The Portuguese Hydrographic Institute of the Navy currently has the job of analyzing the data to determine whether or not the structure is man-made.
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Giant Mummies and Pyramids of China
Apr 4, 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C76MafUXNec
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View chapter 15 for more information about the royal tombs in Russia.
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Documentary: China's Pyramids National Geographic
Aug 31, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WV8dq4ToRmA
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China's Underwater Atlantis "Discovered" | China Uncensored
Oct 2, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5arb4vzSIc
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BREAKING NEWS - New Insights into 8th Century Island Complex on Russian Steppe
Jul 14, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOW27L9InkM
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Hikers In Siberia Uncover Old Amazon Warrior Helping Them To Solve A 2,500 Year Old Mystery
May 17, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBP-KI8lPbY
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Was This Japan's Atlantis?
Jan 15, 2008
Japanese Atlantis (2004): Exploring the underwater remains of a mysterious Japanese palace
[It is debated if the rock structures in this video are natural or made by humans.]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIu2rA0yd9s
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5 Most MYSTERIOUS Secret STRUCTURES
Oct 11, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2VlrgMQFF0&feature=youtu.be&t=14m49s
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The Mystery Of The Giant Object Underneath The Baltic Sea | The Mystery Beneath | Progress
Jun 12, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8eLaxgeTgY
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More Than a Dozen Mysterious Carved Discs Found Near Volgograd, Russia
27 April, 2022
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/mysterious-discs-003918
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Is there an ancient 'dark pyramid' in Alaska?
30 Nov 2012
http://www.sott.net/article/254605-Is-there-an-ancient-dark-pyramid-in-Alaska
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The following video talks about structural mounds in Illinois.
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Native America before European Colonization
Apr 8, 2013
https://youtu.be/7FItlStGMY4?t=3m14s
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America's Stonehenge: New Hampshire rocks history or hoax?
September 20, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-america-stonehenge-hampshire-history-hoax.html
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Cuban underwater city
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_underwater_city
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What Happened to the Sunken City of Cuba?
22 July, 2014
http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-americas/what-happened-sunken-city-cuba-001883
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Many pyramids that exist in Mexico and Central America have similar designs to the temples found in Cambodia and different areas of Asia.
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For more information on white native Americans, view our article titled "White Native Americans."
WhiteNativeAmericans.Blogspot.com
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World-Pyramids
http://world-pyramids.com/
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In Turkey, touring Cappadocia’s caves and fairy chimneys by ATV
November 7, 2013
https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/in-turkey-touring-cappadocias-caves-and-fairy-chimneys-by-atv/2013/11/07/60aa31e0-4194-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html
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Petra
Petra is a historical and archaeological city in the southern Jordanian governorate of Ma'an that is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved.
Established possibly as early as 312 BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans,[3] it is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction.[4] It lies on the slope of Jebel al-Madhbah (identified by some as the biblical Mount Hor[5]) in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
The site remained unknown to the Western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. It was described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate Prize-winning poem by John William Burgon. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage".[6] Petra was named amongst the New7Wonders of the World in 2007 and was also chosen by the Smithsonian Magazine as one of the "28 Places to See Before You Die"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra
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Ancient Pyramids | Pyramids of the World
http://www.historvius.com/ancient-pyramids-of-the-world/fr261
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THE ANCIENTS
Pyramids Around the World
http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Pyramids_World.html
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{It is often debated if Ley lines exist. Some people think that certain sites, such as different pyramids, including structures such as Stonehenge, are located near certain types of magnetic energies}.
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Ley line
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line
The term Ley lines /le? la?nz/ has two meanings. The older is that there are ancient, straight trackways in the British landscape, the newer is that there are spiritual and mystical alignments of land forms.
The phrase was coined in 1921 by the amateur archaeologist Alfred Watkins, as supposed alignments of numerous places of geographical and historical interest, such as ancient monuments and megaliths, natural ridge-tops and water-fords. In his books Early British Trackways and The Old Straight Track. He sought to identify ancient trackways in the British landscape. Watkins later developed theories that these alignments were created for ease of overland trekking by line-of-sight navigation during neolithic times, and had persisted in the landscape over millennia.
In a book called The View Over Atlantis (1969), the writer John Michell revived the term "ley lines", associating it with spiritual and mystical theories about alignments of land forms, drawing on the Chinese concept of feng shui. He believed that a mystical network of ley lines existed across Britain.
Since the publication of Michell's book, the spiritualised version of the concept has been adopted by other authors and applied to landscapes in many places around the world. Both versions of the theory have been criticised on the grounds that a random distribution of a sufficient number of points on a plane will inevitably create alignments of random points purely by chance.
The concept of "ley lines" originated with Alfred Watkins in his books Early British Trackways and The Old Straight Track, though Watkins also drew on earlier ideas about alignments; in particular he cited the work of the English astronomer Norman Lockyer, who argued that ancient alignments might be oriented to sunrise and sunset at solstices.
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7,500-YEAR-OLD STONE CIRCLE IN ARMENIA ALIGNED TO CYGNUS'S BRIGHTEST STAR
20-4-2010
http://www.andrewcollins.com/page/articles/carahunge.htm
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New temple found in Ukraine...800m from my Giza ley line!
Oct 21, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IQsCwfEVy4
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The Lore and Lure of Ley Lines
Nov 21st 2013
http://consciouslifenews.com/lore-lure-ley-lines/1167945/
Many people believe that a grid of earth energies circles the globe, connecting important and sacred sites such as Stonehenge, the Egyptian Pyramids, and the Great Wall of China.
If you plot these and other sites on a map, a curious thing becomes apparent: Many of them can be connected by straight lines. Were these monuments and sacred sites specifically built at those locations by ancient people with lost knowledge of unknown earth energies especially strong along these “ley lines”?
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Sacred Sites – Earth Energy, Ley Lines and Vortex Energy
Jun 28, 2013
http://www.zengardner.com/sacred-sites-earth-energy-ley-lines-and-vortex-energy/
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UFOs, Ancient Sites and Ley Lines
24/08/2012
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/darren-perks/ufos-ancient-sites-ley-lines_b_1824717.html
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Vile Vortices
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vile_Vortices
Vile Vortices is a term referring to twelve geographic "paranormal triangle" areas that are alleged by Ivan Sanderson to have been the sites of mysterious disappearances. Sanderson wrote the article "The Twelve Devil's Graveyards Around the World," published in Saga magazine.
Alleged Vile Vortices
Bermuda Triangle: The best known of the so-called "vortices".
Algerian Megaliths: South of Timbuktu.
Indus Valley: In the city of Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan.
Hamakulia Volcano: East of Hawaii
"Devil's Sea": South of Japan
South Atlantic Anomaly.
Easter Island (in some versions)
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Preservation of the frozen tombs of the Altai Mountains
2008
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000185364
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Chapter 7: Armenian genocide
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Armenia, the Last Caucasian Revolution - VisualPolitik EN
Jul 4, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEe-jSs17KY
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Armenian Genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide
The Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, traditionally by Armenians, as Medz Yeghern, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects inside their historic homeland, which lies within the territory constituting the present-day Republic of Turkey. The total number of people killed as a result has been estimated at between 800,000 and 1.5 million. The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day Ottoman authorities rounded up and arrested, subsequently executing, some 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople.
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Armenian Genocide denial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_denial
The denial of the Armenian Genocide is the assertion that the Armenian Genocide did not occur in the manner or to the extent described by scholarship. Denial of the Armenian Genocide may be either forbidden or enforced in some countries. The Armenian Genocide is widely acknowledged by genocide scholars to have been one of the first modern, systematic genocides, as many sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll as evidence for a systematic, organized plan to eliminate the Armenians.
The governments of Turkey and Azerbaijan deny that the Ottoman authorities attempted to exterminate the Armenian people. The Turkish government acknowledges that during World War I many Armenians died, but counters that Muslim Turks died as well, and claims that the number of Armenian victims has been inflated, and that massacres were committed by both sides as a result of inter-ethnic violence and the wider conflict of World War I.
The denial of the Armenian Genocide is officially outlawed only in Greece. Some countries, such as Switzerland, Italy, Slovakia and others, which are often ascribed to have criminalized the denial of the Armenian genocide, in fact, outlawed the denial of genocides either in general or with the specific reference to the Holocaust and the genocides, war crimes and crimes against humanity within the meaning of the International Criminal Court's Rome Statue.
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Armenia has a rich culture of science, astronomy, mathematics and knowledge, Armenia even has its own Stonehenge.
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Earth Vortices, Ley Lines and Tectonic Plates
(Updated 2004)
Minor Vortices
Below are some of the most important minor vortices. I have tried to cover most countries, in what is a difficult, if not an impossible task. In many countries I have not been specific about the areas where there are vortices, or good energy. There are many vortices beneath the sea.
Armenia (formerly USSR)
http://www.ofspiritandsoul.com/earth%20vortices/vortices.html
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The Armenian Stonehenge
The Armenian Stonehenge predates that on the British Isles by 4500 years but it's origins and purpose is equally mysterious.
http://www.history.co.uk/shows/ancient-aliens/videos/ancient-aliens-stonehenge-of-armenia
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Vishap stones in Armenia
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vishap_stones_in_Armenia
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Vishapakar, The Unique Megaliths of the Armenian Plateau
Vishapakar - Dragon Stones
By Armen Petrosyan, Ph.D.
The unique monuments of prehistoric Armenia, XE "višap" vishaps (Arm. višap ‘serpent, dragon’ an Iranian borrwing) or “dragon stones” are spread in many provinces of historical Armenia – Gegharkunik, Aragatsotn, Javakhk, Tayk, etc. They are cigar-shaped huge stones, 10-20 feet tall, usually situated in the mountains, near the sources of rivers and lakes. Many of them are in the shape of fish; they have a bull’s skin (complete with head and feet) carved into them; there is also a stream of water flowing from the mouth of the bull’s skin and some vishaps have images of water birds carved below the bull’s head. The earliest višap XE "višap" stelae would be dated, probably, from the 18th-16th centuries BC; an Urartian inscription in a višap from Garni testifies that they were created in pre-Urartian times (before the 8th century BC).
A number of theories try to interpret the meaning of these stones. One theory holds that these monuments represented mythological dragons guarding the sources of the waters (B. Piotrovski). Another two trace back, respectively, to Astghik, the goddess of fertility and love (M. Abeghian) and Ara Geghecik ‘Ara the Handsome,’ the “dying and rising god” of Armenian tradition (G. Ghapantsyan). The present author has his own interpretation of these stalae, which may be represented as follows.
The Indo-European “basic myth,” reconstructed by V.V. Ivanov and V.N. Toporov, tells the story of the battle of the thunder god and his adversary the serpent. The victory of the god results in origination of cosmic waters (rain, rivers). Certain aspects of the dragon stones reveal their links with the “basic myth.” In this context, it is evident that the huge fish would represent the water serpent (the dragon-serpents were sometimes conceived in the shape of fish; e.g. in Oppian’s Halieutika the dragon Typhon is represented as a fish), while the bull is the symbol of the thunder god in many ancient Near Eastern and Indo-European traditions (Hurrian, Hittite, Indian, Greek, and Armenian). The wavy lines below the bull’s head may be interpreted as rainy waters triggered by the battle between the god and the serpent.
The name of the serpent in the “basic myth” is derived from the Indo-European stem *wel-. According to the rules of the Armenian language, the Indo-European *wel- would have developed into gel- (New Eastern Armenian pronunciation: gegh-). In this context it is characteristic that the višap stones are concentrated mainly in the Gelam province, Gelakuni district, on the Gelamay Mountains to the east of Sevan Lake (modern Gegharkunik province of Armenia). The two largest groups of them are located, respectively, on Mt. Gel, at the source of the river Azat, and near the Geli fortress. Characteristically, the mountain beside Gel, the highest of the Gelamay range, is called Azhdahak from the name of the dragon of ancient Iranian tradition XE "Aždahak"
http://arevordi.blogspot.com/2005/12/khachkars-cross-stones-of-armenian.html
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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29
Kingdom of Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia was a monarchy which existed from 321 BC to 428 AD. Its history is divided into successive reigns by three royal dynasties: Orontid (321 BC–200 BC), Artaxiad (189 BC–12 AD) and Arsacid (52–428).
The root of the kingdom lies in one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia called Armenia (Satrapy of Armenia), which was formed from the territory of the Kingdom of Ararat after it was conquered by the Median Empire in 590 BC. The satrapy became a kingdom in 321 BC during the reign of the Orontid dynasty after the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great, which was then incorporated as one of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire.
Under the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BC), the Armenian throne was divided in two – Armenia Maior and Sophene – both of which passed to members of the Artaxiad dynasty in 189 BC. During the Roman Republic's eastern expansion, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes the Great, reached its peak, from 83 to 69 BC, after it reincorporated Sophene and conquered the remaining territories of the falling Seleucid Empire, effectively ending its existence and raising Armenia into an empire for a brief period, until it was itself conquered by Rome in 69 BC. The remaining Artaxiad kings ruled as clients of Rome until they were overthrown in 12 AD due to their possible allegiance to Rome's main rival, Parthia.
During the Roman-Parthian Wars, the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was founded when Tiridates I, a member of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty, was proclaimed King of Armenia in 52. Throughout most of its history during this period, Armenia was heavily contested between Rome and Parthia, and the Armenian nobility was divided among pro-Roman, pro-Parthian or neutrals. From 114 to 118, Armenia briefly became a province of the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan. The Kingdom of Armenia often served as a client state or vassal at the frontier of the two large empires and their successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. In 301, Tiridates III proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the Armenian kingdom the first state to embrace Christianity officially.
During the Byzantine–Sasanian wars, Armenia was ultimately partitioned into Byzantine Armenia in 387 and Persian Armenia in 428.
The pre-Christian Armenian pantheon included:
Aramazd - Cognate of the Iranian Ahura Mazda (or Ormazd). Head of the pantheon, identified with Zeus in the interpretatio graeca.
Amanor and/or Vanatur - God of the Armenian new year, Navasard, at the end of July. His temple was located in Diyadin.
Anahit - Cognate of the Iranian Anahita. The goddess of fertility and birth, and daughter or wife of Aramazd, Anahit is identified with Artemis and Aphrodite. Temples dedicated to Anahit were established in Armavir, Artashat, Ashtishat.
Ara the Beautiful - a dying-and-rising god slain in a war against Semiramis.
Astghik - Cognate of the Semitic Ishtar. Fertility goddess and consort of Vahagn, sharing a temple with him at Derik. The holiday of Vardavar was originally in honor of Astghik.
Barsamin - God of sky and weather, probably derived from the Semitic god Baal Shamin.
Hayk - Legendary forefather of the Armenian people, archer, and slayer of the Titan Bel.
Mihr - Cognate with the Persian Mithra. God of the sun and light, son of Aramazd, the brother of Anahit and Nane. His center of worship was located in Bagaharich, and the temple of Garni was dedicated to him.
Nane - Possible cognate of the Sumerian Nanaya. Daughter of Aramazd, war and motherhood goddess. Her cult was related to Anahit, both of their temples located near each other in Gavar.
Tir or Tiur - God of wisdom, culture, science and studies, he also was an interpreter of dreams. He was the messenger of the gods and was associated with Apollo. Tir's temple was located near Artashat.
Tsovinar - Also called Nar, she was the goddess of rain, sea and water, though she was actually a fiery being who forced rain to fall.
Vahagn - Cognate of the Iranian Verethragna. The storm god and herculean dragon slayer. Derik housed the central temple to Vahagn
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Grids, Megaliths and Dragon communities of Britain
Avebury built in the shape of a great serpent.
https://books.google.com/books?id=IspS46HFPv0C&pg=PT94&lpg=PT94&dq=stonehenge+dragon&source=bl&ots=g_3aCXoLzz&sig=gDD-m390JBz4Iqb3clj2Fa175Nk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xlX5VPWcKcLSoASejYCIDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=stonehenge%20dragon&f=false
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8 - Here Be Dragons
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/secretsoc/secretsoc08.htm
The Sacred Places of Ancient Secret Societies
The secret societies of the globe from ancient times down to today all had many things in common.
Not the least of which was the need for a place to meet.
But what was the origin of the symbolism of a temple or a lodge?
Why is this place a stairway to heaven? A gateway to another world?
And why is the serpent or dragon often involved?
If we go back across the mists of time to the original meeting places of the serpent cults and shining secret orders, will we discover the secrets of the mysterious landscape that now surrounds us?
Over the course of many years and with more air-miles than I care to remember, I have journeyed on a quest to uncover the secrets of the ancient serpent cults that I reveal in my books.
Each time I journey, I discover something new. There truly is a whole new world opening up before our eyes. Suddenly, and often without warning, I am faced with a reinterpretation of history that I am simply not looking for.
In another twist in the tale of the serpent, I am about to uncover before your eyes one of the ancient truths about dragons, remembering that, in myth and in ancient history, dragons and serpents are intertwined like the coils of a pit viper.
I shall to begin in America of all places, for two reasons. Firstly, that this is the last place I would even consider looking for dragons, and, secondly, because the evidence is most profound here in archaeological terms.
The evidence of serpent worship in the Americas can largely be shown by the many serpent mounds that appear across the continent. The most famous by a long way is the “Serpent Mound” of Ohio, Adams County.
According to some, 1 this marvelous mound is related to Stonehenge, and it is the “Dragon Guardian” of the East to Stonehenge’s Secret of the West. Indeed, it is thought that the two ancient structures actually do share the same timeline and may very well have a relationship to each other - if ancient man shared the same beliefs and traveled extensively, as is the growing belief of many scholars.
Of course, Stonehenge is also directly north of that infamous serpent temple, Avebury.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/secretsoc/secretsoc08.htm
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ISIS Destroys Armenian Genocide Memorial Church in Der Zor
September 21, 2014
http://armenianweekly.com/2014/09/21/der-zor/
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Azerbaijan's president threatens war with Armenia via Twitter
President Ilham Aliyev issues social media tirade after bloody clashes in disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region, which both sides claim as their own
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/07/azerbaijan-president-threatens-war-armenia-twitter
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U.S. Warns Armenia Over Sanctions Against Russia
August 4, 2014
http://armenianweekly.com/2014/08/04/u-s-warns-armenia-sanctions-russia/
The United States has urged Armenia to refrain from doing business with Russian companies and businessmen that are subject to U.S. sanctions related to Russia’s alleged involvement in the Ukraine crisis,
The embassy did not note what the consequences of ignoring the sanctions would be.
The U.S. sanctions apply to Russian companies in the defense and energy fields, as well as commercial banks, including Gazmprombank and VTB, both of which have branches in Armenia (Areximbank and VTB Armenia).
Meanwhile, in the energy sector, Russia’s largest oil company, Rosneft, has engaged in negotiations with authorities in Armenia over the purchase of a moribund chemical plant in Yerevan, as well as a $400-million investment to revive the Nairit plant, according to RFE/RL.
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War Haunts Russia’s Southern Fringe, Threatening Pipelines
April 26, 2015
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-26/war-haunts-russia-s-southern-fringe-putting-pipelines-at-risk
Russia’s southern periphery is closer to open war than at any time since the 1990s.
Hostilities between Azerbaijan and Armenia are mounting 21 years after a cease-fire froze a conflict that flared in the dying days of the Soviet Union. During the relative calm, companies including BP Plc poured billions of dollars into producing oil and gas in Azerbaijan and building pipelines to link the country with southern Italy.
The upswing in violence now threatens to put some of those investments at risk and destabilize a region that separates Russia from Turkey and Iran. A May 3 election looming in Nagorno-Karabakh, the region Armenians took over in the war more than two decades ago, may trigger a wider confrontation, the Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc said.
The vote “could further escalate the tensions, increasing the risks of a wider confrontation over the disputed territory,” Anna Tokar, an analyst at RBS in London, said in an e-mailed note on April 16. That risks “putting the oil and gas pipelines in the South Caucasus in danger.”
At the center of the conflict, which has simmered with shootouts and other incidents ever since the truce, is Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian-majority region that remains internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.
Deadliest Months
The first four months of the year have been the deadliest, according to the Caspian Defense Studies Institute in the Azeri capital, Baku. There have been 31 confirmed deaths so far this year in clashes on the front line, according to Jasur Sumarinli, head of the research group.
With the world focused on the conflict in Ukraine, the escalation is rattling a region crisscrossed by pipelines after BP and its partners invested more than $50 billion in Azeri energy projects. Azeri incursions into the Armenian-controlled areas surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh are raising pressure along the disengagement line separating the adversaries, torn apart by religion and international alliances.
Energy Infrastructure
A wider outbreak would threaten to shake the energy infrastructure around Azerbaijan, which provides the only westward route for central Asian crude that bypasses Russia.
The BP-led Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline runs through territory less than 100 kilometers from the cease-fire line.
The Caspian Sea nation signed $45 billion of contracts with European buyers in 2013 to supply gas via 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) of pipelines that stretch from Baku to southern Italy through Georgia, Turkey, Greece and Albania.
Azerbaijan, the former Soviet Union’s third-largest crude producer, has used its oil wealth to beef up its military and forge alliances with the U.S. and Israel. Its multi-billion-dollar rearmament program made it Europe’s second-biggest weapons importer in the past five years at 13 percent of total purchases, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute said in a report this month.
The government in Baku increased military spending 27 percent this year to 3.8 billion manat ($3.6 billion), outlays exceeding Armenia’s total annual expenditures. Armenia, though, is a member of a Russian-led mutual defense group and hosts a Russian military base.
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Nuclear Pollution in the Caspian Sea: Introduction of several studies
6/11/03
http://www.payvand.com/news/03/jun/1061.html
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Human Impact on Rivers and Fish in the Ponto-Caspian Basin - B. Fashchevsky
2005
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/HUMAN-IMPACT-ON-RIVERS-AND-FISH-IN-THE-BASIN/f3fed26a19da4a5924cac55db4021dc0d54d13ad
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Turkey-Azerbaijan strategic alliance treaty and Russia-Armenia military agreement: Status-quo in the South Caucasus remains unchanged
Russian-Armenian agreement signed in Yerevan today for prolongation of the term of deployment of the Russian military base in Armenia didn’t create new agenda. The similar agreement has been existed between the two countries since 1995 and after the USSR collapse Russia took responsibility for the security of Armenia. The newly-signed agreement didn’t entrust the sides with additional responsibilities. Moscow was a guarantor for Armenia’s security on the basis of bilateral and multilateral (Collective Security Treaty Organization) agreements and it continues to do that. There is no important process in the world and region that can change the situation and it has little probability to occur.
http://en.apa.az/news/128191
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Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first Muslim-majority democratic and secular republic.
However, corruption in Azerbaijan is widespread, especially in the public service. The National Assembly abolished the presidential term limits in the controversial 2009 referendum. The ruling party, New Azerbaijan Party, has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan
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CBS 60 Minutes Past Report on the Armenian Genocide
Jan 1, 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbjCyOjmTS8
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How The Armenian Genocide Lost Its Place In History
Feb 24, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoXED_7I3VA
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Why Armenian Genocide Deniers are Wrong
Apr 24, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssalPfnyGpg
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The Young Turks hosts clash over Armenian genocide - Cenk Uygur vs Ana Kasparian
Apr 28, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rginnJlPlGM
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Al Gore's holocaust-denying 'anchorman'
09/03/2012
http://www.wnd.com/2012/09/al-gores-holocaust-denying-anchorman/
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Real Picture of Armenian Genocide 1915
Apr 30, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRG7XhUNBPk
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For more information on Armenian genocide view our report:
Islamic Sharia Law & Genocide - The Middle East Conflict Investigation - 1/27/2017 - Islamicshariagenocide.blogspot.com
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Chapter 8: Genocides in history
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Genocides in history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history
Ottoman Empire/Turkey
Main articles: Armenian Genocide, Assyrian Genocide, Greek genocide and Dersim Massacre
On 24 May 1915, the Allied Powers (Britain, France, and Russia) jointly issued a statement that for the first time ever explicitly charged a government with committing a "crime against humanity" in reference to that regime's persecution of its Christian minorities, including Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks. Many researchers consider these events to be part of the policy of planned ethnoreligious purification of the Turkish state advanced by the Young Turks.
This joint statement stated, "[i]n view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres."
Armenian
The Armenian Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I. It was implemented through wholesale massacres and deportations, with the deportations consisting of forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. The total number of resulting deaths is generally held to have been between one and one and a half million.
The genocide began on 24 April 1915, when Ottoman authorities arrested some 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople. Thereafter, the Ottoman military uprooted Armenians from their homes and forced them to march for hundreds of miles, without food and water, to the desert of what is now Syria. Massacres ignored age and gender, with rape and other acts of sexual abuse being commonplace. The majority of Armenian diaspora communities were founded as a result of these events. Mass killings continued under the Republic of Turkey during the Turkish–Armenian War phase of Turkish War of Independence.
Modern Turkey succeeded the Ottoman Empire in 1923 and vehemently denies that a genocide took place. It has resisted calls in recent years by scholars, countries and international organizations to acknowledge the crime. The Armenian genocide is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. Lemkin coined "genocide" with the Holocaust in mind.
Assyrian
The Assyrian Genocide was committed against the Assyrian population of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War by the Young Turks. The Assyrian population of northern Mesopotamia (Tur Abdin, Hakkari, Van, Siirt region in modern-day southeastern Turkey and Urmia region in northwestern Iran) was forcibly relocated and massacred by Ottoman (Turkish and allied Kurdish) forces between 1914 and 1920. This genocide paralleled the Armenian Genocide and Greek genocide. The Assyro-Chaldean National Council stated in a 4 December 1922, memorandum that the total death toll is unknown, but it estimated that about 750,000 Assyrians died between 1914 and 1918.
Greek
The Greek genocide refers to the fate of the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire during and in the aftermath of World War I (1914–18). Like Armenians and Assyrians, the Greeks were subjected to various forms of persecution including massacres, expulsions, and death marches by Young Turks. Mass killing of Greeks continued under the Turkish National Movement during the Greco-Turkish War phase of the Turkish War of Independence. George W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office, among other diplomats, noted the massacres and deportations of Greeks during the post-Armistice period. They killed an estimate of 348,000 Anatolian Greeks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history
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Genocide of indigenous peoples
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#Russian_Empire.27s_conquest_of_Siberia
Russian Empire's conquest of Siberia
Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons. ... New diseases weakened and demoralized the indigenous peoples of Siberia. The worst of these was smallpox "because of its swift spread, the high death rates, and the permanent disfigurement of survivors." ... In the 1650s, it moved east of the Yenisey, where it carried away up to 80 percent of the Tungus and Yakut populations. In the 1690s, smallpox epidemics reduced Yukagir numbers by an estimated 44 percent. The disease moved rapidly from group to group across Siberia."
The Russian conquest of Siberia was accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the Russian Cossacks, who savagely crushed the natives. At the hands of people like Vasilii Poyarkov in 1645 and Yerofei Khabarov in 1650 some peoples like the Daur were slaughtered by the Russians to the extent that it is considered genocide. 8,000 out of a previously 20,000 strong population in Kamchatka remained after being subjected to half a century of Cossacks slaughter. The Daurs initially deserted their villages since they heard about the cruelty of the Russians the first time Khabarov came.[56] The second time he came, the Daurs decided to do battle against the Russians instead but were slaughtered by Russian guns. In the 17th century, indigenous peoples of the Amur region were attacked by Russians who came to be known as "red-beards". The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (??), after Demons found in Buddhist mythology, by the Amur natives because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribes people, who were subjects of the Qing dynasty during the Sino–Russian border conflicts.
In the 1640s the Yakuts were subjected to slaughters during the Russian advance into their land near the Lena river, and on Kamchatka in the 1690s the Koryak, Kamchadals, and Chukchi were also subjected to slaughters by the Russians. When the Russians did not obtain the demanded amount of yasak from the natives, the Governor of Yakutsk, Piotr Golovin, who was a Cossack, used meat hooks to hang the native men. In the Lena basin, 70% of the Yakut population died within 40 years, and rape and enslavement were used against native women and children in order to force the natives to pay the Yasak.
In Kamchatka the Russians savagely crushed the Itelmens uprisings against their rule in 1706, 1731, and 1741, the first time the Itelmen were armed with stone weapons and were badly unprepared and equipped but they used gunpowder weapons the second time. The Russians faced tougher resistance when from 1745-56 they tried to exterminate the gun and bow equipped Koraks until their victory. The Russian Cossacks also faced fierce resistance and were forced to give up when trying unsuccessfully to wipe out the Chukchi through genocide in 1729, 1730-1, and 1744-7.[61] After the Russian defeat in 1729 at Chukchi hands, the Russian commander Major Pavlutskiy was responsible for the Russian war against the Chukchi and the mass slaughters and enslavement of Chukchi women and children in 1730-31, but his cruelty only made the Chukchis fight more fiercely.[62] A genocide of the Chukchis and Koraks was ordered by Empress Elizabeth in 1742 to totally expel them from their native lands and erase their culture through war. The command was that the natives be "totally extirpated" with Pavlutskiy leading again in this war from 1744-47 in which he led to the Cossacks "with the help of Almighty God and to the good fortune of Her Imperial Highness", to slaughter the Chukchi men and enslave their women and children as booty. However the Chukchi ended this campaign and forced them to give up by killing Pavlitskiy and decapitating his head. The Russians were also launching wars and slaughters against the Koraks in 1744 and 1753-4. After the Russians tried to force the natives to convert to Christianity, the different native peoples like the Koraks, Chukchis, Itelmens, and Yukagirs all united to drive the Russians out of their land in the 1740s, culminating in the assault on Nizhnekamchatsk fort in 1746. Kamchatka today is European in demographics and culture with only 2.5% of it being native, around 10,000 from a previous number of 150,000, due to the mass slaughters by the Cossacks after its annexation in 1697 of the Itelmen and Koryaks throughout the first decades of Russian rule. The genocide by the Russian Cossacks devastated the native peoples of Kamchatka and exterminated much of their population. In addition to committing genocide they Cossacks also devastated the wildlife by slaughtering massive amounts of animals for fur. 90% of the Kamchadals and half of the Vogules were killed from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries and the rapid genocide of the indigenous population led to entire ethnic groups being entirely wiped out, with around 12 exterminated groups which could be named by Nikolai Iadrintsev as of 1882. Much of the slaughter was brought on by the fur trade.
The Aleuts in the Aleutians were subjected to genocide and slavery by the Russians for the first 20 years of Russian rule, with the Aleut women and children captured by the Russians and Aleut men slaughtered
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Russian conquest of Siberia
Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia
The Russian conquest of Siberia began in July 1580 when some 540 Cossacks under Yermak Timofeyevich invaded the territory of the Voguls, subjects to Küçüm, the Khan of Siberia. They were accompanied by 300 Lithuanian and German slave laborers, whom the Stroganovs had purchased from the tsar. Throughout 1581, this force traversed the territory known as Yugra and subdued Vogul and Ostyak towns. At this time, they also captured a tax collector of Küçüm.
Following a series of Tatar raids in retaliation against the Russian advance, Yermak's forces prepared for a campaign to take Qashliq, the Siberian capital. The force embarked in May 1582. After a three-day battle on the banks of the river Irtysh, Yermak was victorious against a combined force of Küçüm Khan and six allied Tatar princes. On 29 June, the Cossack forces were attacked by the Tatars but again repelled them.
Throughout September 1582, the Khan gathered his forces for a defence of Qashliq. A horde of Siberian Tatars, Voguls and Ostyaks massed at Mount Chyuvash to defend against invading Cossacks. On 1 October, a Cossack attempt to storm the Tatar fort at Mount Chyuvash was held off. On 23 October, the Cossacks attempted to storm the Tatar fort at Mount Chyuvash for a fourth time when the Tatars counterattacked. More than a hundred Cossacks were killed, but their gunfire forced a Tatar retreat and allowed the capture of two Tatar cannons. The forces of the Khan retreated, and Yermak entered Qashliq on 26 October.
Küçüm Khan retreated into the steppes and over the next few years regrouped his forces. He suddenly attacked Yermak on 6 August 1584 in the dead of night and defeated most of his army. The details are disputed with Russian sources claiming Yermak was wounded and tried to escape by swimming across the Wagay River which is a tributary of the Irtysh River, but drowned under the weight of his own chainmail. The remains of Yermak's forces under the command of Mescheryak retreated from Qashliq, destroying the city as they left. In 1586 the Russians returned, and after subduing the Khanty and Mansi people through the use of their artillery they established a fortress at Tyumen close to the ruins of Qashliq. The Tatar tribes that were submissive to Küçüm Khan suffered from several attacks by the Russians between 1584–1595; however, Küçüm Khan would not be caught. Finally, in August 1598 Küçüm Khan was defeated at the Battle of Urmin near the river Ob. In the course of the fight the Siberian royal family were captured by the Russians. However, Küçüm Khan escaped yet again. The Russians took the family members of Küçüm Khan to Moscow and there they remained as hostages. The descendants of the khan's family became known as the Princes Sibirsky and the family is known to have survived until at least the late 19th century.
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Syria: Armenian Christians Forced to Convert to Islam or Die
Jan. 12, 2014
http://www.theblaze.com/contributions/syria-armenian-christians-forced-to-convert-to-islam-or-die/
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{At this time, we would like to dedicate this moment to the great ancient knowledge and traditions of the people of Armenia. We need to bring awareness to the world, that the people of Armenia are facing genocide. Some people have written me specifically, to figure out why the Armenians are facing genocide, while the media is trying to cover-up many facts about this. We can see that many different cultures around the world are facing similar types of threats. Much of this is caused by globalization, including a type of new order, that threatens many distinct cultures around the world. Even different religious organisations are responsible for trying to undermine the people of Armenia. We can also see numerous countries that continue to take advantage and exploit the people of Armenia. We see a big problem is that Islamic Sharia Law is a big reason why the Armenians faced genocide, just look at the expansion of Islamic governments across the globe}.
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Armenia marks centenary of mass killings by Ottoman Turks
24 April 2015
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32443266
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Young Turks and the Armenian Genocide
The Young Turks were the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide. The Young Turk Movement emerged in reaction to the absolutist rule of Sultan Abdul-Hamid (Abdulhamit) II (1876-1909). With the 1878 suspension of the Ottoman Constitution, reform-minded Ottomans resorted to organizing overseas or underground. The backbone of the movement was formed by young military officers who were especially disturbed by the continuing decline of Ottoman power and attributed the crisis to the absence of an environment for change and progress. Working secretly in unconnected clusters under the watchful eye of the Hamidian secret police, the Young Turks succeeded in overturning the rule of the autocratic sultan when the Ottoman armies in European Turkey openly supported the movement. Abdul-Hamid's reinstatement of constitutional and parliamentary rule in July 1908 ushered in a brief period of legalized political activity by a panoply of reformist Turkish parties as well as Armenian political and revolutionary organizations. The Young Turks earned further public support when their intervention was required to suppress the April 1909 counter-revolution staged by the palace.
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/young_turks.html
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Obama won't call it Armenian 'genocide' on 100th anniversary of atrocity
April 21, 2015
http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/21/politics/obama-armenian-genocide-100th-anniversary/
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CNN Slams Obama for Breaking Armenian Genocide Pledge
Apr 24, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDtuetm6vkc
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Lesser Armenia
Lesser Armenia, also known as Armenia Minor and Armenia Inferior, refers to the Armenian populated regions, primarily to the west and northwest of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (also known as Kingdom of Greater Armenia). The region was later reorganized into the Armeniac Theme under the Byzantine Empire.
Lesser Armenia is traditionally considered as part of Western Armenia, especially after the acquisition of Eastern Armenia by the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828.
The Christian Armenian population of Lesser Armenia continued its existence in the area until the Armenian Genocide of 1915-23. Some Armenians still live in the area, albeit converted to muslim religion under Ottoman influence, mainly in the 17th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Armenia
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Chapter 9: One World religion.
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Russia, Islam and the New World Order
November 12, 2014
http://www.infowars.com/russia-islam-and-the-new-world-order/
In his speech at a meeting of the Valdai Club on October 24 Russia’s President Vladimir Putin made a number of frank, sharp remarks regarding US policies.
In fact, the Russian leader made it clear that the United States and the West were presented with two options: they can work together with Russia and other emerging economies in a unified effort to create a more just world, or Russia will be eager to act according in response to the current US modus operandi. Since Washington has a habit of infringing upon rules and ignoring the norms of international law, Moscow can play in tune to stay on par with its chief contender. There’s little doubt that such steps may weaken global security and contribute to an increase of instability in the world, especially in the Middle East. In Sochi, Vladimir Putin has virtually announced a new foreign policy aimed at countering US attempts to dominate the world. Speaking to a diverse audience of foreign journalists and political scientists, he said that the United States had repeatedly violated the rules by unleashing military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, and by fueling countless color revolutions.
As an alternative, Russian President has put forward the plan of a new world order based on new alliances and unions. “The logical way – is the cooperation of countries and societies in search for collective answers to the ever increasing challenges, a joint risk management” – he said. The world needs a “legal, political, economic basis of the new world order that would ensure security and stability, while promoting healthy competition...”
Putin’s position is as simple as it is justified: since the United States is responsible for the spread of chaos around the globe, Russia has the moral right to take the certain steps. If there are no rules for the US, there can be none for Russia. It’s clear that Moscow is not looking for confrontation, and politics can still come into play, especially due to the ongoing crisis in the Middle East. “America needs Russian help in its fight against ISIL — Putin said – and the cooperation in this field can be the first step to certain changes. “
Yet, it seems that at this stage reconciliation is hardly possible, since Washington has clearly crossed the red line and it shows no signs of regret over this fact...
http://www.infowars.com/russia-islam-and-the-new-world-order/
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New World Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order
New World Order, New world order or The New World Order may refer to:
New World Order (conspiracy theory), a conspiracy theory referring to the emergence of a totalitarian one world government.
New world order (politics), any period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power
New world order (Bahá'í), a body of teachings of the Bahá'í Faith
Books
The New World Order (Wells), a 1940 book by H. G. Wells promoting a post-WWII new world order uniting the world and bringing peace
The New World Order (Robertson), a 1991 book by Pat Robertson presenting a conspiracy theory in which Christians are targeted for persecution
The New World Order, a 1944 book by Maulana Muhammad Ali arguing that only Islam can establish lasting world peace
The New World Order, a 1990 book by A. Ralph Epperson presenting a Masonic New World Order conspiracy theory
The Gulf Crisis and the New World Order is a 1990 book by the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Tahir Ahmad.
The New World Order, a 2004 science fiction novel by Ben Jeapes
The New World Order: Facts & Fiction, a 2010 book analyzing NWO conspiracy theories by Mark Dice
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New world order (Bahá'í)
The phrase "New world order" in the Bahá'í Faith refers to a system of teachings, enunciated by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, that Bahá'ís believe embodies God's divinely appointed scheme for the unification of mankind and world peace in this age. Later on his successors, `Abdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi, interpreted "unification of mankind" as the eventual establishment of a world commonwealth, later as a democratic elected world government based on principles of equity and justice, a commonwealth as vital spiritually as it would be materially.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_order_%28Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD%29
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The Rockefeller Plan for the BRICS New World Order, in their own words… (Update 1 – Putin and Kissinger’s friendship)
http://redefininggod.com/2014/11/the-rockefeller-plan-for-the-brics-new-world-order-in-their-own-words/
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Is Pope Francis Laying The Groundwork For A One World Religion?
April 15, 2013
http://www.infowars.com/is-pope-francis-laying-the-groundwork-for-a-one-world-religion/
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Pope Francis And The Emerging One World Religion
February 24, 2014
http://www.infowars.com/pope-francis-and-the-emerging-one-world-religion/
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Chrislam
Chrislam is a pejorative term, defined by William Lane Craig as "neither Christianity nor Islam", referring to certain interfaith branches of Christianity and Islam. "Chrislamic" Christian sects would be those which reject the position of John of Damascus on Muhammad viewing him instead as an inspired Christian graced with the spiritual gift of prophecy. "Chrislamic" sects of Islam would be those which reject any interpretation of the Quran causing contradiction with the Christian Bible faith. The views are very similar to those expressed by the Nestorian Catholicos-Patriarch Timothy I of Baghdad in his famous "Apology for Christianity". Nevertheless, critics describe these sects as a new syncretic religion which mixes elements of Christianity and Islam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrislam
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{Even Christians in Nigeria are being massacred and being forced to convert to Islam. Many Chrisitans now are being forced to calling themselves Chrislamic, this is so that religious Islamic extremists will not hurt them. As long as Christians are practicing Islam, many Muslims will not attack Christians. You would think it would not be logical to kill someone, just for trying to research on a different version of a story, from another viewpoint or religion}.
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Killing of Christians (By Muslims) In Nigeria Has Increased By 62%
March 6, 2016
https://creepingsharia.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/killing-of-christians-by-muslims-in-nigeria-has-increased-by-62/
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Christianity and Islam
Christianity and Islam share a historical and traditional connection, with some stark theological differences. The two faiths share a common origin in the Middle East and are Abrahamic religions. Christianity developed out of Second Temple Judaism in the 1st century CE. It is founded on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus, and those who follow him are called Christians.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam
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Islam and Mormonism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism
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Comparison Table between Christianity, Islam and Judaism:
http://christianityinview.com/xncomparison.html
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MILITARY HISTORY : Ancient Turkey and Knights Templar
Apr 11, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLk4Drzqa4Q
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The Real Reason Putin is Fighting ISIS
Sep 28, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lX_mSGXRlsI
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Putin: Who created ISIS?
Sep 25, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbZDyr2LkdI
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ISIS financed from 40 countries, incl G20 members – Putin (FULL SPEECH)
Nov 16, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96k_8ywt22g
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ISIS Leader Admits We Are Being Funded By The Obama Administration
Jun 23, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ym2EmUNKDE8
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Egyptian Colonel Exposes Obama’s Links to ISIS
Nov 19, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJj9Y32E10Y
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American Journalist Murdered By Western Ally For Exposing ISIS Ties
Nov 19, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0GrcQ9kXbI
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French Government Knew The Terrorist Attack Would Happen In Paris!
Nov 16, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjAlbxk20fA
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India calls Pakistan 'prime sponsor of terrorism', asks it to vacate PoK
Chidanand Rajghatta,TNN | Oct 1, 2015,
WASHINGTON: Bluntly calling Pakistan a ''prime sponsor of terrorism,'' India on Wednesday asked Islamabad to vacate the part of Kashmir it has occupied, virtually laying down a new paradigm for any resolution of the issue.
''Pakistan is not primary victim of terrorism but of its own policies. It is in fact the prime sponsor of terrorism. Pakistan's instability arises from its breeding of terrorists. Blaming neighbors is not a solution,'' Spokesman of India's Ministry of External Affairs Vikas Swarup said in a series of tweets on Wednesday.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-calls-Pakistan-prime-sponsor-of-terrorism-asks-it-to-vacate-PoK/articleshow/49175779.cms
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London's Holy Turf War
Apr 22, 2014
Over the last year a quasi-religious turf war has sprung up on the streets of London. Young radicalised Muslim patrols are enforcing Shariah law in the capital. In reaction, far right Christian Patrols are also taking the law into their own hands.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1tEpjmFH9g
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ISIS supporter releases guide on establishing 'Muslim gangs', how to spread hate among Islamic communities, stop them integrating with non-Muslims, and using charities as fronts to raise cash
Terrifying guide has bombmaking instructions and recruitment strategies
The guide suggests gang members should carry out muggings and fraud to finance weapons and other bombmaking equipment
It encourages wannabe jihadis to fortify their homes using booby traps
8 July 2015
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3153237/ISIS-supporter-release-guide-establishing-Muslim-gangs-spread-hate-Islamic-communities-stop-integrating-non-Muslims-using-charities-fronts-raise-cash.html
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Sharia patrols
Sharia patrols, also referred to as Muslim patrols or modesty patrols, were groups of young Muslim men, members of an organisation that called itself the Shariah Project, who patrolled streets in East London from 2013 to 2014. Early that year, videos of their activities, filmed by members of the patrol, were uploaded online: these showed hooded members of the patrol confronting passers-by and demanding that they conform to Sharia law. They targeted prostitutes, people drinking alcohol, couples who were holding hands, women whom they considered to be dressed immodestly, and harassed others whom they perceived as being gay. Five men were arrested in January 2013 as part of an investigation into the gang, and three were given jail sentences on 6 December 2013.
The Muslim East London Mosque community condemned the patrols as "utterly unacceptable". In response to the 'Muslim Patrols', the far-right organisation Britain First has established 'Christian Patrols'.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_patrols
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Why the Islamic Invasion of the West is Happening / Glenn Beck Controversy
May 7, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faUf9KhJofU
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Abrahamic religions
Abrahamic religions, emphasizing and tracing their common origin to the tribal patriarch Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him, are one of the major divisions in comparative religion, along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions.
The largest Abrahamic religions in chronological order of founding are Judaism (late 2nd millennium BCE), Christianity (1st century CE) and Islam (7th century CE).
Abrahamic religions with fewer adherents include Rastafarianism,[7] Samaritanism (sometimes classified as a branch of Judaism),[8] Druzism (sometimes classified as a branch of Shia Islam), Bábism, and the Bahá'í Faith.
As of 2005, it was estimated that 54% (3.6 billion people) of the world's population considered themselves adherents of an Abrahamic religion, about 32% adherents of other religions, and 16% adherents of no organized religion. Christianity is the largest Abrahamic faith, with 33% of the world's population, Islam is second with 21%, and Judaism has 0.2%.[
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions
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Dating the Bible
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_the_Bible
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Arab slave trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade
Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab world, mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, Southeast Africa, the Horn of Africa and certain parts of Europe (such as Iberia and Sicily) beginning during the era of the Muslim conquests and continuing into the early second half of the 20th century. The trade was conducted through slave markets in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa, with the slaves captured mostly from Africa's interior.
Historians estimate that between 650 and the 1960s, 10 to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders and taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the Sahara, the Red Sea, and the western Indian Ocean.
Sources and historiography of the slave trade
The North African slave markets traded also in European slaves. The European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as Iceland. Men, women, and children were captured, to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned. Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the white slave trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan). Davis estimates that 1 million to 1.25 million White Christian Europeans were enslaved in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th, by slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone (these numbers do not include the European people which were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast), and roughly 700 Americans were held captive in this region as slaves between 1785 and 1815.
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Slavs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs
Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe. Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities.
Relations with non-Slavic peoples
Assimilation
Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in eastern parts of England (the Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards.
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Saqaliba
Saqaliba refers to Slavic slaves, kidnapped from the coasts of Europe or in wars, as well as mercenaries in the medieval Muslim world, in the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. It is generally thought that the Arabic term is a Byzantine loanword: saqlab, siklab, saqlabi etc. is a corruption of Greek Sklavinoi meaning Slavs (from which the English word slave is also derived). The word is often misused to refer only to slaves from Central and Eastern Europe, but it refers to all Eastern Europeans and others traded by the Arab traders during the war or peace periods.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqaliba
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Islamic views on slavery
Muhammad's traditions
Main article: Muhammad and slavery
The Islamic prophet Muhammad encouraged manumission of slaves, even if one had to purchase them first. On many occasions, Muhammad's companions, at his direction, freed slaves in abundance. Muhammad personally freed 63 slaves, and his wife Aisha freed 67. In total his household and friends freed 39,237 slaves. The most notable of Muhammad's slaves were: Safiyya bint Huyayy, whom he freed and married; Maria al-Qibtiyya, given to Muhammad by a Sassanid official, whom he freed and who may have become his wife; Sirin, Maria's sister, whom he freed and married to the poet Hassan ibn Thabit[46] and Zayd ibn Harithah, whom Muhammad freed and adopted as a son.[
Islamic jurisprudence
Traditional Islamic jurisprudence
Principles
In Islamic jurisprudence, slavery was an exceptional condition, with the general rule being a presumption of freedom (al-'asl huwa 'l-hurriya — "The basic principle is liberty") for a person if his or her origins were unknown. Lawful enslavement was restricted to two instances: capture in war (on the condition that the prisoner is not a Muslim), or birth in slavery. Islamic law did not recognize the classes of slave from pre-Islamic Arabia including those sold or given into slavery by themselves and others, and those indebted into slavery. Though a free Muslim could not be enslaved, conversion to Islam by a non-Muslim slave did not require that he or she then should be liberated. Slave status was not affected by conversion to Islam.
Sexual intercourse
See also: Ma malakat aymanukum and sex
In Islamic law (Sharia), Ma malakat aymanukum is the term for slaves or captives of war. The purchase of female slaves for sex was lawful from the perspective of Islamic law, and this was the most common motive for the purchase of slaves throughout Islamic history.[
Surah Al-Muminun (23:6) and Surah Al-Maarij
(70:30) both, in identical wording, draw a distinction between spouses
and "those whom one's right hands possess" (female slaves), saying "
أَزْوَاجِهِمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُمْ" (literally, "their
spouses or what their right hands possess"), while clarifying that
sexual intercourse with either is permissible.
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi explains that "two categories of women have been excluded from the general command of guarding the private parts: (a) wives, (b) women who are legally in one's possession".
The verse can be broken into three parts:
The Quran, chapter 4 (An-Nisa), verse 24:
And (also forbidden are) all married women except those whom your right hands possess (this is) Allah's ordinance to you,
and lawful for you are (all women) besides those, provided that you seek (them) with your property, taking (them) in marriage not committing fornication.
Then as to those whom you profit by, give them their dowries as appointed; and there is no blame on you about what you mutually agree after what is appointed; surely Allah is Knowing, Wise.
—?translated by Muhammad Habib Shakir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery#Muhammad.27s_traditions
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Safiyya bint Huyayy
Safiyyah bint Huyayy (c. 610 – c. 670) was one of the wives of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. She was, along with all other wives of Muhammad, titled Umm-ul-Mu'mineen or the "Mother of Believers".
After Muhammad's death, she became involved in the power politics of the early Muslim community, and acquired substantial influence by the time of her death.
Early life
Safiyya was born in Medina to Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the chief of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir. Her mother, Barra bint Samawal, was from the Banu Qurayza tribe. She was the granddaughter of Samaw'al ibn Adiya from the Banu Harith tribe. According to a source, she was married off to Sallam ibn Mishkam, who later divorced her.
When the Banu Nadir were expelled from Medina in 625, her family settled in Khaybar, an oasis near Medina. Her father and brother went from Khaybar to join the Meccan and Bedouin forces besieging Muhammad in Medina during the Battle of the Trench. When the Meccans withdrew Muhammad besieged the Banu Qurayza. After the defeat of the Banu Qurayza in 627 Safiyya's father, a long-time opponent of Muhammad, was captured and executed by the Muslims.
In 627 or early in 628, Safiyya married Kenana ibn al-Rabi, treasurer of the Banu Nadir; she was about 17 years old at that time. Safiyya is said to have informed Kenana of a dream she had in which the moon had fallen from the heavens into her lap. Kenana interpreted it as a desire to marry Muhammad and struck her in the face, leaving a mark which was still visible when she first had contact with Muhammad.
Battle of Khaybar
In May 629, the Muslims defeated several Jewish tribes (including the Banu Nadir) at the Battle of Khaybar. The Jews had surrendered, and were allowed to remain in Khaybar on the provision that they give half of their annual produce to the Muslims. The land itself became the property of the Muslim state. This agreement, Stillman says, did not extend to the Banu Nadir tribe, who were given no quarter. Safiyya's husband, Kenana ibn al-Rabi, was also killed.
Marriage to Muhammad
According to Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muhammad stayed for three days between Khaybar and Medina, where he consummated his marriage to Safiyya. His companions wondered if she was to be considered a slave (Arabic: ma malakat aymanukum??) or a wife. The former speculated that they would consider Safiyya as Muhammad's wife, and thus "Mothers of the Believers", if Muhammad ordered her to veil herself, else she would be his servant-girl.
Muhammad suggested that Safiyya convert to Islam, and she agreed, thus she become Muhammad's wife. Safiyya did not bear any children to Muhammad.
Despite her conversion, Muhammad's other wives teased Safiyya of her Jewish origin. Doubts about Safiyya's loyalty to Islam and the suspicion that she would avenge her slain kin are themes in the Sirah Rasul Allah (biographies of Muhammad). In these stories, Muhammad or Umar express great displeasure at such doubts and reaffirm her loyalty.
Regarding Safiyya's Jewish descent, Muhammad once said to his wife that if other women insulted her for her Jewish heritage, she was to respond, "Aaron is my father, Moses my uncle, and Muhammad my husband."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiyya_bint_Huyayy
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History of slavery in the Muslim world
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world
Converting Christian slaves to Islam
In the eighteenth century, a substantial number of Christian slaves were the subject of coerced conversion to Islam at the request of their masters. Muslim masters working to convert their captives would often use extreme forms of physical abuse to force the conversion of faith. As a result, many European Christian captives converted in an effort to avoid cruel punishments. This conversion was the first symbolic sign of cultural immersion as well as heavily contributed to the increased value of a slave. Slaves who didn't convert were forced to do hard labour and were discriminated a great deal more than slaves who chose conversion. Oftentimes, Islamic conversion was the first major step in the journey towards full assimilation into Islamic culture. The psychological and social ramifications for conversion were crucial moments for turning slaves away from their past origins.
For many slaves, converting to Islam marked a major milestone of acceptance for their new found Moroccan culture. Islamic conversion was a critical decision to make. Upon conversion, many slaves took on a new identity by changing their clothes and, essentially, taking the full role of a Muslim. In many cases, dressing according to the Islamic community was the ultimate symbol of embracing the religion. "Many seemed to feel, by a process of association, that simply putting on such garments was tantamount to apostasy. 'Taking the turban' was in fact one of the most common expressions of those times for converting to Islam" (Davis 105). Scholarly research maintains that the cultural assimilation in Islamic culture was the result of overbearing cultural shock and full immersion into Islamic society. Often slaves found the best way to cope with their new life by learning Arabic, and making the assimilate. Scholar Nabil Matar maintains this assertion when he states: Islam overpowered Englishmen by the force of cultural habit. Some captives even used language and custom to adapt quickly to their surroundings. It was in the Englishman’s best interest to learn the language and customs of North African society as quickly as possible (Matar 64).
20th-century suppression and prohibition
See also: Abolitionism § National abolition dates
At Istanbul, the sale of black and Circassian women was conducted openly until the granting of the Constitution in 1908.
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, slavery gradually became outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, due to a combination of pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France, internal pressure from Islamic abolitionist movements, and economic pressures.[5]
By the Treaty of Jeddah, May 1927 (art.7), concluded between the British Government and Ibn Sa'ud (King of Nejd and the Hijaz) it was agreed to suppress the slave trade in Saudi Arabia. Then by a decree issued in 1936 the importation of slaves into Saudi Arabia was prohibited unless it could be proved that they were slaves at that date.[68]
In 1953, sheikhs from Qatar attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom included slaves in their retinues, and they did so again on another visit five years later.[69]
In 1962 that all slavery practice or trafficking in Saudi Arabia was prohibited.
By 1969 it could be observed that most Muslim states had abolished slavery although it existed in the deserts of Iraq bordering Arabia and it still flourished in Saudi Arabia, the Yemen and Oman.[70] Slavery was not formally abolished in Yemen and Oman until the following year.[71] The last nation to formally enact the abolition of slavery practice and slave trafficking was the Islamic Republic of Mauritania in 1981.
21st century
According to the U.S. State Department as of 2005:
Saudi Arabia is a destination for men and women from South and East Asia and East Africa trafficked for the purpose of labor exploitation, and for children from Yemen, Afghanistan, and Africa trafficking for forced begging. Hundreds of thousands of low-skilled workers from India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Kenya migrate voluntarily to Saudi Arabia; some fall into conditions of involuntary servitude, suffering from physical and sexual abuse, non-payment or delayed payment of wages, the withholding of travel documents, restrictions on their freedom of movement and non-consensual contract alterations. The Government of Saudi Arabia does not comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so.
"Jihadists"
Main article: Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
In 2014, Jihadist groups in the Middle East (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) and Northern Nigeria (Boko Haram) have not only justified the taking of slaves in war but actually enslaved women and girls. Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the Nigerian extremist group Boko Haram said in an interview, "I shall capture people and make them slaves". Shekau has justified his actions stating, "[w]hat we are doing is an order from Allah, and all that we are doing is in the Book of Allah that we follow". Of the 2014 Chibok kidnapping of over 200 non-Muslim schoolgirls, he stated "Allah instructed me to sell them: they are his properties. I will sell them in the market by Allah.".
In the digital magazine Dabiq, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women whom they consider to be from a heretical sect. ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old shariah practice of spoils of war. The Economist reports that ISIS has taken "as many as 2,000 women and children" captive, selling and distributing them as sexual slaves, and in April 2015, a United Nations special envoy visiting Iraq was given a copy of an Islamic State list of prices for captured women and children. (Prices on the list varied from $165 for slaves 1–9 years old, to $41 for women 41–50 years old.)
ISIL appealed to apocalyptic beliefs and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world." In late September 2014, 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, rejecting his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and hadith to justify its actions. The letter accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world
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List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad
https://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Killings_Ordered_or_Supported_by_Muhammad
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Sharia in Nigeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria
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Blasphemy law in Nigeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Nigeria
The Federal Republic of Nigeria operates two court systems. Both systems can punish blasphemy. The Constitution provides a Customary (secular) system and a system that incorporates Sharia. The Customary system prohibits blasphemy by section 204 of Nigeria's Criminal Code. Section 204 is entitled "Insult to religion". The section states:
Any person who does an act which any class of persons consider as a public insult on their religion, with the intention that they should consider the act such an insult, and any person who does an unlawful act with the knowledge that any class of persons will consider it such an insult, is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable to imprisonment for two years.
Twelve out of Nigeria's thirty-six states have Sunni Islam as the dominant religion. In 1999, those states chose to have Sharia courts as well as Customary courts. A Sharia court may treat blasphemy as deserving of several punishments up to, and including, execution
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Application of sharia law by country
Algeria Article 222 of the Family Code of 1984 specifies sharia as the residuary source of laws. The Sharia-derived family code treats women as minors under the legal guardianship of a husband or male relative. In criminal cases the testimony of two women are equal to the testimony of one male witness.
Benin It has a civil law system with influences from customary law.
Burkina Faso It has a civil law system.
Cameroon It has a mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law.
Chad After gaining independence from France, Chad has retained the French legal system.
Comoros The legal system is based on both Sharia and remnants of the French legal code. According to the article 229-7 of the Penal Code, any Muslim who makes use of products forbidden by Islamic law can be punished by imprisonment of up to six months.
Cote d'Ivoire It has a civil law system.
Djibouti The Family Code is mainly derived from Islamic law and regulates personal status matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance. Sharia does not apply to criminal law.
Egypt Article 2 of Egypt's 2014 Constitution declares the principles of Islamic Sharia to be the main source of legislation. Egypt's law and enforcement system are in flux since its 2011 Revolution; however, the declaration of Sharia's primacy in Article 2 is a potential ground for unconstitutionality of any secular laws in Egyptian legal code. Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the Ministry of Justice. The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia. In a family court, a woman’s testimony is worth half of a man’s testimony.
Eritrea Sharia courts entertain cases dealing with marriage, inheritance and family of Muslims.
Ethiopia Sharia courts have jurisdiction on cases regarding marriage, divorce, maintenance, guardianship of minors (only if both parties are Muslims). Also included are cases concerning waqfs, gifts, succession, or wills, provided that donor is a Muslim or deceased was a Muslim at time of death.
Gabon It has a mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law.
Gambia Article 7 of the constitution identifies sharia as source of law in matters of personal status and inheritance among members of communities to which it applies.
Ghana Islamic law is applied by customary or traditional courts as part of customary law.
Guinea-Bissau It has a mixed legal system of civil law and customary law.
Guinea It has a civil law system.
Kenya Islamic law is applied by Kadhis' Courts where "all the parties profess the Muslim religion". Under article 170, section 5 of the constitution, the jurisdiction of Kadhis’ court is limited to matters relating to "personal status, marriage, divorce or inheritance in proceedings in which all the parties profess the Muslim religion and submit to the jurisdiction of the Kadhi’s courts".
Libya Qaddafi merged civil and sharia courts in 1973. Civil courts now employ sharia judges who sit in regular courts of appeal and specialise in sharia appellate cases. The personal status laws are derived from Islamic law.
Mali It has a civil law system influenced by customary law. In urban areas, positive law is common. In rural areas the customary law usually dominates. Local rural versions of sharia are the predominant sources for customary law. Article 25 in Title II of Mali's constitution declares it to be a secular state.
Mauritania The Penal Code contains Sharia crimes such as heresy, apostasy, atheism, refusal to pray, adultery and alcohol consumption. Punishments include lapidation, amputation and flagellation.
Mauritius Muslim Personal Laws apply to Muslims. Polygamy is legal but the government will not officially recognize a polygamous marriage.
Morocco In 1956, a Code of Personal Status (Mudawana) was issued, based on dominant Maliki school of Sharia jurisprudence. Regional Sharia courts also hear personal status cases on appeal. In matters of family law, a woman’s testimony is worth only half of that of a man. With 2003 reforms of its criminal law, Article 222 of its new criminal code is derived from Islamic law; Articles 220–221, 268–272 of its criminal law similarly codify those activities as crimes that are prohibited under Sharia. Morocco adopted a new constitution in 2011; Article 41 of this constitution granted sole power to the Superior Council of the Ulemas to guide its laws through Fatwas from principles, precepts and designs of Islam.
Mozambique Paula Rainha states that, "Mozambique’s legal system can be considered civil law based (at least the formal legal system) and legislation is the primary source of law."
Niger It has not adopted any elements of Islamic law.
Senegal The legal system of Senegal is based on French civil law. The 1972 Family Code (Code de la famille) is secular in nature. Islamic law is allowed by article 571 of the Family Code only in the case of intestate successions, and only if the person had demonstrated in life a wish that his succession would be regulated by Islamic law. Most succession cases are decided under this provision. There has been growing political attempts to introduce more sharia regulations.
Sierra Leone It has a common law system influenced by customary law.
Somalia Sharia was adopted in 2009. Article 2 of Somali 2012 Constitution states no law can be enacted that is not compliant with the general principles and objectives of Sharia. Sharia currently influences all aspects of Xeer as well as Somalia's formal legal system.
Sudan Sharia has been declared the chief source of all legislation in Sudan's 1968, 1973 and 1998 Constitutions. In 2005, Sudan adopted an interim national constitution; it removed some references to Sharia, but included Sharia-derived criminal, civil and personal legal codes, as well as Sharia-mandated hudud punishments. The Criminal Act of 1991 prescribes punishments which include forty lashes for drinking alcohol, amputation of the right hand for theft of a certain value and stoning for adultery.
Tanzania Islamic law is applicable to Muslims under the Judicature and Applications of Laws Act, empowering courts to apply Islamic law to matters of succession in communities that generally follow Islamic law in matters of personal status and inheritance. Unlike mainland Tanzania, Zanzibar retains Islamic courts.
Togo It has a customary law system.
Tunisia Tunisia has a long secular tradition with a legal system based on French civil law. The Law of Personal Status, considered a reference in secular family law across the Arab world, bans polygamy and extrajudicial divorce. Sharia courts were abolished in 1956. Secular inheritance laws are indirectly based on Islamic jurisprudence, with religion never being mentioned in the Code of Personal Status; these laws accord to women half the share of property due to men.
Uganda Article 129 (1) (d) of the constitution allows the parliament to establish by law "Qadhi’s courts for marriage, divorce, inheritance of property and guardianship".
South America
Key Country Notes
Guyana The country has a common law system.
Suriname The country has a civil law system.
Asia
Key Country Notes
Afghanistan Criminal law in Afghanistan continues to be governed in large part by Islamic law. The Criminal Law of September 1976 codifies sharia, and retains punishments such as the stoning to death of adulterers. However virtually all courts, including the Supreme Court of Afghanistan, rely on Islamic law directly.
Azerbaijan The government is declared to be secular in the constitution.
Bahrain Article 2 of Bahrain's 2002 Constitution as originally adopted, as well as after February 2012 amendment, declares Islamic Sharia is a chief source of legislation. Four tiers of ordinary courts have jurisdiction over cases related to civil, administrative and criminal matters, with Court of Cassation the highest civil court in Bahrain; in all matters, the judges are required to resort to Sharia in case legislation is silent or unclear. Sharia courts handle personal status laws. A personal status law was codified in 2009 to regulate personal status matters. It applies only to Sunni Muslims; there is no codified personal status law for Shiites. In a Shari’a court a Muslim woman's testimony is worth half of that of a Muslim man.
Bangladesh Marriage, divorce, alimony and property inheritance are regulated by Sharia for Muslims. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 (XXVI of 1937) applies to Muslims in all matters relating to Family Affairs. Islamic family law is applied through the regular court system. There are no limitations on interfaith marriages.
Brunei Sharia courts decide personal status cases or cases relating to religious offences. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah declared in 2011 his wish to establish Islamic criminal law as soon as possible. A new penal code enacted in May 2014 will eventually prescribe sharia punishments, including the severing of limbs for property crimes and death by stoning for adultery and homosexuality.
India The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in a number of different areas, mainly related to family law.
Iran Article 167 of the constitution states that all judicial rulings must be based upon "authoritative Islamic sources and authentic fatwa". Book 2 of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran is entirely devoted to hudud punishments. Iranian application of sharia has been seen by scholars as highly flexible and directly contradicting traditional interpretations of the sharia.
Iraq Article 1 of Civil Code identifies Islamic law as a main source of legislation. The 1958 Code, made polygamy extremely difficult, granted child custody to the mother in case of divorce, prohibited repudiation and marriage under the age of 16. In 1995, Iraq introduced Sharia punishment for certain types of criminal offenses. Iraq's legal system is based on French civil law as well as Sunni and Jafari (Shi’ite) interpretations of Sharia. Article 41 of the constitution allows for personal status matters (such as marriage, divorce and inheritance) to be governed by the rules of each religious group. The article has not yet been put into effect, and a unified personal status law remains in place that builds on the 1959 personal status code.
Israel Sharia law is one of the sources of legislation for Muslim citizens. Islamic law is binding on personal law issues for Muslim citizens.
Jordan Jordan has Sharia courts and civil courts. Sharia courts have jurisdiction over personal status laws, cases concerning Diya (blood money in cases of crime where both parties are Muslims, or one is and both the Muslim and non-Muslim consent to Sharia court's jurisdiction), and matters pertaining to Islamic Waqfs. The Family Law in force is the Personal Status Law of 1976, which is based on Sharia law. In Sharia courts, the testimony of two women is equal to that of one man.[90]
Kazakhstan Islamic law was in force up until early 1920. The 1995 constitution is not based on sharia. However converting a Muslim is a crime.
Kuwait Article 2 of Kuwait's constitution identifies Islamic Sharia as a main source of legislation. According to the United Nations, Kuwait's legal system is a mix of British common law, French civil law, Egyptian civil law and Islamic law. The sharia-based personal status law for Sunnis is based on the Maliki fiqh and for Shiites, their own school of Islam regulates personal status. Before a family court the testimony of a woman is worth half of that of a man. Kuwait blocks internet content prohibited by Sharia.
Kyrgyzstan It has a civil law system. However converting a Muslim is a crime.
Lebanon Lebanon's legal system is based on a combination of Civil Law, Sharia law and Ottoman laws. There are seventeen official religions in Lebanon, each with its own family law and religious courts. For the application of personal status laws, there are three separate sections: Sunni, Shia and non-Muslim. The Law of 16 July 1962 declares that Sharia law governs personal status laws of Muslims, with Sunni and Ja'afari Shia jurisdiction of Sharia law.[84] In a Muslim family court, the testimony of a woman is worth half of that of a man.[citation needed]
Malaysia Schedule 9 of Malaysian constitution recognizes Islamic law as a state subject; in other words, the states of Malaysia have the power to enact and enforce sharia. Islamic criminal law statutes have been passed at the state level in Terengganu, Kelantan and Perlis,[104][page needed] but as of 2014 none of these laws have been implemented, as they contravene the Federal Constitution. In 2007, Malaysia's Federal court ruled that apostasy matter lay "within the exclusive jurisdiction of Sharia Courts". Malaysian Muslims can be sentenced to caning for such offences as drinking beer,[108] and adultery.[109] Several sharia crimes, such as khalwat (close proximity of unmarried man and woman) are punishable only in Sharia courts of Malaysia. Publishing an Islamic book that is different from official Malaysian version, without permission, is a crime in some states. Other sharia-based criminal laws were enacted with "Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territory) Act of 1997". Muslims are bound by Sharia on personal matters, while members of other faiths follow civil law. Muslims are required to follow Islamic law in family, property and religious matters. In 1988 the constitution was amended to state that civil courts cannot hear matters that fall within the jurisdiction of Sharia courts.
Maldives Article 15 of the Act Number 1/81 (Penal Code) allows for hudud punishments. Article 156 of the constitution states that law includes the norms and provisions of sharia.
Oman Islamic Sharia is the basis for legislation in Oman per Article 2 of its Constitution, and promulgated as Sultani Decree 101/1996. The Personal Statute (Family) Law issued by Royal Decree 97/32 codified provisions of Sharia. Sharia Court Departments within the civil court system are responsible for personal status matters. A 2008 law stipulates that the testimonies of men and women before a court are equal. Oman's criminal law is based on a combination of Sharia and English common law. Omani commercial law is largely based on Sharia; Article 5 of its Law of Commerce defaults to primacy of Sharia in cases of confusion, silence or conflict.
Pakistan Until 1978 Islamic law was largely restricted to personal status issues. Zia ul Haq introduced Sharia courts and made far reaching changes in the criminal justice system. Articles 203a to 203j of the constitution establish a sharia court with the power to judge any law or government actions to be against Islam, and to review court cases for adherence to Islamic law. The penal code includes elements of sharia. Under article 5, section 2 of the Ordinance No. VII of 1979, whoever is guilty of zina, "if he or she is a muhsan, be stoned to death at a public place; or if he or she is not a muhsan, be punished, at a public place, with whipping numbering one hundred stripes". Under a 2006 law, rape cases can be heard under civil as well as Islamic law.
Philippines There are sharia trial and circuit trial courts in Mindanao, which is home to the country's significant Filipino Muslim minority. Sharia District Courts (SDCs) and Sharia Circuit Courts (SCCs) were created in 1977 through Presidential Decree 1083, which is also known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws. Sharia law only applies to civil cases involving all Muslims nationwide. Cases are handled in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and a couple of Mindanao provinces that are not part of ARMM by both sharia district and circuit courts, organised into five sharia districts. Outside these areas, sharia-related cases are processed in civil courts under a session from the five sharia districts. All other cases, including criminal ones, are dealt with by local civil courts.
Qatar Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's Constitution. Sharia law is applied to laws pertaining to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts (including adultery, robbery and murder). In some cases in Sharia-based family courts, a female's testimony is worth half a man's and in some cases a female witness is not accepted at all. Flogging is used in Qatar as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations. Article 88 of Qatar's criminal code declares the punishment for adultery is 100 lashes. Adultery is punishable by death when a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man are involved. In 2006, a Filipino woman was sentenced to 100 lashes for adultery. In 2012, six expatriates were sentenced to floggings of either 40 or 100 lashes. More recently in April 2013, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption. In June 2014, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence. Judicial corporal punishment is common in Qatar due to the Hanbali interpretation of Sharia Law. Article 1 of the Law No. 11 Of 2004 (Penal Code) allows for the application of "Sharia provisions" for the crimes of theft, adultery, defamation, drinking alcohol and apostasy if either the suspect or the victim is a Muslim.
Saudi Arabia Saudi criminal law is based totally on sharia. No codified personal status law exists, which means that judges in courts rule based on their own interpretations of sharia. See Legal system of Saudi Arabia
Singapore Sharia courts may hear and determine actions in which all parties are Muslims or in which parties involved were married under Muslim law. Court has jurisdiction over cases related to marriage, divorce, betrothal, nullity of marriage, judicial separation, division of property on divorce, payment of dowry, maintenance, and muta.
Sri Lanka Private matters of Muslims are governed by Muslim Law, including marriage, divorce custody and maintenance. Muslim law principles have been codified in the Act No. 13 of 1951 Marriage and Divorce (Muslim) Act; Act No. 10 of 1931 Muslim Intestate Succession Ordinance and Act No. 51 of 1956 Muslim Mosques and Charitable Trusts or Wakfs Act.[140]
Syria Article 3 of the 1973 Syrian constitution declares Islamic jurisprudence one of Syria's main sources of legislation. The Personal Status Law 59 of 1953 (amended by Law 34 of 1975) is essentially a codified Sharia law. The Code of Personal Status is applied to Muslims by Sharia courts. In Sharia courts, a woman's testimony is worth only half of a man's.
Tajikistan The government is declared to be secular in the constitution. However converting a Muslim is a crime.
Turkmenistan Article 11 of the constitution declares that religious groups are separate from the state and the state educational system. But the legal system is civil law with Islamic influences Also converting a Muslim is a crime.
Turkey As part of Atatürk's Reforms, sharia was abolished in April 1924, with the Law Regarding the Abolition of Islamic Law Courts and Amendments Regarding the Court Organization.
UAE Criminal law in UAE is governed by Islamic Courts alongside Secular courts. Also, Personal Status Law, and Family Law, are Sharia.
Uzbekistan It has a civil law system. However converting a Muslim is a crime.
Yemen Law 20/1992 regulates personal status. The constitution mentions sharia. Penal law provides for application of hadd penalties for certain crimes, although the extent of implementation is unclear. Article 263 of the 1994 penal code states that "the adulterer and adulteress without suspicion or coercion are punished with whipping by one hundred strokes as a penalty if not married. [...] If the adulterer or the adulteress are married, they are punished by stoning them to death."
Europe
Key Country Notes
Albania It has a civil law system, except in the northern rural areas where the Code of Leke prevails.
Bosnia and Herzegovina It has a civil law system.
United Kingdom As of 2014, there were reported to be around 85 "shariah courts" in the UK, operated by two rival services -- Islamic Sharia Council and the newer, smaller, less strict Muslim Arbitration Tribunal. The councils/tribunals provide arbitration that is voluntary but legally binding, are "officially mandated" and set up outside the court system.
During recent years Sharia councils have been used increasingly in the UK and there are claims some of them act unfairly to women including legitimizing forced marriages and issuing discriminatory divorces to women. There are claims that some women were victims of inequitable decisions. According to Home Secretary, Theresa May, there is only one rule of law in the UK providing security for all citizens. There will be an independent review of whether Sharia discriminates against women, also "whether, and to what extent, the application of Sharia law may be incompatible with the law in England and Wales".
Germany Sharia law is part of Germany's private law through the regulations of the German international private law. It applies to people with nationalties from countries using Sharia law. Its application is limited by the ordre public.
States with limited recognition
Gaza Strip The Egyptian personal status law of 1954 is applied. The personal status law is based on Islamic law and regulates matters related to inheritance, marriage, divorce and child custody. Shari’a courts hear cases related to personal status. The testimony of a woman is worth only half of that of a man in cases related to marriage, divorce and child custody.
Kosovo From independence in 2008 Kosovo has its own new Constitution, where influence of international laws are very visible. Woman's rights, Anti Discrimination law and many other laws are similar as western countries. Still in some rural areas, specially in province of Dukagjine is applied "Kanuni i Leke Dukagjinit" - "Code of Leke Dukagjini" .
Northern Cyprus It has a secular legal system with heavy influence of modern-day Turkish laws. Info about whether civil or common law applies remains very vague.
Palestine The Jordanian personal status law of 1976 is applied. The personal status law is based on Islamic law and regulates matters related to inheritance, marriage, divorce and child custody. Sharia courts hear cases related to personal status. The testimony of a woman is worth only half of that of a man in cases related to marriage, divorce and child custody.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Local qadis (sharia judges) have jurisdiction over personal status and family law issues.
Somaliland Islamic and customary law apply.
Greece Western Thrace Under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Sharia regulates marriage, divorce, custody of children and inheritance for Muslims who reside in Western Thrace; the treaty also allows for the establishment of auqaf. Muslim can alternatively choose a civil marriage and take their cases to civil court. The question of the use of Sharia in Greece is the subject of recent[when?] judicial review.
Rest of Greece In other parts of Greece, all people are subjected exclusively to the provisions of the civil code, regardless of their religion.
Indonesia Aceh Aceh is the only part of Indonesia to apply Sharia in full. Islamic courts in Aceh had long handled cases of marriage, divorce and inheritance. After special autonomy legislation was passed in 2001, the reach of courts extend to criminal justice. Under a 2009 law, married people convicted of adultery can be sentenced to death by stoning, while unmarried people can be sentenced to 100 lashes. Offences such as being alone with an unrelated member of the opposite gender, gambling and breaking Islamic dress rules can be punished with a public caning. In 2014, the provincial government of Aceh extended sharia's reach, enacting and enforcing sharia to apply it to non-Muslims as well.
Rest of Indonesia In other parts of Indonesia, religious courts have jurisdiction over civil cases between Muslim spouses on matters concerning marriage, divorce, reconciliation, and alimony. The competence of religious courts is not exclusive, and parties can apply to District Courts for adjudication on basis of Roman Dutch law or local adat. Suharto’s New Order expanded the reach of Islamic law, first with the 1974 Marriage Act, which assigned jurisdiction over the marriage and divorce of Muslims to the Islamic courts (Indonesian: peradilan agama), and with the 1989 Religious Judicature Act, which elevated Islamic courts by making them a parallel legal system, equal to state courts and gave them jurisdiction over inheritance (wasiyyah), gifts (hibah) and religious endowments. Muslim litigants could originally choose whether to have inheritance questions decided by the Islamic courts or by the civil courts, but a 2006 amendment eliminated this possibility; the same amendment gave Islamic courts new jurisdiction over property disputes, including financial and economic matters. Muslims seeking a divorce must also file their claim in Islamic courts. The Compilation of Islamic Law 1991 (Indonesian: Kompilasi Hukum Islam) regulates marriage, inheritance, and charitable trusts (wakaf). Islamic law falls outside the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court. Since 2006, a number of districts have issued local ordinances based on sharia.
Nigeria (article) Sharia states Until 1999, Islamic law applied primarily to civil matters, but twelve of Nigeria’s thirty-six states have since extended Sharia to criminal matters. Sharia courts can order amputations, and a few have been carried out. The twelve sharia states are Zamfara, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto and Yobe.
Borno, Gombe and Yobe Borno, Gombe and Yobe have not yet begun to apply their Sharia Penal Codes.
Rest of Nigeria The rest of Nigeria has a mixed legal system of English common law and traditional law.
Thailand Yala, Narathiwat, Pattani and Songkhla In Yala, Narathiwat, Pattani and Songkhla provinces, Islamic law is allowed for settling family and inheritance issues under a 1946 law.[178]
Rest of Thailand The remaining provinces of Thailand have a civil law system with common law influences.
United Arab Emirates (article) Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah are not part of the federal judicial system.
Rest of the UAE The court system comprises Sharia courts and civil courts. Judicial corporal punishment is a legal form of punishment in UAE due to the Sharia courts. Flogging is used in UAE as a punishment for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex and prostitution. In most emirates, floggings of Muslims are frequent, especially for adultery, prostitution and drunkenness, with sentences ranging from 80 to 200 lashes. Between 2007 and 2013, many people were sentenced to 100 lashes. Moreover, in 2010 and 2012, several Muslims were sentenced to 80 lashes for alcohol consumption. Under UAE law, premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes. Stoning is a legal form of judicial punishment in UAE. In 2006, an expatriate was sentenced to death by stoning for committing adultery. Between 2009 and 2013, several people were sentenced to death by stoning. In May 2014, an Asian housemaid was sentenced to death by stoning in Abu Dhabi. Sharia law dictates the personal status law, which regulate matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody. The Sharia-based personal status law is applied to Muslims and sometimes non-Muslims. Non-Muslim expatriates are liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce and child custody. Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear family disputes, including matters involving divorce, inheritances, child custody, child abuse and guardianship of minors. Sharia courts may also hear appeals of certain criminal cases including rape, robbery, and related crimes. Apostasy is a crime punishable by death in the UAE. UAE incorporates hudud crimes of Sharia into its Penal Code – apostasy being one of them. Article 1 and Article 66 of UAE's Penal Code requires hudud crimes to be punished with the death penalty, therefore apostasy is punishable by death in the UAE. Emirati women must receive permission from male guardian to remarry. The requirement is derived from Sharia, and has been federal law since 2005. In all emirates, it is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims.[202] In the UAE, a marriage union between a Muslim woman and non-Muslim man is punishable by law, since it is considered a form of "fornication".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_of_sharia_law_by_country
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Iraqi women protest against proposed Islamic law in Iraq
Mar 8, 2014
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-women-islam-idUSBREA270NR20140308
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Professor as ISIS Target
March 2, 2015
Scott Jaschik
ISIS has declared that a Rhodes College professor -- a key figure in American Islam -- is an apostate who deserves to be killed...
https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/03/02/rhodes-college-professor-finds-himself-targeted-isis
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Al Qaeda Wants To Kill Warren Buffett, Bill Gates: Magazine Releases 9/11 Assassination List
09/10/15
http://www.ibtimes.com/al-qaeda-wants-kill-warren-buffett-bill-gates-magazine-releases-911-assassination-2090759
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How the Vatican created Islam
How the Vatican created Islam. The astonishing story from an ex-Jesuit priest, Alberto Rivera, which was told to him by Cardinal Bea while he was at the Vatican.
2006 04 13
"The Jesuits wanted Russia involved, and the location of this vision at Fatima could play a key part in pulling Islam to the Mother Church.
http://www.redicecreations.com/specialreports/2006/04apr/catholicislam.html
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Christianity vs. Islam
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Christianity_vs_Islam
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Unitarianism
Unitarianism is a Christian theological movement named for the affirmation that God is one entity, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism, which defines God as three persons in one being. Unitarians maintain that Jesus of Nazareth is in some sense the "son" of God (as all humans are children of the Creator), but that he is not the one God himself. They may believe that he was inspired by God in his moral teachings and can be considered a savior, but all Unitarians perceive Christ as human rather than divine. Unitarianism is also known for the rejection of several other Western Christian doctrines, including the soteriological doctrines of original sin and predestination, and, in more recent history, biblical inerrancy. Unitarians in previous centuries accepted the doctrine of punishment in an eternal hell, but few do today.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
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One World Religion: Former Israeli President Proposes Pope to Head ‘UN for Religions’
May 4th, 2015
http://www.thedailysheeple.com/new-world-religious-order-former-israeli-president-proposed-for-pope-to-run-un-for-religions_052015
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Peres proposes ‘UN for religions’ to pope at Vatican
09/05/2014
http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Peres-proposes-UN-for-religions-to-pope-at-Vatican-374526
VATICAN CITY – Former president Shimon Peres emerged from a Vatican City audience with Pope Francis Thursday after proposing a kind of United Nations for religions.
Peres, 91, who was the world’s oldest head of state until his term ended six weeks ago, met with Francis amid heightened tensions in the Middle East.
He used the talks to highlight human rights abuses from Hamas and to discuss the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe.
But the main topic of conversation was Peres’s idea to create a UN-like organization he called “the United Religions.”
Peres said the Argentina-born pontiff was the only world figure respected enough to bring an end to the wars raging in the Middle East and elsewhere in the world.
“In the past, most of the wars in the world were motivated by the idea of nationhood,” Peres said. “But today, wars are incited using religion as an excuse.”
Vatican spokesman Fr. Federico Lombardi confirmed to reporters that Peres had pitched his idea for “the United Religions” but said Francis did not commit to it.
“The pope listened, showing his interest, attention, and encouragement,” Lombardi said, adding that the pope pointed to the Pontifical Councils for Interreligious Dialogue and for Justice and Peace as existing agencies “suitable” for supporting interfaith peace initiatives.
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Catholic Church Spearheads One World Religion
The Catholic Church recently released a video encouraging the universal acceptance of all religions. Pope Francis also alleges that a personal relationship with Jesus is dangerous. This is a quick look at how such thinking measures up with the Bible.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQOK7BYongk
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Origins of Communist Pope Exposed
Sep 24, 2015
Alex Jones talks with Vatican expert Leo Zagami about Pope Francis and his real agenda.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3u6V9TCOQnE
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Pope Francis: questions remain over his role during Argentina's dictatorship
13 March 2013
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-argentina-military-junta
Jorge Bergoglio was head of the Jesuit order in the 1970s when the church backed military government and called for patriotism
Despite the joyful celebrations outside the Municipal Cathedral in Buenos Aires yesterday, the news of Latin America's first pope was clouded by lingering concerns about the role of the church – and its new head – during Argentina's brutal military dictatorship.
The Catholic church and Pope Francis have been accused of a complicit silence and worse during the "dirty war" of murders and abductions carried out by the junta that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983.
The evidence is sketchy and contested. Documents have been destroyed and many of those who were victims or perpetrators have died in the years that followed. The moral argument is clear, but the reality of life at that time put many people in a grey position. It was dangerous at that time to speak out and risk being labelled a subversive. But many, including priests and bishops, did so and subsequently disappeared. Those who stayed silent have subsequently had to live with their consciences — and sometimes the risk of a trial.
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Pope Francis, CIA and ‘Death Squads’
March 16, 2013
https://consortiumnews.com/2013/03/16/pope-francis-the-cia-and-death-squads/
Exclusive: In the 1970s, Father Jorge Bergoglio faced a moment of truth: Would he stand up to Argentina’s military neo-Nazis “disappearing” thousands including priests, or keep his mouth shut and his career on track? Like many other Church leaders, Pope Francis took the safe route, Robert Parry reports.
By Robert Parry
The election of Argentine Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio as Pope Francis brings back into focus the troubling role of the Catholic hierarchy in blessing much of the brutal repression that swept Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s, killing and torturing tens of thousands of people including priests and nuns accused of sympathizing with leftists.
The Vatican’s fiercely defensive reaction to the reemergence of these questions as they relate to the new Pope also is reminiscent of the pattern of deceptive denials that became another hallmark of that era when propaganda was viewed as an integral part of the “anticommunist” struggles, which were often supported financially and militarily by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
It appears that Bergoglio, who was head of the Jesuit order in Buenos Aires during Argentina’s grim “dirty war,” mostly tended to his bureaucratic rise within the Church as Argentine security forces “disappeared” some 30,000 people for torture and murder from 1976 to 1983, including 150 Catholic priests suspected of believing in “liberation theology.”
Much as Pope Pius XII didn’t directly challenge the Nazis during the Holocaust, Father Bergoglio avoided any direct confrontation with the neo-Nazis who were terrorizing Argentina. Pope Francis’s defenders today, like apologists for Pope Pius, claim he did intervene quietly to save some individuals.
But no one asserts that Bergoglio stood up publicly against the “anticommunist” terror, as some other Church leaders did in Latin America, most notably El Salvador’s Archbishop Oscar Romero who then became a victim of right-wing assassins in 1980.
Indeed, the predominant role of the Church hierarchy – from the Vatican to the bishops in the individual countries – was to give political cover to the slaughter and to offer little protection to the priests and nuns who advocated “liberation theology,” i.e. the belief that Jesus did not just favor charity to the poor but wanted a just society that shared wealth and power with the poor.
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'Mega' Agenda 21 resurrected with pope's help
U.S. visit converges with end of Shemitah, Jade Helm, blood moon
Published: 08/31/201
As the choppy waters of September 2015 move ashore, all eyes will be on Pope Francis’ visit to the United States, jittery stock markets and signs in the heavens.
Francis is expected to enthusiastically endorse a new U.N. document that promises to wipe out poverty by 2030 by reordering the world economy along the lines of socialist principles. The document, titled “Transforming Our World: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” also seeks to “strengthen universal peace” and usher in a new era of shared prosperity.
http://www.wnd.com/2015/08/mega-agenda-21-resurrected-with-popes-help/#PBjkP5fmml7dt8Fp.99
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Pope Francis First Speech: ‘We Must Build A New World Order’
Monday, March 18, 2013
http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/03/pope-francis-first-speech-we-must-build-a-new-world-order-2596132.html
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His Holiness Pope Francis Receives President Putin
http://www.smomembassytoslovenia.org/Pres.%20Putin%20with%20Pope%20Francis.html
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Wait... what? Pope Says 'This May Be The Last Christmas For Humanity'
12-23-2015
Pope Francis told crowds in St. Peter’s Square that this Christmas might be the last one for humanity. In a grim speech, the Pope said that the current chaotic state of the world marks the beginning of the “end times”, and that this time next year the world is likely to be unrecognisable. Francis, who previously announced the beginning of World War 3, had labelled this year’s Christmas as a “charade” during a Mass at the Casa Santa Maria earlier in the month. “We are close to Christmas. There will be lights, there will be parties, bright trees, even Nativity scenes – all decked out – while the world continues to wage war,” he said earlier in December. The Pontiff, who turned 79 on Thursday, elaborated on his views this weekend, telling a crowd, “While the world starves, burns, and descends further into chaos, we should realise that this year’s Christmas celebrations for those who choose to celebrate it may be their last“. “Unless the path to peace is recognised, we must weep for those innocent victims who grow by the day, and ask God for forgiveness. As Jesus and God weeps, I do too“ ( via rollingstone.com ).
http://www.disclose.tv/news/wait_what_pope_says_this_may_be_the_last_christmas_for_humanity/125881
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Pope, Putin to discuss relationship between Catholic, Russian church
Nov. 7, 2013
(Putin G20)
http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/11/07/Pope-Putin-to-discuss-relationship-between-Catholic-Russian-church/45161383832034/
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Time to establish a new world order, says Putin
October 29, 2014
Russian President Vladimir Putin has called on the international community to establish a new world order with the aim of preventing future conflicts. Speaking at an international discussion forum in Sochi, Putin affirmed the immutability of Russia’s position and called on the West to enter into a dialogue to solve today’s problems.
http://rbth.com/international/2014/10/29/time_to_establish_a_new_world_order_says_putin_40973.html)
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Putin Checkmates Obama On New World Order WWIII
Sep 30, 2015
In this video Luke Rudkowski breaks down the latest propaganda and gives you a real look at what's happening with between Putin and Obama fight over Syria.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQz1d9zwtXA
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{We often hear different opinions about Vladimir Putin. Some claim that Putin is part of a New World Order type political structure of trying to control the masses by military occupation and force, while others claim differently.
View our new books and videos to see how Russia was overthrown by Jewish Communists during the Russian Revolution. Many see how many Jews tried to infiltrate the KGB, and why Putin continues to allow Jews to try to take over a white ethno-state in Russia. We continue to see the percentage of the white race decline while Putin remains in power}.
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12/31/2018 - War Crimes And Genocide By The Israeli Government Part 1 - https://archive.org/details/WarCrimesAndGenocideByTheIsraeliGovernmentPart1Episode1
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Pollution Science 101 - Israel
PollutionScience101israel.blogspot.com
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Holocaust Investigation Marathon Part 1
12/25/2018 - Global Western Genocide 1 - https://archive.org/details/GlobalWesternGenocide1R
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The pope has even suggested that Donald Trump is not a real Christian.
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Pope Francis Suggests Donald Trump Is ‘Not Christian’
FEB. 18, 2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/world/americas/pope-francis-donald-trump-christian.html
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Some people question if the Pope can say who is a Christian, and who isn't, this is why many Protestant type Christians exist. Protestants are Christians that have protested against the ways of the Catholic Church.
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{As we know, the Pope lives in Rome. Some people think that the Pope is trying still gain influence and control over many parts of the globe, this includes influence that the Pope has in Israel, as a Holy Land. Different people in the media have accused the new Pope as being a pawn, for a type of global government agenda, under the United Nations. Many have accused the new Pope of wanting to create a global religion, that many have called Chrislam, which is a mix of Christianity and Islam}.
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{Alex Jones states that the elite are in the process of gun confiscation. The elite want to create a corporate planetary government that is endorsed by the Pope}.
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Stealth Gun Confiscation Begins!
Feb 24, 2016
https://youtu.be/zqXxgMddd4Y?t=7m11s
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Pope Francis Calls For A One World Race
May 7, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1S7Gd-uBD4
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Hitler Style Superstate Coming To The EU
The European Union is pursuing a similar goal to Hitler in trying to create a powerful superstate, Boris Johnson says.
In a dramatic interview with the Telegraph, he warns that while bureaucrats in Brussels are using “different methods” from the Nazi dictator, they share the aim of unifying Europe under one “authority”.
But the EU’s “disastrous” failures have fuelled tensions between member states and allowed Germany to grow in power, “take over” the Italian economy and “destroy” Greece, he warns.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCiWXEA8OAM
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Pope Francis Declares Himself The Anti Christ
May 20, 2016
In a shocking interview, Pope Francis likened Jesus Christ to ISIS and said Muslim migrants must breed with Europeans to counter “declining birth rates.”
“Today, I don’t think that there is a fear of Islam as such but of ISIS and its war of conquest, which is partly drawn from Islam,” he told French newspaper La Croix. “It is true that the idea of conquest is inherent in the soul of Islam, however, it is also possible to interpret the objective in Matthew’s Gospel, where Jesus sends his disciples to all nations, in terms of the same idea of conquest.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7b0zEcYpNY
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Alex Jones: Is The Pope The Devil?
Aug 8, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2VqTQB-no0
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We can see a long history of religious wars being fought in the Middle East. We can see that history often repeats itself in different ways.
The following article is written by an Israeli author, with his views about the Pope and the Middle East Conflict. This article explains why many Israeli people and Hebrew people are concerned with the new Pope.
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Biblical Prophecy From Book of Obadiah Reveals Pope’s Shocking Jewish Agenda
January 25, 2016
http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/59722/prophetic-truth-behind-rapprochement-between-pope-jews-jewish-world/
However, according to Singer, there’s a third, darker element that has been overlooked by most. This third element, which has prophetic implications, tells the real story of the Catholic Church’s agenda toward Israel.
Pope Makes Friends With Abbas
In May 2015, the Pope drew the Roman Catholic Church closer to the Palestinian Authority when he called PA President Mahmoud Abbas a man of faith and an angel of peace. A month later, in June 2015, the Vatican signed a treaty recognizing the State of Palestine.
Although the modern state of Israel was established in 1948, diplomatic relations between Israel and the Vatican were not established until 1993, 43 years after the founding of the State. Yet the Vatican has already recognized the State of Palestine, despite the fact that no such entity exists.
The Prophecy
According to Singer, the Pope recognizing the PA points to an End of Days prophecy that speaks of Edom (Rome) coming up against Jerusalem. The Jewish people’s conflict with Edom is discussed in the Book of Daniel (2:31-35) which speaks of four exiles of the Jewish people. Until the arrival of the Messiah, the Jewish people, even those who live in Israel, are still in the fourth exile, known as Galut Edom (the Exile of Rome)
The Exile of Rome began when the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in the year 70 CE, and continues until today. It will only end in the Messianic days, when the Third Temple is built. The Book of Obadiah includes a prophecy that, at the End of Days, Edom (Rome) will attempt to come up against Jerusalem a second time.
The vision of Obadiah. Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning Edom: We have heard a message from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent among the nations: ‘Arise ye, and let us rise up against her in battle.’ (Obadiah 1:1)
According to Singer, the surest way for Edom to “rise up against Jerusalem” and destroy Israel is to strengthen her enemy. Thus, the Pope’s friendship with Abbas and his efforts to embolden the PA is the real story, the true fulfillment of the prophecy of Obadiah.
Singer urged that the world not be fooled by signs that the Pope and the Jews are warming up to one another. The Catholic Church’s true agenda, to fight against Jerusalem, as Obadiah prophesied, is being revealed by the Church’s recognition of the non-existent State of Palestine.
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The Pope Is Not Welcome in Jerusalem
By Israel Shamir
http://www.israelshamir.net/English/Pope.htm
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Why Doesn’t the Pope Live in Jerusalem?
http://www.christiantimelines.com/Pope%20in%20Rome.htm
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Video: Putin Endorses Trump
December 17, 2015
http://www.infowars.com/putin-endorses-trump/
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Vladimir Putin endorsed Donald Trump. However, Putin also endorsed Obama for re-election during the 2012 race (maybe this was to try and bring down America).
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That Time Vladimir Putin Endorsed Barack Obama
That awkward moment
Dec 22, 2015
http://russia-insider.com/en/time-vladimir-putin-endorsed-barack-obama/ri11964
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{With the amount of special interest in politics, including financial and political gains that Putin has. Some people accuse Putin of being one of the richest people in the entire world. It would not seem wise, to put trust in an individual such as Putin. An individual such as Putin, should not be given the power to authorize the use of military force to create more wars, including the use of nuclear weapons. Russia even has its own military industrial complex, which Putin has investments in. We understand that many nations in NATO and BRICS have corrupt political groups. We can see that most nations around the planet have some type of corruption in the government. Russia has a lot of corruption in their own government.
It is not good having to witness governments from these two organisations threaten mutual nuclear war and destruction. Extremists, including zealots, exist on both sides of these groups. Some religious groups even want to create wars. We should be cautious of certain groups such as The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima}.
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Global Western Genocide 24 - Russia, Mexico & China
https://archive.org/details/GlobalWesternGenocide24
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{{{ Section updated March 22, 2018
We know that the United Nations wants a one world government under a Chinese style communist and fascist style regime, and this is why we have groups such as ANTIFA trying to create communism. Some question if the Russian government is working with the United Nations. We know that the Chinese government and the United Nations want to work together to gain a global power. We can also see how Sharia Law is being used as a tool to try and destabilize other nations.
Now that the Vatican is losing some of their power, we can see how they are now trying to promote Chrislam, which is the merging of Christianity and Islam.
We can see how they are trying to exploit all of the 3 different groups that are known as the 3 people of the book, Christians, Jews and Muslims.
We can see how Sharia Law is trying to expand and take over, then we can see how Rothschild Israel is trying to expand and take over. Many claim that the Vatican gave the British Monarchy their power, and the British Monarchy allowed the Rothschilds to gain their power in England. We can also notice that Islam would not exist without the Bible and without the Vatican. Islam is just a spawn of the Vatican, and just over a 1500 year period, we can now see how the powers that be, want to control these groups, including their militaries that have existed for over a thousand years.
We can see how different military type groups that have existed for over a thousand years, are all getting their slice of the pie. We even have new empires trying to rise and create a new power as well.
We have the Vatican, the Freemasons, Islam, Rothschilds, Rockefellers, British Royals, all royal families, and many corporations all have had power in the past, and still have much influence and power. Most people accuse the Vatican of having the most power out of these groups.
We have the Vatican trying to run the show, and they are aware of their power being lost, so now they are trying to rely on Chrislam, while the Muslims genocide off different ethnic groups and cultures, and assimilate them to this new religion. We can see history repeating itself, and that these two groups are just repeating history, and have been doing this for over 700 years, and what has really changed.
One of the biggest threats to the Catholic Church are European Protestants, which is why we see how
it is the Catholic Church now trying to bring in all of these Muslims into Europe, to try and destabilize white Christian Protestants, and replace it with Chrislam, in order for the Catholic Church to survive.
The Catholic Church realizes that Europeans and European armies are a giant threat to the Vatican in the past, and still are. This is why they want to try and eliminate the European people, including their armies, which are one of the biggest threats to globalization. We can see how European armies are superior to Middle Eastern armies and African armies for example. Then we see why they are letting more non-European foreigners just flock into Europe, to try and destabilize the European people. This is a good example of how wars are started, and I predict a major backlash against the one world government, for trying to genocide off the European people and their culture.
The powers that be do not want the real He-man around, and why they want to nerf humanity and the ability for people to evolve and think for themselves. We can see how the powers that be want to dumb down humanity with harmful chemicals in our food, clothing and water. Now they want to try and genocide some of the smartest people in the world, that pose a threat to their one world globalist system, and we need to stop the United Nations and the EU from trying to genocide off my people.
Even if we defeated the globalist, I think they could even try to use a super virus in order to kill mass amounts of people, and repopulate areas of the globe with different ethnic groups of people. This is why we should have laws on governments trying to genocide off groups and cultures of people.
Some have claimed that the Vatican used European countries and the European people to establish Catholicism in America and South America. We can see that South America is around 75% Catholic or so. Many say they are Catholic, but really are not, they're just raised to be Catholic and they change their views when they get older.
Many people are also leaving the Church, or just do not practice Catholicism anymore. Now we can see how If you try to leave Islam under Sharia Law, they can execute you. We can see how the Catholic Church would kill you 600 years ago if you left the Church.
Now that the Vatican has established and assimilated South America, we can see how now how many of these Europeans are no longer of use for colonizing South America for the Catholic Church. This is why we can see why they want to bring in more Catholics from South America, into North America. We can see the same tactics being used in America, as they are being used in Europe. Many have accused the Vatican of trying to thin out protestants in Europe, by adding millions of Muslims that will establish Sharia Law with Chrislam, which is very similar to how the Catholic Church would establish laws over 600 years ago.
Sharia Law and Catholic Law are very similar, especially hundreds of years ago.
They do not allow adultery, gambling, drinking, sodomy, etc.
They both believe in some the same angels.
They both believe that Jesus was a prophet.
One VERY important thing you must remember, and this is the key, they both believe in the worship of Mary.
They both will force their beliefs on you in past history, especially hundreds of years ago, and if you do not submit to these laws and obey, they will kill you.
Christianity and Catholicism are completely different and are not the same.
We have the Vatican and Islam trying to merge and create Chrislam, in order to gain more religious followers, and to expand across the world. Then we have the other front, which is the United Nations and a one world communist government trying to take over and expand the world.
Does Chrislam want to expand communism, or keep a physical currency how the Bible states? I am not sure.
Do we know if the United Nations and Communist China are working together? Yes
Do we know if the United Nations and the Vatican are working together? Yes
I am sure some of you will be offended, but I am trying to tell history and get to the point, and now is not the time to be politically correct.
What does the word "Fag" mean? A cigarette, or a bundle or sticks on fire, can we agree with this?
What is the symbol for the fascist symbol? A bundle of sticks with an axe, often on fire, or is going to be used to kindle a fire.
So we can see where this term comes from. Now, who were the original fascists? The Romans, correct.
We can see how the logos of Rome, had the symbols of the the fasci.
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Fascio
Fascio (pronounced [ˈfaʃʃo]; plural fasci) is an Italian word literally meaning "a bundle" or "a sheaf",[1] and figuratively "league", and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations. A number of nationalist fasci later evolved into the 20th century Fasci movement, which became known as fascism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascio
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The Romans were the first true fascists and would also be known for having orgies after going to battle, etc. Julius Caesar was also known as being a fascist.
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Chapter 10: Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima
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We have heard of many chivalric orders of the Vatican, such as the Knights of Malta. Many people often hear very little about other types of influential societies and organisations, such as "The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima."
Many clam that The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima is a religious organisation that is dedicated to converting countries, by "the promotion of the authentic teaching of the Roman Catholic Church and the strict adherence to the tenets of the Gospel."
The exact amount of political influence and power that this organisation has is often debated. Many even question if different religious organisations, such as the The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, were responsible for being associated with accelerating religious conflicts, in order to gain religious control.
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Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima
The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, now mostly known as the World Apostolate of Fátima, is a public international association of the Christian faithful that has as its general purpose "the promotion of the authentic teaching of the Roman Catholic Church and the strict adherence to the tenets of the Gospel; the personal sanctification of adherents through faithful adherence to the Message of Fátima and the promotion of the common good by the spreading of that Message of Fátima".
Membership
Membership in its most basic sense is through making a Pledge promising the following:
To offer up every day the sacrifices demanded by one's daily duty to the faithful observance of God's law
To say five decades of the Rosary daily while meditating on the mysteries
To wear the brown scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel as a sign and reminder of personal consecration to our Lady and
On the first Saturday of five consecutive months, with the intention of making reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, confess and receive Holy Communion, recite five decades of the Rosary, and keep company with Our Lady for fifteen minutes while meditating on the mysteries of the Rosary.
The official pledge of membership is :
I pledge myself to Our Lady and wish, thereby, to join the World Apostolate of Fátima.
Dear Queen and Mother, who promised at Fátima to convert Russia and bring peace to all mankind, in reparation for my sins and the sins of the whole world, I solemnly promise to Your Immaculate Heart:
To offer up every day the sacrifices demanded by my daily duty
To pray at least five decades of the Rosary daily while meditating on the Mysteries
To wear the Scapular of Mount Carmel as profession of this promise and as an act of consecration to You,
To accomplish the devotion of the Five First Saturdays of the month, including the fifteen-minute meditation on the Mysteries of the Rosary.
I shall renew this promise often, especially in moments of temptation.
The daily offering mentioned, is traditionally the following:
O my God in union with the Immaculate Heart of Mary (here kiss the brown scapular). I offer Thee the Precious Blood of Jesus from all the altars throughout the world, joining with it the offering of my every thought, word and action of this day.
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Consecration of Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration_of_Russia
The Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary by a specific act of a Pope along with all the other bishops of the world has been demanded in the belief that this will usher in a period of world peace following Armageddon and the final return of Jesus Christ.
This controversial belief is associated with the reported Marian apparitions at Fátima to three Portuguese children in 1917 and later to the one survivor of the three, Lúcia dos Santos at the city of Tuy, Spain in 1929, in which Sister Lucia reported a vision representing God the Father, the Holy Spirit and Jesus. Lúcia stated that at different times the Virgin Mary had given her messages that emphasized praying the Rosary, wearing the Brown Scapular; and that she had made a number of prophecies and promises, one of these being that the consecration of Russia would usher in a period of world peace but will then usher the wars of End Times.
In response, Pope Pius XII (1942), Pope John Paul II (1984) and Pope Francis (2013) consecrated the world to the Immaculate Heart, with Pius XII also specifically consecrating "the peoples of Russia" in 1952, sometimes worded as "acts of entrustment.".
Though Sister Lúcia dos Santos declared that the consecrations of 1942 and 1984 were accepted in Heaven, certain pious devotees to the cause of Fatima, especially Traditionalist Catholics, dispute that a valid consecration of Russia, fulfilling the specific requirements of the Marian apparition at Tuy that were carried out since the consecration has never been performed in union with all the Catholic bishops of the world as was requested, nor that the specific mandate "Consecration of Russia" is not expressed in wording verbatim by the reigning Pope. The topic remains to be a disagreement issue stemming from the ecclesial changes ushered by the Second Vatican Council.
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Three Secrets of Fátima
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima
The Three Secrets of Fátima consist of a series of apocalyptic visions and prophecies which by some are believed to have been given to three young Portuguese shepherds, Lúcia Santos and her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto, by an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, starting on 13 May 1917. The three children claimed they were visited by a Marian apparition six times between May and October 1917. The apparition is now popularly known as Our Lady of Fátima.
According to the official Catholic interpretation, the three secrets involve Hell, World War I and World War II, and the attempted assassination by gunshot of Pope John Paul II.
On 13 July 1917, around noon, the Virgin Mary is said to have entrusted the children with three secrets. Two of the secrets were revealed in 1941 in a document written by Lúcia, at the request of José Alves Correia da Silva, Bishop of Leiria, to assist with the publication of a new edition of a book on Jacinta. When asked by the Bishop in 1943 to reveal the third secret, Lúcia struggled for a short period, being "not yet convinced that God had clearly authorized her to act." However, in October 1943 the Bishop ordered her to put it in writing. Lúcia then wrote the secret down and sealed it in an envelope not to be opened until 1960, when "it will appear clearer." The text of the third secret was officially released by Pope John Paul II in 2000, although some claim that it was not the entire secret revealed by Lúcia, despite repeated assertions from the Vatican to the contrary.
According to some believers, the purported prophecies and their actual realization were dependent on the personal request by the Blessed Virgin Mary to "consecrate Russia" to the Immaculate Heart.
To this date, the formal consecration of Russia is widely disputed as incomplete among some Fátima devotees. Some claim the varying consecrations made by recent Popes are insufficient in fulfilling the specific request that the Virgin Mary allegedly made. Others consider the issue irrelevant due to the finished actualisation of the Second Vatican Council and World War II.
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Fátima vs. the Conspiracy Theories
February 28 2015
http://www.thecatholicthing.org/2015/02/28/fatima-vs-conspiracy-theories/
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Both the Bible and the Quran mention Mary many times.
Fatimah is the name of the youngest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Some debate if there is any association between these two different people named Fatimah.
The name Fatima is an Arabic baby name. In Arabic the meaning of the name Fatima is: Captivating. Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad; one of four perfect women mentioned in the Koran. The other three were Aisha; Khadijah; and Mary.
The name Fatima also means "the shining one."
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Fatimah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah
Fatimah bint Muhammad born c. 605 or 615 – died 28 August 632) is the youngest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Hussein, and one of the members of Ahl al-Bayt. She is the object of great veneration, love, and respect by all Muslims as she lived closest to her father (prophet Muhammad) and supported him in his difficulties, is the supporter and loving caretaker of her husband and children, and is the only member of Muhammad's family that gave him descendants, numerously spread through the Islamic world and known as Sayyids. The 11th century dynasty ruling Egypt at the time of the Crusades, the Fatimids, claimed descent from Fatimah.
For Muslims, Fatimah is an inspiring example and Fatimah is one of the most popular girl's names throughout the Muslim world.
Fatimah is a vital character in the religion of Islam and is considered a role model for all Muslim women. Although there is controversy regarding different sects of Islam as to her political role, she is the daughter of Muhammad and is loved and venerated by all Muslims.
Iranians celebrate Fatima Zahra’s birth anniversary which is also designated as Mother's Day in the country
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Mary in Islam
Mary, the mother of Jesus (Isa), is considered one of the most righteous women in the Islamic religion. She is mentioned more in the Quran than in the entire New Testament and is also the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran. According to the Quran, Jesus was born miraculously by the will of God without a father. His mother is regarded as a chaste and virtuous woman and is said to have been a virgin. The Quran states clearly that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth, but that neither Mary nor her son were divine. In the Quran, no other woman is given more attention than Mary and the Quran states that Mary was chosen above all women:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_in_Islam
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Jesus in Islam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam
Isa Ibn Maryam ( English: Jesus, son of Mary), or Jesus in the New Testament, is considered to be a Messenger of God and al-Masih (the Messiah) in Islam who was sent to guide the Children of Israel (bani isra'il) with a new scripture, al-Injil (the Gospel). The belief that Jesus is a prophet is required in Islam. This is reflected in the fact that he is clearly a significant figure in the Quran, appearing in 93 ayaat (or verses) with various titles attached, with Moses appearing 136 times and Abraham 69 times. The Quran states that Jesus was born a 'pure boy' and untouched by sin to Mary (Arabic: Maryam) as the result of virginal conception, a miraculous event which occurred by the decree of God the Creator (Arabic: Allah) which follows the belief of the prophetic message in the Old Testament passage Isaiah 7:14 and referenced in the New Testament passages Matthew 1:18-25 and Luke 1:26-38.
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Three Secrets of Fatima Documentary
Aug 22, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZwJDPaWsaA
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Sr. Lucia of FATIMA: "Russia is going to punish the world!"
May 6, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCjmYEujp5Y
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Francis Schuckardt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Schuckardt
Francis Konrad Schuckardt (July 10, 1937 – November 5, 2006) was an American Traditionalist Catholic independent bishop and the first known bishop of the sedevacantist movement in the United States. Sedevacantism holds that Pope Paul VI—sometimes going back to include John XXIII—and his successors are not valid Popes. Schuckardt founded the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (CMRI) and the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church (TLRCC).
Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church
About the time of his departure from the Blue Army, Schuckardt began giving lectures throughout the United States, promoting devotion to the Virgin Mary as well as speaking out against the various doctrinal changes that were, he claimed, the result of the Second Vatican Council.
He said that after a long and hard struggle, accompanied by much prayer and research, he concluded that from the Second Vatican Council emerged a "new" religion which was not truly “Catholic” (Open Letter to members of the Fatima Crusade, ca. 1968), and that Paul VI was a false Pope, that is, an illegitimate due to personal heresies. He also criticized the liturgical reforms of Vatican II and the teachings on ecumenism as severe departures of "true" Catholic doctrine.
In 1967, Schuckardt founded a community of nuns, Religious Brothers, and priests known as the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (abbreviated as CMRI), initially approved by the Bishop of Boise, Idaho. With his rejection of the reforms and authority of what he considered to be the "new Catholic Church," or the Novus Ordo (New Order), he formed an organization known as the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church (TLRCC). He insisted that this is not a "new church," but the same Catholic Church that existed for almost two millennia prior to the changes imposed by Vatican II. His followers refer to the Church generally recognized as the Roman Catholic Church as the "Modern Catholic Church" or the "Post-Vatican Council II Church". They labelled Paul VI the "arch-heretic of Rome" and referred to the mainstream Church as "the Church of the Beast".
Schuckardt and an associate Denis Chicoine began a national lecture circuit advocating a return to traditional Catholicism. Due to their outspoken rejection of the Second Vatican Council and embrace of sedevacantism, Schuckardt and his followers were denounced by the Roman Catholic Church. However several traditional-minded Catholic priests (some Jesuits and diocesan priests) had joined Schuckhardt and would provide the Fatima Crusade with the traditional, Roman Rite of the sacraments and the Mass. In his public discourses (which were preserved on audiotape), then-Brother Schuckardt reminded his followers that, despite the apostasy of Vatican II, Christ would most certainly provide for legitimate apostolic succession in "the Catholic Church." He is on record as saying that he "never expected" himself "to be part of that succession".
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Some people often associate the blue army as being the United Nations.
We question if different countries, including religious groups, could team up with the United Nations, for operations such as the Trilateral Alliance Treaty. This includes trying to carry out mutually beneficial plans for different groups that are trying to gain political influence.
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{We can see how groups such as the The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, would try to gain as much political and social influence, in different countries, especially in Russia. We could see how this influence from groups such as the Blue Army, could be a problem for other countries. A group such as the Blue Army could also try to convert, or assimilate other cultures, such as Islam, to join this Blue Army. In Islam, it mentions Mary and Fátima. I believe we need to go as far, as to take legal actions, to find out exactly what The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima is trying to accomplish. We hear a lot of talk about the Apocalypse happening in some religions, in order to bring about a messiah, by different religious groups such as Jews, Muslims and Christians. It is time that we start holding many of these zealot type groups, such as The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, accountable for their actions and influences on this planet. It appears that high ranking officials in the Vatican, have political influence and control over this organisation.
Many of these people of the Blue Army believe that "the consecration of Russia, would usher in a period of world peace but will then usher the wars of End Times."
Many people are concerned about end times types of religious groups. There remains different types of religious groups that want to accelerate the end times, in order to bring about a prophecy, that the Messiah will come when the Apocalypse happens.
We must stop religious groups, such as the The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, from gaining anymore political influence. These groups are a potential danger to this planet if they go unchecked. Some think we are better off taking procedures to ban groups, such as The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima. However, we hear talk about how the government wants to ban certain religions, such as Christianity. What people must understand, is that original Christianity and what Catholicism is today, are almost two different things. Catholicism is a Catholic organisation. Protestant Christians are protesting against the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Protestant Christians say that the Pope does not speak for Christians. Many people are tired of Christianity being blamed as a whole, for many of the Crusades, wars, including extra symbolism, and chivalric orders, that were added by the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican and Popes constantly cover-up many cases of pedophilia in the Catholic Church that's been going on for many years. This is why Protestant Christians did not want to be a part of the leadership of the Pope. I was brought up to respect the Catholic faith. After many years of research, I can see the amount of harm that certain individuals have done in the name of religion, especially with all of the wars in the name of religion}.
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{There is a lot of talk going on right now, about how the Catholic Church wants people to start using the Gregorian Calendar, this includes a type of one world calendar as well. Many cultures were using the Egyptian calendar, including the calendar of other cultures, such as the Chinese Calendar over in Asia. Eventually the Julian Calendar replaced the Egyptian Calendar for much of Europe. There is a movement for different religious groups to have their religious calendar used by the entire world. You can think of this example, as how people want to even have the power to have control over the time (Daylight saving time and Standard time)}.
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Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named for Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582.
The calendar was a refinement in 1582 to the Julian calendar.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar
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The World Calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Calendar
The World Calendar is a proposed reform of the Gregorian calendar created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930.
Elisabeth Achelis founded The World Calendar Association (TWCA) in 1930 with the goal of worldwide adoption of The World Calendar. It functioned for most of the next twenty-five years as The World Calendar Association, Inc. Throughout the 1930s, support for the concept grew in the League of Nations, the precursor of the United Nations. Achelis started the Journal of Calendar Reform in 1931, publishing it for twenty-five years, and wrote five books on the calendar concept.
Religious objections
The main opponents of The World Calendar in the 20th century were leaders of religions that worship according to a seven-day cycle. For Jews, Christians and Muslims, particular days of worship are ancient and fundamental elements of their faith.
Jews observe Saturday as Shabbat, on the basis of the Decalogue's injunction to "Remember the sabbath day, and keep it holy" (Exodus 20:8). Christians worship on Sunday, the Lord's Day, on which they believe Christ rose from the dead. Muslims perform the jumu'ah prayer in Mosques on Fridays, the day they believe Adam was created. Likewise, Seventh-day Adventists are required to worship every Saturday.
Adherents of these religions object that intercalary days are counted outside the usual seven-day week and disrupt the traditional weekly cycle. A week with a Worldsday would be eight days long. Adherents of these religions insist that they would have to continue observing their holy days every seventh day, causing the worship days to drift by one day each year (two on a leap year), relative to The World Calendar week. The day of rest would then no longer coincide with the weekend.
These concerns played a role in the United States government's decision at the United Nations in 1955 not to recommend further study.
Supporters of The World Calendar do not deny that their system is at odds with the traditions of a significant portion of the world's population, but argue that Worldsdays and Leapyear Days can be treated as "double" holy days by those who wish to maintain the seven-day week sequence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Calendar
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Chapter 11: The Orthodox Church
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{Many people still wonder the amount of influence the Pope has on the Orthodox Church. Many people know that the Pope also wants to unify Orthodox Christians, including Islam}.
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Full communion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_communion
In Christian ecclesiology, full communion is a relationship between church organizations or groups that mutually recognize their sharing the essential doctrines.
The autonomous Catholic Churches in full communion with the Holy See are:
Of Alexandrian liturgical tradition:
Coptic Catholic Church
Eritrean Catholic Church
Ethiopian Catholic Church
Of Antiochian liturgical tradition:
Maronite Church
Syrian Catholic Church
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
Of Armenian liturgical tradition:
Armenian Catholic Church
Of Byzantine (Constantinopolitan) liturgical tradition:
Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church
Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
Byzantine Church of Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro
Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
Hungarian Greek Catholic Church
Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
Macedonian Greek Catholic Church
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic
Russian Byzantine Catholic Church
Ruthenian Catholic Church
Slovak Greek Catholic Church
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Of Chaldean or East Syrian tradition:
Chaldean Catholic Church
Syro-Malabar Church
Of Western liturgical tradition:
Latin Church
The Catholic Church makes a distinction between full and partial communion. Where full communion exists, there is but one Church. Partial communion, on the other hand, exists where some elements of Christian faith are held in common, but complete unity on essentials is lacking. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church sees itself as in partial communion with Protestants, and in much closer, but still incomplete, communion with the Orthodox Churches.
Eastern Churches other than Eastern Catholic
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians have an understanding of what full communion means that is very similar to that of the Catholic Church. Though they have no figure corresponding to that of the Roman Catholic Pope, performing a function like that of the Pope's Petrine Office for the whole of their respective communions, they see each of their autocephalous Churches as embodiments of, respectively, the one Eastern Orthodox Church or the one Oriental Orthodox Church. They too consider full communion an essential condition for common sharing in the Eucharist. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, as first among equals among the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous churches and their spiritual leader, though not having authority similar to that of the Roman Catholic Pope, serves as their spokesman. The Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria holds a somewhat similar position in Oriental Orthodoxy.
For the autocephalous Churches that form the Eastern Orthodox Church, see Eastern Orthodox Church organization. Their number is somewhat in dispute.
The Oriental Orthodox Churches are:
Armenian Apostolic Church
Coptic Orthodox Church
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Indian Orthodox Church
Syriac Orthodox Church
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“Orthodox in communion with Rome:”
Trials and Tribulations of Eastern Catholics
http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/articles/catholic/communionWithRome.htm
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Eastern Orthodox Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, also referred to as the Orthodox Church and Orthodoxy, is the second largest Christian Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents. It tends to be the Church identified most often with the single term "Orthodox", as it is the largest among the Christian groups that call themselves by this name. The Orthodox Church is one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, teaching that it is the continuation of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles, and practicing what it understands to be the original faith passed down from the Apostles (Holy Tradition).
United in communion with the Latin Church for the first half of its history, Orthodoxy spread throughout the Roman and later Byzantine Empires and beyond, playing a prominent role in European, Near Eastern, Slavic, and some African cultures. Its most prominent episcopal see has resided in Constantinople since that city's founding in AD 324, centuries before the East–West Schism around 1054. Nevertheless, Orthodoxy has no Papacy or bishopric of similar authority. The commonly-used but unofficial designation of "eastern" derives from its geographical placement in relation to the "western" churches, which became (Roman) Catholic, and the historical function of Constantinople as the capital city of the eastern part of the Roman Empire.
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Chapter 12: The Cult of the Virgin Mary (organisation )
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Devotion to Her has long been a Controversial Affair
Behind the cult of Mary.
Jan. 25, 2008
http://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/01/25/devotion-to-her-has-long-been-a-controversial-affair
The Virgin Mary attained cult status in the earliest centuries of the fledgling Christian church. And despite a concerted effort begun by the Vatican 40 years ago to de-emphasize her, the mother of Jesus remains a powerful, albeit polarizing, force within the Catholic Church.
The church's liberal wing claims the Mary cult is an unnecessary anachronism. Others—mainly conservative Catholics—argue that Mary is as popular as ever and want her reinstated as the Queen of Heaven.
Catholicism's internecine debate over Mary's status is nothing new, says Michael P. Carroll, author of The Cult of the Virgin Mary. "Devotion to Mary in the western church has gone through a number of cycles," he says. Mariology is linked to Mary's important role within the church at its inception, according to Sarah Jane Boss, director of the Center for Marian Studies at the University of Wales-Lampeter. A prayer to Mary, written in Greek on papyrus and found in Egypt, addresses her as the Mother of God, and it dates to sometime between the third and fifth centuries.
But why did the early church feel a need to elevate Mary to a position of worship? Perhaps to help spread Christianity. "Ancient people needed a feminine figure in their worship," Boss says. "They were used to having goddesses." Moreover, virgin births of gods figured prominently in many ancient myths. And pioneering Christians often piggybacked on paganism to speed conversion. They built churches where pagan temples once stood and often proclaimed holy days that coincided with past pagan celebrations.
Go-to saint. Marian devotion went into overdrive in the Roman west in 431, after the Council of Ephesus agreed that Mary should be called Theotokos (Mother of God) rather than Christotokos (Mother of Christ). The Theotokos label also implied Jesus's divinity. To be sure, there were dissenters who considered the title blasphemous. Nestorius, an early leader of the church in Constantinople, protested that God has always been, so he couldn't have a human mother. In the 11th century, the scholar St. Bernard of Clairvaux gave the cult further momentum when he preached a more emotional, personal faith in which Mary was the prime intercessor.
In her book Empress and Handmaid, Boss notes that the earliest likenesses of Mary portrayed a stern, all-powerful queen. By the end of the 12th century, however, her image softened. Mary became more of a moral figure, humbler and more approachable, the go-to saint for the troubled. "She was someone you could chat to," Boss says. Although the church has always officially portrayed Mary as an intermediary with no supernatural powers of her own, that's not been the case at a grass-roots level, Carroll says. In many countries, such as Italy, different Madonnas are seen not as representations of the same person but as individual beings, each with their own special powers.
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The Cult of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/virg/hd_virg.htm
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Lecture 25. The Cult of the Virgin Mary:
http://www.learn.columbia.edu/courses/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/syllabus/lecture-20.html
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{It is often debated if different portraits of Jesus were drawn randomly. Some people think that the portraits and images of Jesus, including Mary, that many people pray to, could possibly be the picture of someone else, such as the relative of a ruler or emperor. This is why some Christian groups try not to use much symbolism when they worship.
Protestant Christians have accused certain religious groups of portraying Mary as a female deity or Goddess. This is done in a similar way that many of the ceremonies and rituals are done with shrines, and different types worship as we see in other religions. Some claim that certain types of Isis Goddess worship has been blended into the rituals that are preformed by these religious groups and individuals.
Many Christians say that it is good to admire Mary. However, many have grown cautious of some groups that have become overzealous in how they worship Mary}.
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Chapter 13: Order of St. Mary Magdalene
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Another interesting order is the Order of St. Mary Magdalene.
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Many times you will hear about how a lady wearing an all red dress, this is a Masonic type of symbol.
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( Lady in a red dress, Masonic )
https://www.google.com/search?q=ignatius+loyola+skull&biw=1600&bih=799&source=lnms&sa=X&sqi=2&pjf=1&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAGoVChMIy6uYqsfCxwIVEFCSCh3XZA4R&dpr=1#q=lady+in+a+red+dress+masonic
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The following website shows how the red dress is very symbolic to the Order of St. Mary Magdalene.
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Order of St. Mary Magdalene Study Guide
Practices of the Order of Saint Mary Magdalene
Sky Palace of the Red Maiden of Light
http://www.magdalene-circle.org/Order_of_Saint_Mary_Magdalene_Study_Guide.pdf
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Order of St. Mary Magdalene Study Guide
http://www.magdalene-circle.org/Order_of_Saint_Mary_Magdalene_Study_Guide.pdf
The Rite of Self-Initiation: Chrism of the Bride
The full moon is considered the ideal time to perform this sacred rite, preferably after the moon has risen in the evening, when the astral tide is the most potent and tangible. At the outset make sure your shrine is clean and well ordered, and make sure you have a vial of spikenard or rose oil and a cup of fresh water in the shrine, and place your prayer beads in the shrine and your prayer shawl nearby; place out your seat, whether a chair or some cushion on the floor, and light a candle in the shrine, but
do not light any incense. Then go and take a ritual bath or shower with the intention of cleansing yourself physically, psychically and spiritually, and put on fresh clothing–perhaps special clothing for this holy occasion. (Remember, you are entering in to communion with the Priestess-Queen of the Divine Order, so quite naturally you might wish to dress up.)
Having done this you are ready to begin the rite of self-initiation.
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Order of St. Mary Magdalene Study Guide
http://www.magdalene-circle.org/Order_of_Saint_Mary_Magdalene_Study_Guide.pdf
Building a Holy Shrine for Saint Mary Magdalene
The red egg is a bit more unusual symbol. According to legends in orthodoxy St. Mary Magdalene had occasion to bear witness regarding the resurrection before the emperor of Rome, Tiberius Caesar.
When he heard her story, in ridicule he said to her that a man could no more be raised from the dead than the egg in her hand could turn red, at which point the egg instantly turned crimson red, or so it has been said.
The skull and egg taken together, however, hold a much more profound and esoteric meaning: for the red egg represents the red mother seed “at the base of the spine,” the ascending force of the serpent power personified by the Holy Bride; and the skull represents the white father seed “in the crown on top of the head,” the descending force of the serpent power personified by her Bridegroom. Thus, taken together they are symbols of the mystery of hieros gamos–the sacred marriage, not as anything outward but as an inward event that leads to the dawn of Christ Consciousness, as in the experience of Lord Yeshua and Lady Mary. In the Sophian tradition, frequently a red stone egg and a quartz crystal
skull are used in shrines dedicated to Our Lady for this reason–crystal
skulls also holding the implication of the Body of the Resurrection, the generation of the Body of Light.
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{Some people even worship the religious figure Santa Muerte as another form of the Virgin Mary}.
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Beware of 'Saint Death'
November 21, 2011
What is the Santa Muerte?
The Santa Muerte is a fast-growing cult of Mexican/Latin American origin. This cult of religious devotion for a female grim reaper figure is usually depicted as a sacrilegious version of the Blessed Virgin Mary with a painted skull face. It's also depicted as a statue of a skeleton draped in red robes and a turquoise mantel. Mocking the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe, it's surrounded not by bouquets of roses, but by money, wine, tobacco and food along with candles and other devotional items.
http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/abbott/111121
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Santa Muerte
Nuestra Señora de la Santa Muerte or, colloquially, Santa Muerte (Spanish for Holy Death), is a female folk saint venerated primarily in Mexico and the Southwestern United States. A personification of death, she is associated with healing, protection, and safe delivery to the afterlife by her devotees. Despite opposition by the Catholic Church, her cult arose from popular Mexican folk belief, a syncretism between indigenous Mesoamerican and Spanish Catholic beliefs and practices.
Venerated in Folk Catholicism, Mexico and the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Muerte
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For more information on skull symbolism, view chapter 18 titled: "Skull symbolism."
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Chapter 14: The Russian Monarchy, Freemasonry & wars
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Vladimir Putin 'wants' to reinstate Russia's royal family and bring back the Tsars
VLADIMIR PUTIN 'wants' to reinstate the Russian royal family and move them into an ancient palace once occupied by the last Tsar Nicholas II.
Jun 24, 2015
http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/586470/Russia-royal-family-Vladimir-Putin-reinstate-Tsar-Nicholas-Second-Romanov
The Romanov family's extraordinary return would not threaten the rule of the Kremlin strongman but would aim to give them a role in unifying Russia.
The move proposed by Vladimir Petrov, a law maker from Putin's party, has prompted speculation that it has the Russian leader's direct approval.
Petrov also plans to introduce a law, which would be implemented by the centenary of the end of Imperial rule, which would "give the Royal family members a special status" and "stimulate their return to Russia".
The legislator has written letters to the heirs of the Romanov dynasty, which ruled the country for two centuries before the abdication of last Tsar Nicholas II ahead of two revolutions in 1917.
The following year the Romanov family - Nicholas and his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei - were executed by Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky under the orders of the Ural Soviet.
Petrov has written to Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and Prince Dimitri Romanovich urging them to return to Russia to become symbols of national culture in order to "revive the spiritual power of Russian people".
The leaked letter read: "Throughout the history of its reign, the Imperial dynasty of the Romanovs was one of the pillars of Russia's sovereignty."
The country now "goes through a difficult process of restoring the country's greatness and returning its global influence" and "members of the Romanov House cannot stay aloof from the processes taking place in Russia now at such an important historical moment".
It states: "I am sure that a return of the descendants of the last Russian ruler to the historic homeland will contribute towards smoothing of political contradictions left since the October Revolution, and will become a symbol of the revival of the spiritual power of Russian people.
"The Royal family descendants might play an important symbolic role in Russian society.
"Like in many European countries, Romanovs might become a symbol of preserving traditions and national culture."
The royals would be returned to one of the great Romanov palaces including Ropshinsky or Pavlovsky, near St Petersburg, or the grand Livadia Palace in Crimea, annexed by Putin from Ukraine last year.
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The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture
https://books.google.com/books?id=Kumg5iYYkWkC&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=masonic+symbolism+in+russia&source=bl&ots=GSdEWPC4U4&sig=fn5yl-rtSeK1I3K38YrHcamM5Po&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiLtIKb4cjHAhUDVZIKHbZhCQc#v=onepage&q=masonic%20symbolism%20in%20russia&f=false
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History of Freemasonry in Russia
Freemasonry was brought to Russia by foreign officers in the Russian service. Russian Freemasonry dates its foundation to the activities of Franz Lefort, Jacob Bruce and Patrick Gordon in the German Quarter of Moscow. James Keith is recorded as being master of a lodge in Saint Petersburg in 1732-34. Several years later his cousin John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore was appointed provincial grand master of Russia by the Grand Lodge of England.
Catherine II's factotum Ivan Yelagin succeeded in reorganizing Russian Freemasonry into a far-reaching nationwide system that united some 14 lodges and about 400 government officials. He secured English authorization of the first Russian Grand Lodge and became its provincial grand master. He favoured an archaic ritual of blood initiation which involved a symbolic commingling of blood.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry_in_Russia
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RUSSIAN FREEMASONRY: A NEW DAWN
AN OVERVIEW FROM 1731 TO 1996
http://www.mainemason.org/mlr/russianrhoda.htm
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Esoteric Tradition in Russian Romantic Literature: Decembrism and Freemasonry
https://books.google.com/books?id=9dD4E1Yv8dsC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Lauren+G.+Leighton,+%C2%ABThe+Esoteric+Tradition+in+Russian+Romantic+Literature:+Decembrism+and+Freemasonry&source=bl&ots=Y-RZxwMorS&sig=XoDtEia5fhs9CQ0TRDpkQ-oUrIA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwA2oVChMIi7G3g9XJxwIVTAuSCh0x8gDh#v=onepage&q=Lauren%20G.%20Leighton%2C%20%C2%ABThe%20Esoteric%20Tradition%20in%20Russian%20Romantic%20Literature%3A%20Decembrism%20and%20Freemasonry&f=false
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Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius - Royal tombs of Godunovs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius
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Mystical emblem: The secrets of the hammer and sickle
July 26, 2014
http://rbth.com/arts/2014/07/19/serp_i_molot_38327.html
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RUSSIAN MYSTICISM AND THE SECRET OF STALIN'S SKYSCRAPERS
11th June 2013
http://thehereticmagazine.com/old_page_stalin.html
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Is Putin Still a Freemason?
http://new.euro-med.dk/20140320-is-putin-still-a-freemason.php
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{The following website shows Masonic artwork in the All-Russia Exhibition Centre in Russia}.
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All-Russia Exhibition Centre is a permanent general-purpose trade show in Moscow, Russia.
http://magic-ays.com/Buildings/All-Russia-Exhibition-Centre.htm
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Communism and Freemasonry
The Red Dragon and the Black Beast
http://freemasonrywatch.org/communism.html
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THE DOUBLE-HEADED EAGLE
AND WHENCE IT CAME
http://www.masonicdictionary.com/doubleeagle.html
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The Symbol of the Two Headed Eagle – St. Petersburg, Russia
https://worldsymbolsblog.wordpress.com/2014/08/08/the-symbol-of-two-headed-eagle-st-petersburg-russia/
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Polycephaly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycephaly
Greek mythology contains a number of multi-headed creatures. Typhon, a vast grisly monster with a hundred heads and a hundred serpents issuing from his thighs, is often described as having several offspring with Echidna, a creature with the body of a serpent but the face of a beautiful woman. Their offspring account for all the major monsters of Greek mythos, including:
Cerberus – a monstrous three-headed dog that guards the gate to Hades.
Ladon – a sometimes hundred-headed serpentlike dragon that guards the garden of the Hesperides and is overcome by Heracles.
Chimera – sometimes depicted with the heads of a goat and a lion
The Lernaean Hydra – an ancient nameless serpent-like chthonic water beast that possessed numerous heads.
Orthrus – a two-headed dog owned by Geryon.
The Hecatonchires were giants with fifty heads and one hundred arms. The word "Hecatonchire" means "hundred arms". They were the sons of Gaia, and Uranus.
Hecate - Greek goddess of witches, nightmares, crossroads, and one of the Moon deities; sometimes represented with three heads.
Janus – Greek god of the doors, crossroads, and choices who had two heads to symbolize choices someone could make.
Eastern Europe
Balaur, a dragon with three, seven or twelve heads, in Romanian mythology
Svantevit, four-headed god of war and divination in Slavic mythology
Triglav (meaning "three headed") is a god or complex of gods in Slavic mythology
Zmey Gorynych, a dragon in Slavic mythology
Dragons in Hungarian folklore usually have three or seven heads
Heraldry
Double-headed eagle
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Double-Headed Eagle Crowns the Romanov Obelisk
http://www.moscow-driver.com/photos/love_russia/symbols_of_russia_and_ussr/double-headed_eagle_crowns_romanov_obelisk
The symbol of tsarist Russia, which has its origins in Byzantium, tops the restored column of the Romanovs in Alexander Garden near the western wall of Moscow Kremlin. The Russian imperial two-headed eagle was established as an official emblem of the state by Ivan III The Great at the end of the 15th century, and it was featured as a design motif in the regalia of the Russian Imperial Court until the fall of the monarchy in 1917. The symbol was adopted once again on November 30, 1993, at the initiative of President Boris Yeltsin.
Featured in many cultures around the world, including Ancient Persia, the Holy Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Venetian Republic, and Scandinavia, the double-headed eagle had been the symbol of the monarchy of Russia for more than four hundred years, and is most strongly associated with Russia again in the present time.
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Obelisks in Russia
Leningrad Hero City Obelisk
Kagul Obelisk
Demidovsky Pillar, Barnaul
Obelisk of Glory (Tolyatti)
http://www.snipview.com/q/Obelisks%20in%20Russia
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Stock Photo - Obelisk marking the border between Europe and Asia, performance of a Russian dance company, bread as a symbol of hospitality
http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-obelisk-marking-the-border-between-europe-and-asia-performance-of-34059633.html
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Obelisk. Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. Sergiev Posad, Russia.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Sergiev_Posad-Troitse-Sergiyeva_Lavra-Obelisk-1.jpg
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Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_tradition_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller
The Russian Tradition of The Knights Hospitaller (the Order of Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) emerged when the Mediterranean stronghold of Malta was captured by Napoleon in 1798 when he made his expedition to Egypt. As a ruse, Napoleon asked for safe harbor to resupply his ships, and then turned against his hosts once safely inside Valletta. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch failed to anticipate or prepare for this threat, provided no effective leadership, and readily capitulated to Napoleon. This was a terrible affront to most of the Knights desiring to defend their stronghold and sovereignty. The Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power. The Emperor of Russia gave the largest number of Knights shelter in St Petersburg and this gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and recognition within the Russian Imperial Orders. In gratitude the Knights declared Ferdinand von Hompesch deposed and Emperor Paul I was elected as the new Grand Master.
18th century
The special relationship between the Knights of Malta and the crown of Russia continued into the 18th century.
From 1766 to 1769, Catherine the Great sent many distinguished Russian naval officers for special training with the Knights of Malta.
From 1770 to 1798 there was a continuing presence of the Russian Navy among the Knights of Malta.
From 1772 to 1773, Grand Master Pinto sent Baillif Sagramoso as an ambassador to Russia, with the aim of maintaining the Order's cordial relationship with the northern giant.
In 1789, Bailiff Count Giulio Renato de Litta, while on an official visit from the Knights of Malta, assisted with the reorganization of Russia's Baltic Fleet, and later served as a commander with the Russian Imperial Navy in the war against Sweden.
In 1782, Empress Catherine sent her son Grand Duke Paul to visit Grand Master De Rohan as a gesture of her respect and admiration.
The next year, she sent Count Psaro as an envoy to visit De Rohan in Malta to solidify her relationship with the Knights of Malta, and further Russian influence in the Mediterranean.
In 1797, Paul I, Emperor of Russia signed a Treaty with the Order of Malta, establishing a Roman Catholic Grand Priory of 10 Commanderies in Russia in compensation for the loss of income from the former Polish Grand Priory (of 6 Commanderies), which lay in the Polish territory annexed by Russia.
In 1798, following Napoleon's taking of Malta, the Order was dispersed, but with a large number of refugee Knights sheltering in St Petersburg, where they elected the Russian Emperor, Paul I as their Grand Master, replacing Ferdinand Hompesch then held in disgrace. Hompesch abdicated in 1799, under pressure from the Austrian Court, leaving Paul as the De facto Grand Master. Although Paul I was the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, he assumed leadership of the Roman Catholic order.
20th – 21st centuries
This Russian Hospitaller tradition of St John continued within the Russian Empire, and then into exile following the Revolution in 1917. On 24 June 1928, a group of 12 Russian Hereditary Commanders met in Paris to re-establish the activities of the Russian Grand Priory. They were supported by three other Russian Nobles who were aspirants and admitted as Knights, and a Hereditary Commander of the Catholic Grand Priory of Russia. They came under the leadership of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovitch to 1933, and Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovitch to 1956, both holding the title of "Grand Prior". In 1939, Grand Duke Andrei and the Council agreed to the creation of a Priory in Denmark; the Priory of "Dacia". On the 9 December 1953, the Hereditary Commanders held a reunion in Paris and drew up a Constitution for the Russian Grand Priory in exile. In February 1955, the exiled Grand Priory based in Paris was registered as a Foreign Association under French Law as "The Russian Grand Priory of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem."
Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovitch became the "Protector" to the Paris group in 1956, but refused the title of Grand Prior. Commander Nicholas Tchirikoff became the Dean of the Union until 1974. Prince Nikita Troubetzkoy became the remaining member of the Council, which effectively signalled the end of the formal Paris group.
In 1958, a working title was adopted; "Union des Descendants des Commandeurs Hereditaires et Chevaliers du Grand Prieure Russe de l'Ordre de St Jean de Jerusalem". Although by 1975, with the death of the secretary, the original leadership had died out and the jurisdiction of the Paris Group came to a definite legal end; it is asserted that the tradition has been maintained by the Priory of Dacia, (which was acknowledged as a legal part of the Union) together with a number of descendants of the Hereditary Commanders associated with the Russian Grand Priory Association.
In 1977, however, Count Nicholas Bobrinsky, along with several of the Hereditary Commanders, also claimed to maintain this tradition and became what is now known as the Orthodox Order of the Knights of St. John, Russian Grand Priory. This international philanthropic and chivalric group in the Russian tradition is based in New York, and has over 600 members including heads and descendants of several of the original Hereditary Commander families as well as descendants of the House of Romanov and other Royal Houses, and has recognition as an NGO/DPI by the United Nations.
Paul I had created under Russian law, the Family Commanders of the Russian Grand Priory with Hereditary Rights. It is the descendants of these Commanders who have, with the support of members of the Imperial family, continued that Russian tradition in exile. In the latter days of the Empire and into exile, these were known as "Hereditary Commanders". The Commanders organised within the "Russian Grand Priory", a corporate organisation which existed under various names; “Association of Hereditary Commanders” (1928), “Russian Philanthropic Association of the descendants of the hereditary commanders of Sovereign the Order of Malta” (1929–1932), "Union des Commandeurs Hereditaires et Chevaliers du Grand Prieure Russe de l'Ordre de St Jean de Jerusalem" (1957–1958) and the longer “Union” title given above (1958–1975). Today various groups claim to be the continuation of the Russian Priory.
The "Russian Tradition of the Knights Hospitaller" is not recognised by the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem or the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Emperor Paul wearing the Crown of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta (1799).
Count Vassiliev, a 19th-century Knight Commander, and Minister of Finance under Alexander I of Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_tradition_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller
________
Paul I of Russia
Paul I (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 – 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. Officially, he was the only son of Peter III and Catherine the Great, though Catherine is said to have later stated that he was fathered by her lover Sergei Saltykov.
He remained overshadowed by his mother for much of his life. Paul's reign lasted for only five years, ending with his assassination by conspirators. His most important achievement was the adoption of the laws of succession to the Russian throne that lasted until the end of the Romanov dynasty and the Russian Empire.
He became de facto Grand Master of the Order of Hospitallers, and ordered the creation of a number of Maltese thrones (currently on display in the State Hermitage Museum, Gatchina Palace and Kremlin Armoury).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia
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The Grand Masters of the XVIIIth century
http://romeartlover.tripod.com/Malta17.html
During the XVIIIth century the importance and reputation of the Order declined for various reasons. The Knights ceased to be seen as a bastion of Christianity against the Ottoman threat. The Knights' attacks on Ottoman ships were considered as acts of piracy, similar to those perpetrated by Barbary corsairs. Enlightenment philosophers led European public opinion to regard the Knights as noblemen who lived off hereditary privileges and did not make any contribution to the progress of society. The 1789 French Revolution and its developments were fatal to the Order. In June 1798 a French army landed on Malta and the Knights surrendered without any real attempt to defend their small state.
This page is illustrated with coats of arms or heraldic symbols of the Grand Masters.
One of the first events during the long government of Perellos was the visit of an envoy sent by Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia. Peter had just conquered the Ottoman fortress of Azov, on the sea by the same name and he had founded a Navy base at nearby Taganrog.
The Russian envoy was sent to Malta with the objective of laying the ground for future alliances against the Ottomans. Perellos treated the envoy with much pomp, overlooking the fact that Russia was not a Roman Catholic country. The visit marked the beginning of a relationship which became so intense that in 1799 Russian Emperor Paul I became Grand Master of the Order.
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Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. Like other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title Tsar (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). He is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church and has been referred to as Saint Nicholas the Martyr.
Nicholas II ruled from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Political enemies nicknamed him Nicholas the Bloody because of the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, his violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, his execution of political opponents and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War.
Under his rule, Russia was severely defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, which saw the annihilation of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. The Anglo-Russian Entente, designed to counter German attempts to gain influence in the Middle East, ended the Great Game between Russia and the United Kingdom. As head of state, Nicholas approved the Russian mobilisation of August 1914, which marked the beginning of Russia's involvement in the First World War, a war in which 3.3 million Russians were killed. The Imperial Army's severe losses and the High Command's incompetent handling of the war, along with other policies directed by Nicholas during his reign, are often cited as the leading causes of the fall of the Romanov dynasty.
Nicholas II abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 during which he and his family were imprisoned first in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, then later in the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk, and finally at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. In the spring of 1918, Nicholas was handed over to the local Ural soviet by commissar Vasili Yakovlev who was given a written receipt.
Nicholas II; his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna; his son, Alexei Nikolaevich; his four daughters, Olga Nikolaevna, Tatiana Nikolaevna, Maria Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna; the family's medical doctor, Evgeny Botkin; the Emperor's footman, Alexei Trupp; the Empress' maidservant, Anna Demidova; and the family's cook, Ivan Kharitonov, were executed in the same room by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16/17 July 1918.
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia with his physically similar cousin, King George V of the United Kingdom (right), in German military uniforms in Berlin before the war; 1913
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia
--------------
{We know that King Czar Nicholas II of Russia and King George V of England were both cousins. This was happening, just as England claimed to eventually switch over from a monarchy to a democracy. However, we now know that countries such as Australia, Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations, still are under political rule from the British Monarchy. This is explained in the video, Secret societies & royal orders investigated. - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRfVhY40xpI&list=PL404C1C8EFF486987&index=1
Russia even accuses the British Monarchy of having political influence and power over these different realms currently. Even though Russia claimed to have a revolution to kick out the royal families, we know that different elitist and royal families still have political influence and power over in Russia. Many even claim that Russia is still part of the so called "New World Order." Even though just as part of America, including parts of Russia, are trying to resist much of the corruption by the bad influences in government. This is why I love the people of Russia, but it is my job to expose the existing corruption in the government that is destroying such a beautiful world}.
-----------
The following video states that:
" There are currently around forty nations that have monarchs. With various titles as King, Queen, Sultan and Amir. Many of these countries are leftover British colonies, who still acknowledge the authority of Queen Elizabeth II. " - The Discovery Channel
-----------
Why Do Some Countries Still Have a Monarchy?
Sep 18, 2015
http://news.discovery.com/human/videos/why-do-some-countries-still-have-a-monarchy-test-tube-news-150918.htm
------------------------
{When we take a look at the map of the Russian Empire, we can see the amount of wars and problems that have been caused by the Russian Royal Families, this includes the same with the wars that were caused by the British monarchy. We can see that the British Monarchy kept their power for a good period of time. Yet, many historians still question if the Russian Royal Family (who are related to the British Monarchy), could have kept their political influence.
We can see that many Jews have tried to take control of the government of Russia, and how Putin allows Jews to continue to take over Russia. If anything, we should kick many of the Muslims and fake Jews out of Russia and make Russia a majority white nation. You will continue to see the white race decline under the rule of Putin, while we see an increase in the fake Jewish population and other races}.
-----------
How Russian nationalism explains Putin’s outreach to Jews and Israel
https://www.jta.org/2018/07/19/israel/russian-nationalism-motivates-putins-jewish-outreach-home-towards-israel
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Vladimir Putin: Maybe 'Jews With Russian Citizenship' Meddled in U.S. Elections
Russia's Putin tells NBC 'I do not care at all' about alleged Russian meddling Israeli lawmaker says 'hatred of Jews' lies at the root of Putin's claim
https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/putin-maybe-jews-with-russian-citizenship-meddled-in-u-s-elections-1.5888887
-----------
Why are many Russian billionaire oligarchs of Jewish descent?
Majority of oligarchs are Jews in any country.
https://www.quora.com/Why-are-many-Russian-billionaire-oligarchs-of-Jewish-descent
-------------------
How Russia's mafia is taking over Israel's underworld
There are alarming signs that the Russian mafia has taken over the Israeli underworld and is using the country to launder its vast profits.
A wave of mass immigration from the former Soviet Union has brought 750,000 newcomers to the Jewish state in the last decade.
Amid the innocent exodus were Russian gangsters, many of whom are believed to have produced bogus proof of Jewish ancestry to enter the country.
Police in Israel have been keeping around 30 organised key crime suspects under surveillance.
Modern form of slavery
Many are controlled by Russian mobsters who recruit Eastern European women who then become trapped and subservient.
Rita Rasnic, of the Israeli Women's Aid Centre, describes it as "modern day white slavery".
Women are often traded between gangsters for £6,000 ($10,000) to £9,000 ($15,000) and routinely have their passports taken away by their pimps.
Detective Toni Haddad of the Haifa vice squad says: "They are sold like slaves.
"Nobody cares. I don't think it's life for them," as the prostitutes have to do whatever their bosses want. The woman are "not free to do anything."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/russian_mafia/69521.stm
-----------------------
Israel and The White Slave Trade
Since thecollapse of the Berlin wall in 1989, hundreds of thousands of young women from Eastern Europe have been lured into prostitution networks and taken away from their homes to far-flung destinations. The International Organization for Migration estimates that 500,000 young women from the former Soviet Union have fallen into the hands of criminal gangs. The media remains extremely quiet on the matter. And yet, in May 2000, an Amnesty International report revealed the extent of the problem, and identified Israelas being the central hub of this traffic.
https://herveryssen.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/hervc3a9-ryssen-israel-and-the-white-slave-trade.pdf
----------------------
Saagar Enjeti: BOMBSHELL development as Epstein accuser NAMES former Israeli Prime Minister
Jun 24, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlekoSvcRtM
----------------------
Russian Jewish Immigration and its Effect on the State of Israel
https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1121&context=ijgls
----------------------
Russian mafia leaves Bay Area Jews alone, officials say
https://www.jweekly.com/1996/03/22/russian-mafia-leaves-bay-area-jews-alone-officials-say/
Following a California Justice Department report on the menace of Russian organized crime statewide, some local Jewish leaders are contending that the so-called Russian mafia neither includes nor targets Jews.
But several sources close to the emigre community say that Russian Jews are indeed both members of the Russian mafia and victims who are too frightened to report crime to the authorities.
Several Jewish agency officials maintained, however, that they have seen no evidence of Jewish involvement in local Russian organized crime.
"There are very few Jews we have ever heard of who are involved," said Anita Friedman, executive director of the S.F.-based Jewish Family and Children's Services, an agency that has helped settle thousands of emigres from the former Soviet Union. "It hasn't been an issue within the Jewish community."
--------------
Full text of "Red Mafiya: How the Russian Mob Has Invaded America"
https://archive.org/stream/RedMafiyaHowTheRussianMobByRobertI.Friedman2000/Red%20Mafiya-%20How%20the%20Russian%20Mob%20by%20Robert%20I.%20Friedman%20(2000)_djvu.txt
-----------------------
TRUMP, RUSSIA, CHABAD AND SEMION MOGILEVICH
https://wideawakegentile.wordpress.com/2017/07/30/trump-putin-russia-the-ties-that-bind-chabad-russian-mafia-and-semion-mogilevich/
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U.S. Cables: Russian, Israeli Mafias Gaining Power, Infiltrating Governments
https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/10311-us-cables-russian-israeli-mafias-gaining-power-infiltrating-governments
Among the secret U.S. diplomatic cables released recently by WikiLeaks are several from Moscow, Tel Aviv, and other capitals expressing concern over the connections between, and rising influence of, the Russian and Israeli mafias around the world. The extent of their control over certain governments was also noted, with one expert describing the existence of “virtual mafia states” among former Soviet republics.
An American embassy cable from Spain, highlighted by the German publication Spiegel, details a high-level Spanish prosecutor’s conclusions about certain former Soviet states like Russia, Belarus, and Chechnya. After more than a decade of investigations into the world of organized crime, prosecutor Jose Gonzalez called the nations “virtual mafia states.” Ukraine is apparently following the same path.
“For each of those countries, one cannot differentiate between the activities of the government and organized crime groups," said the Spanish prosecutor, charged with investigating the Russian mob in particular. He also claimed Russia’s “intelligence” apparatus was “absorbing” mobster kingpins and that the Russian mafia already dominates “certain strategic sectors of the global economy” like the aluminum industry.
--------------------
The Happy-Go-Lucky Jewish Group That Connects Trump and Putin
Where Trump's real estate world meets a top religious ally of the Kremlin.
https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/the-happy-go-lucky-jewish-group-that-connects-trump-and-putin-215007
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Russian Mafia an International Concern for US Diplomats
Leaked embassy cables show US diplomats are concerned about the growing power of Russian organized crime and believe it has contacts with the highest levels of government in Moscow.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/virtual-mafia-states-russian-mafia-an-international-concern-for-us-diplomats-a-732345.html
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Trump and the Jews
https://aryanskynet.wordpress.com/2017/05/28/trump-and-the-jews/
We were warned many times growing up about Jews trying to get plastic surgery to look more white.
----------------
Mike Flynn Talent Scout Ivanka Trump Helping Choose Next World Bank President
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/01/ivanka-trump-helping-choose-next-world-bank-president
----------------------------
THE TRUMPS FOUR GENERATIONS OF JEWISH TIES
Posted on January 30, 2017 by Indian Gentile
The Trump family has the largest number of Jews in the first family All
three married children of Donald Trump being married to Jews
https://wideawakegentile.wordpress.com/2017/01/30/the-trumps-four-generations-of-jewish-ties/
------------------------
Was Donald Trump born into a crypto-Jewish family? If so, does he know it?
http://themillenniumreport.com/2017/05/was-donald-trump-born-into-a-crypto-jewish-family/
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Trump’s Women & Plastic Surgery
https://medium.com/@sherylcanter/trumps-women-plastic-surgery-6aea184ce882
{Wow, Trump's wife and daughter actually look more Jewish. I really do
think that Trump is in with the Jews and that he must be a Jew. Look at
how his Jewish looking daughter goes and marries the Jew Jared Kushner,
then all of a sudden Trump's daughter is just magically now a Jew and
that Trumps grandchildren are all going to be Jewish. I honestly do not
buy it, and think that Ivanka was Jewish all along. Regardless, now we
have a bunch of Jews in the White House}.
------------------
Donald Trump gifted Jewish Prayer Shawl and Bible by Detroit Bishop
Trump attended a church service at Great Faith Ministries in Detroit in an effort to court Black voters.
https://www.jpost.com/US-Elections/Donald-Trump/Donald-Trump-gifted-Jewish-Prayer-Shawl-and-Bible-by-Detroit-Bishop-466776
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(Video): Trump celebrates Jerusalem decision: ‘World is a better place because of Israel & Jewish people’
https://middleeastobserver.net/video-trump-celebrates-jerusalem-decision-world-is-a-better-place-because-of-israel-jewish-people/
-------------
Discover ideas about Donald And Melania Trump
Family
festivities: Ivanka also shared this snap of her family after they had
lit their menorah at home while celebrating Hanukkah
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/343258802842477132/
-----------------
{Trump is a Jewish joke, and this is why we would have been way better off with me in power.
I would have deported many of the Arab Muslims and illegal immigrants trying to destroy the west}.
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Trump in Israel: Barrage of selfies and requests for favors
https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/05/22/trump-greeted-with-selfies-and-politics-on-arrival-in-israel/
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Trump pays tribute to Holocaust Remembrance Day: 'Our nation is indebted to the Holocaust's survivors'
https://abcnews.go.com/beta-story-container/Politics/trump-pays-tribute-international-holocaust-remembrance-day-nation/story?id=52647520
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Internet reacts after CNN calls Ivanka Trump 'America’s most powerful Jewish woman'
https://www.aol.com/article/news/2017/06/05/internet-reacts-after-cnn-calls-ivanka-trump-america-s-most-pow/22126072/
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As Modern Orthodox Jews, Jared Kushner & Ivanka Trump Share Deep Connection To Israel & Chabad
https://www.anneofcarversville.com/hillary-women/2017/5/25/ivanka-melania-calm-orthodox-jewish-fears-leaving-western-wall-uncontaminated-by-western-womanly-touching
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Israel: Apocalypse in Golestan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxUft3YO5Ws
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Blast from the past! Ivanka Trump wears a $2,300 1940s-inspired frock
and a fascinator while walking to synagogue alongside her three
scooting children in celebration of Jewish holiday Shemini Atzeret
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-6228347/Ivanka-Trump-wears-2-300-dress-goes-synagogue-children.html
{Look, they are even dressing the Jewish kid up in a skull and crossbones helmet}.
----------------
Hating on Trump
It could be about Israel
http://www.unz.com/pgiraldi/hating-on-trump/
---------------------
They're Not Jews. They're MAGA People. And They Run Israel
https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-they-re-not-jews-they-re-maga-people-and-they-run-israel-1.6908864
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Major Russian-Israeli Diamond Merchant and Real Estate Developer Under Criminal Investigation
https://www.richardsilverstein.com/2018/11/05/major-russian-israeli-diamond-merchant-and-real-estate-developer-under-criminal-investigation/
----------------------
Vladimir Putin has been supportive of Jews, but antisemitism is rife in Russia
History suggests the future promises nothing comforting for the Jews of Russia
https://www.thejc.com/comment/comment/vladimir-putin-has-been-supportive-of-jews-but-antisemitism-remains-rife-in-russia-1.461148
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US Treasury’s ‘Putin list’ features Jewish billionaires
https://www.jta.org/2018/01/31/politics/at-least-two-jewish-billionaires-on-u-s-treasureys-putin-list
(JTA) — Several Jewish billionaires, including the head of the European Jewish Congress, appear on a list of Russian politicians and oligarchs published by the U.S. Treasury as part of a sanctions law against Moscow.
The list of 114 politicians and 96 oligarchs, which was ordered by Congress in response to Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign, all rose to power under President Vladimir Putin. They are considered to be fair game for sanctions under legislation meant to punish Russia for its interference in the U.S. election, as well as other actions such as human rights violations, annexation of Crimea and ongoing military operations in eastern Ukraine.
Putin called the publication of the list on Monday evening a “hostile step,” The Associated Press reported.
--------------------
Putin and the Jews
In an interview with NBC’s Megyn Kelly that was broadcast over the weekend, Russian President Vladimir Putin raised the possibility that “Jews” were the ones responsible for meddling in the 2016 US president election.
After being pressed by Kelly to comment on claims of Russian interference in the elections, Putin replied, “Maybe they’re not even Russians. Maybe they’re Ukrainians, Tatars, Jews, just with Russian citizenship. Even that needs to be checked.”
https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Putin-and-the-Jews-544905
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Know Your Oligarch: A Guide to the Jewish Billionaires in the Trump-Russia Probe
Of 10 billionaires with Kremlin ties who funneled political contributions to Donald Trump and a number of top Republican leaders, at least five are Jewish
https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/know-your-oligarch-a-guide-to-the-jewish-machers-in-the-russia-probe-1.6113189
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Welcome to penal colony YaG 14/10. Now the home of one of Russia's richest men
24 Oct 2005
Billionaire gets six years in Siberia Border region
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/25/russia.tomparfitt
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Billionaire former Putin ally will have another chance to see business rival jailed for 'court order breach' after Appeal judges rule legal action was more than just 'revenge' amid long-running feud over ownership of Moscow factory
30 November 2021
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10259097/Billionaire-Putin-ally-chance-business-rival-jailed.html
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Exiled Russian Oligarch Khodorkovsky on the Real McMafia, Vladimir Putin, and Political Murders
Mar. 05, 2018
https://www.thedailybeast.com/exiled-russian-billionaire-khodorkovsky-on-the-real-mcmafia-vladimir-putin-and-political-murders
---------------
How Russian Is the "Russian" Mafia?
http://www.unz.com/akarlin/how-russian-is-the-russian-mafia/
{Some qestion the accuracy of this chart}.
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Putin's Chosen People: Theories of Russian JewishPolicy, 2000-2017
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=ppe_honors
---------------
ANTI-SEMITISM AND THE RUSSIAN OLIGARCHS
https://jamestown.org/program/anti-semitism-and-the-russian-oligarchs/
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The Odd Chabad Connection Between Putin and Trump
https://washingtonmonthly.com/2017/11/27/the-odd-chabad-connection-between-putin-and-trump/
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All The Dots, Connected
A look at the networks connecting the various Russians attending Donald Trump, Jr.’s notorious meeting shows us just what the Russian state is—and what it wants.
https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/07/25/all-the-dots-connected/
--------------
Putin's Chosen People: Theories of Russian JewishPolicy, 2000-2017
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=ppe_honors
----------------
Russians and Jews: The Odd Couple
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has in the last three years gone nine times to a Russia that has promoted dozens of Russian Jews to become oligarchs in the new Russia.
https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Russians-and-Jews-The-Odd-Couple-569238
-----------------
{The Russian/Jewish/Israli Mafia connection is also a very deadly organised crime syndicate.
We see the Jewish and Russian mafias constantly working together}.
------------------
Abramovich is latest Russian oligarch to move to Israel
https://www.apnews.com/a0d4be6b2d334d9ab4560d29b43fcf2a
--------------
Donald Trump Investigation
DonaldTrumpInvestigation.Blogspot.com
--------------
A History of Russia (Tsars and Revolutions)
May 17, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEmUIfF2uAk
--------------
Respected historian suggests 'lost' Russian princess Anastasia fled to America
27 February 2014
Tsar's daughter may, after all, have escaped the execution which wiped out the royal family, says new book.
DNA evidence seemed to have put an end to the the claims of American Anna Anderson and others to be the lost princess. Now a new book to be published in Yekaterinburg, scene of the slaying of the Russian royals, will challenge the view that all the Romanovs were shot in a dank cellar in July 1918.
https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/features/respected-historian-suggests-lost-russian-princess-anastasia-fled-to-america/
--------
Did Grand Duchess Anastasia survive the Bolshevik bullets? Explosive new book claims fresh evidence shows the Russian princess really DID escape to the West
2 March 2014
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2571437/Explosive-new-book-claims-Princess-Anastasia-DID-escape-West.html
Veniamin Alekseyev says Grand Duchess Anastasia probably did escape
Claims DNA testing in 1991 was flawed and bones found were not hers
Says Tsarina and Anastasia's sisters Olga, Marie and Tatiana also got away
Believes that impostor Anna Anderson was indeed telling the truth
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was executed on 17th July 1918 by Bolsheviks
His son Alexei Nikolaevich also died along with family servants
-------
7 People Who Pretended to be Royals
May 21, 2013
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-people-who-pretended-to-be-royals
History is filled with examples of ambitious swindlers who took on the identities of kings, queens and other royals—and it’s not always as easy as one might think to distinguish a king from a con artist. Some of these impostors sought to gain political power and wealth by masquerading as real monarchs, but others went so far as to invent fraudulent titles and even fake countries. Find out more about seven royal impostors who managed to con their way into the history books.
#1: Anna Anderson as Anastasia Romanov
In 1918, Bolshevik revolutionaries murdered the Russian princess Anastasia, along with the rest of her family. However, rumors persisted of her alleged survival for decades and, over the years, several different impostors claimed to be Anastasia Romanova. None gained as much fame as Anna Anderson. The would-be royal first surfaced in the early 1920s in a Berlin mental asylum, where she announced that she was Grand Duchess Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the deceased Czar Nicholas II. Although most of the surviving Romanovs dismissed her as a fraud, the girl bore a striking resemblance to the princess and even knew many personal details of her life. She soon won the support of a coterie of wealthy Russian emigrants, many of whom believed she was the legitimate heir to the throne.
The supposed princess eventually moved to America in 1968 and took the name Anna Anderson. But while her story inspired several books and even a Hollywood movie, she failed to win recognition in court due to a lack of evidence. Her story remained the source of much debate until 1994, when a posthumous DNA test finally proved she was not related to the Romanov family. Anderson likely a Polish factory worker who disappeared in 1920, but her true identity has never been confirmed.
#3: False Dmitry I
The man known as False Dmitry I not only successfully posed as a prince, he managed to con his way onto the royal throne of Russia. The pretender first became known to history in the early 1600s, when he appeared in Poland declaring himself to be Dmitry, the youngest son of the deceased Ivan the Terrible. The real Dmitry had supposedly been assassinated as a boy, but the imposter claimed he had escaped his would-be murderers and fled the country. The alleged royal went on to charm the Russian people, eventually riding a wave of public support all the way to Moscow.
False Dmitry was crowned czar in July 1605, but his rule was ultimately short-lived. The pretender’s policies proved too radical for Russia’s elites, and he was overthrown and assassinated less than a year later. Many have since speculated that his real name may have been Grigory Otrepyev, but this has never been proved. Amusingly, he was not the only impostor who claimed to be the real Dmitry. Two more pretenders emerged over the next decade, though neither succeeded in winning the throne.
#6: Yemelyan Pugachev as Peter III
In 1773, a royal impostor sparked one of the largest revolts in Russian history. Capitalizing on his striking resemblance to the murdered Peter III, a former soldier named Yemelyan Pugachev took on the identity of the late emperor and incited a massive peasant uprising against Catherine the Great. As Peter III, Pugachev promised populist reforms including autonomy for Russia’s Cossack population an end to the feudal system, and soon thousands of serfs had rallied to his standard.
Initially catching the empress by surprise, Pugachev’s army laid siege to the city of Orenburg in late 1773, and then proceeded to raze Kazan the following year. But despite these early successes, by late 1774 Catherine’s generals had started to turn the tide of the conflict. Following a decisive defeat at Tsaritsyn, a group of Pugachev’s lieutenants betrayed him and turned him over to the empress. The impostor was executed in early 1775, and his revolt crumbled soon thereafter.
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-people-who-pretended-to-be-royals
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{Some people debate how historically accurate the assassinations on the Romanov's were. We can see how the British Monarchy, including the Russian Monarchy, were royal cousins. We can see how the British Monarchy has kept political influence and power over the Commonwealth of Nations. Some people question the amount of political influence that was kept by the Russian royal families, these Russian royal family members were related to the English royal families}.
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Here is a good example of how royal families were supporting Communist parties while giving them their support.
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The Royal Family of Australian Communism
September 01st 2010
The Aarons family were influential Australian communists over three or four generations. In presenting his family’s story Mark Aarons has two aims which are in conflict with each other. One is to criticise his family for being supporters of communist mass murderers—he admits some communists “betrayed” Australia, a strong word. The other aim is to salvage something from the wreckage by bignoting his relatives, particularly his father Laurie Aarons, for being close to the centre of great events, as though some of the glamour rubs off on them. He claims they wielded great influence (especially in the ALP), and had the biggest ASIO files (Why is this surprising, why an occasion for boasting?). It’s a tightrope act to reconcile these contradictory aims, and Mark Aarons falls off on a number of occasions.
The Aarons family were Leninists of the Stalinist variety who supported a regime which kept a great nation, Russia, in physical and psychological thrall for seven decades. Along with Mao, the Soviet communists were the worst mass murderers in history. This book has a major problem with the misleading term “Stalinist”. It’s based on the belief that being Stalinist is bad, but once you dropped Stalinism, as Laurie Aarons did after 1968, you are a goodie. But the accurate descriptive term is “Leninist”, never mentioned in this book. Laurie Aarons was a Leninist totalitarian from the moment he joined the Communist Party of Australia (CPA). For some decades he espoused a particularly virulent form of that disease, Stalinism, but then reverted to his basic Leninist persona. The thing is not to praise him for this move, which this book does, but to condemn him as a lifelong Leninist operative.
https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2010/09/the-royal-family-of-australian-communism/
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{Many people question why different royal families were supporting communist regimes. Tyrannical dictators can control governments though a democracy, communism, a republic or almost any form of government you can think of. When there is a way to exploit the masses, the people in power often do not want to let go of the influence that they have had}.
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{To be a monarch means to have rule over your own lands, without oppression of other governments. We can now see that when individuals such as monarchs gain too much political power, that different types of tyranny and oppression can also take place within that realm}.
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{The Russian media often states many of the people in America try to gain power over the world, such as George Soros, the Rockefellers, including many different families that have political influence and control.
We know that Russia also has different royal families, including old and new people, including organisations that want to have political influence and control over the world. You often do not hear about powerful individuals and groups in Russia and Asia, because it is also more difficult for the media in Russia and China to have full freedom of speech in the press. This is why many different reports and information on these powerful groups in Russia is even kept hidden from the public. This also includes the powerful ties between the Russian Mafia and the government of Russia. Many of the reports and publications are not in English, which can be difficult for other journalist to research (Online text translators make it much easier to research news articles in a foreign language). Both America and Russia claim that they need nuclear weapons to defend from opposing factions. The amount of nuclear waste being produced for these weapons is not sustainable.
We can see many of the atrocities and war crimes being carried out by most of these countries with nuclear weapons. This is why we need to end the wars and conflicts in the world. We need to have accountability for the governments of the world. We will hold the corrupt politicians and organisations mentioned in these reports accountable for their actions}.
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Chapter 15: Wars
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{Some people will tell you that Stalin, Mao and Hitler, were against the monarchy. However, we still question what families still were in power, while many dictators are financed by powerful families, including banks and war profiteers}.
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Stalin: Inside the Terror
Nov 21, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIzApqzlP3Q
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How Hitler was set up by The British Crown who were inbreds from Germany - Alex Jones Tv
Aug 26, 2010
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tX_3AUiRyEA
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Soviet Storm: WW2 in the East - War against Japan (18 series)
Apr 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6yM5HwphXM
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Why Are Russia and Japan Still At War?
Sep 12, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4cZF6iEvQk
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{The following documentary shows how the Soviet Union was bombing Romania in World War II. The Soviet Union was using Crimea as an airstrip for their bombing raids}.
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Soviet Storm: WW2 in the East - The Defence of Sevastopol (3 series)
Mar 14, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFBbdzl0Wkg
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Battlefield S6/E2 - Scandinavia the Forgotten Front
Nov 13, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wmWSpdaNWg
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Forest Brothers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Brothers
The Forest Brothers (also Brothers of the Forest; Forest Brethren; Forest Brotherhood; Estonian: metsavennad, Latvian: meža brali, Lithuanian: miško broliai) were Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian partisans who waged a guerrilla war against Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states during, and after, World War II. Similar anti-Soviet Eastern European resistance groups fought against Soviet and communist rule in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, and western Ukraine.
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Soviet Storm: WW2 in the East - The Liberation of Ukraine (10 series)
Feb 11, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lTiJ4BLLNQ
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Berliners recall Red Army atrocities
Soviet archives exposed in book tell of mass rape
September 24, 2002
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-09-24/news/0209240344_1_raped-soviet-archives-red-army
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Stalin's army of rapists: The brutal war crime that Russia and Germany tried to ignore
24 October 2008
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1080493/Stalins-army-rapists-The-brutal-war-crime-Russia-Germany-tried-ignore.html
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Why didn't the Allies declare war on the USSR when they invaded Poland?
Feb 10, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBd60UsL9u0
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Can Russia Invade Europe?
Oct 31, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-oYaVnNDM8
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The Breakup of the Soviet Union Explained
May 1, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2GmtBCVHzY
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The Soviet Union Is Gone, But It’s Still Collapsing
And 5 other unlearned lessons from leading experts about modern Russia and the death of an empire
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-soviet-union-is-gone-but-it-s-still-collapsing?utm_source=pocket-newtab
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GREATEST MYSTERIES of WAR: Soviet–Afghan War 1979 - 1989
Jan 14, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_u3Uuye7EQ
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Russia in Afghanistan 1979 to 1989 - Part 1 of 3
Aug 15, 2010
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZI1AIggBl0
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Russia in Afghanistan 1979 to 1989 - Part 2 of 3
Aug 17, 2010
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XX56h7dStqw
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Russia in Afghanistan 1979 to 1989 - Part 3 of 3
Aug 17, 2010
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR0mUSAPcts
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Russia blocks U.N. condemnation of Srebrenica as a genocide
Jul 8, 2015
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/08/us-bosnia-srebrenica-un-idUSKCN0PI1W620150708
Russia vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution on Wednesday that would have condemned the Srebrenica massacre as a genocide to mark the 20th anniversary of the killing of 8,000 Muslim men and boys.
China, Nigeria, Angola and Venezuela abstained and the remaining 10 council members voted in favor. The vote was delayed a day as Britain and the United States tried to persuade Russia not to veto the text, which would have also condemned denial of the 1995 massacre as a genocide.
Russian U.N. Ambassador Vitaly Churkin had appealed for the council not to vote on the resolution, which he described as "not constructive, confrontational and politically motivated."
"The blame for the past is placed basically on one people," Churkin said, but he added: "Our vote against ... will not however mean that we are deaf to the sufferings of the victims of Srebrenica and other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina."
Russia had proposed the council instead condemn "the most serious crimes of concern to the international community."
The U.N. war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia has ruled the massacre, the worst mass killing on European soil since World War Two, was genocide.
Britain said it was outraged by the Russian veto. "Genocide occurred at Srebrenica. This is a legal fact, not a political judgment. On this there is no compromise," Deputy U.N. Ambassador Peter Wilson told the council after the vote.
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Genocides in history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history
Russian Empire
Main article: Ethnic cleansing of Circassians
The Russian Tsarist Empire waged war against Circassia in the Northwest Caucasus for more than one hundred years, trying to replace Circassia's hold along the Black Sea coast. After a century of insurgency and war and failure to end the conflict, the Tsar ordered the expulsion of most of the Muslim population of the North Caucasus. Many Circassians, Western historians, Turks and Chechens claimed that the events of the 1860s constituted one of the first modern genocides, in that a whole population was eliminated to satisfy the desires (in this case economic) of a powerful country.[citation needed]
Antero Leitzinger flagged the affair as the 19th century's largest genocide. Some estimates cite that approximately 1-1.5 million Circassians were killed and most of the Muslim population was deported. Ossete Muslims and Kabardins generally did not leave. The modern Circassians and Abazins descend from those who managed to escape the onslaught and later returned another 1.5 million Circassians and others. This effectively annihilated (or deported) 90% of the nation. Tsarist documents recorded more than 400,000 Circassians killed, 497,000 forced to flee and only 80,000 were left in their native area. Circassians were viewed as tools by the Ottoman government, and settled in restive areas whose populations had nationalist yearnings- Armenia, the Arab regions and the Balkans. Many more Circassians were killed by the policies of the Balkan states, primarily Serbia and Bulgaria, which became independent at that time.[citation needed] Still more Circassians were forcefully assimilated by nationalist Muslim states (Turkey, Syria, Iraq, etc.) who looked upon non-Turk/Arab ethnicity as a foreign presence and a threat.
In May 1994, the then Russian President Boris Yeltsin admitted that resistance to the tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognize "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide". In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria and of Adygea sent appeals to the Duma to reconsider the situation and to apologize, without response. In October 2006, the Adygeyan public organizations of Russia, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Syria, the USA, Belgium, Canada and Germany sent the president of the European Parliament a letter with a request to recognize the genocide.[citation needed]
On 5 July 2005, the Circassian Congress, an organisation that unites representatives of the various Circassian peoples in the Russian Federation, called on Moscow to acknowledge and apologize for the genocide.
Soviet Union
Main articles: Human rights in the Soviet Union, Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Famines in Russia and USSR, Decossackization, Great Purge, Gulag, Holodomor, Sürgün and Polish operation of the NKVD
Multiple documented instances of unnatural mass death occurred in the Soviet Union. These include Union-wide famines in the early 1920s and early 1930s and deportations of ethnic minorities.
Soviet diplomatic efforts removed the extermination of political groups from the United Nations Convention on Genocide. This left many of the Soviet atrocities outside the United Nations definition of genocide, because the atrocities targeted political or economic groups rather than the ethnic, racial, religious, or national groups listed in the UN convention.
Polish Russia
Main article: The Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–1938)
A few scholars argue that the killing, on the basis of nationality and politics, of more than 120,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union during 1937–38 was genocide.
Chechnya
Main article: Operation Lentil (Caucasus)
On 26 February 2004 the plenary assembly of the European Parliament recognized the deportation of Chechen people during Operation Lentil (23 February 1944), as an act of genocide, on the basis of the 1907 IV Hague Convention: The Laws and Customs of War on Land and the CPPCG.
The event began on 23 February 1944, when the entire population of Checheno-Ingushetia was summoned to local party buildings where they were told they were to be deported as punishment for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. The inhabitants were rounded up and imprisoned in Studebaker trucks and sent to Siberia.
Many times, resistance was met with slaughter, and in one such instance, in the aul of Khaibakh, about 700 people were locked in a barn and burned to death. By the next summer, Checheno-Ingushetia was dissolved; a number of Chechen and Ingush placenames were replaced with Russian ones; mosques and graveyards were destroyed, and a massive campaign to burn numerous historical Chechen texts was nearly complete.
Throughout the North Caucasus, about 700,000 (according to Dalkhat Ediev, 724297, of which the majority, 412,548, were Chechens, along with 96,327 Ingush, 104,146 Kalmyks, 39,407 Balkars and 71,869 Karachais). Many died on the trip, of exposure in Siberia's extremely harsh environment. The NKVD, supplying the Russian perspective, gives the statistic of 144,704 killed in 1944–1948 alone (with a death rate of 23.5% for all groups). Estimates for Chechen deaths alone (excluding the NKVD statistic), range from about 170,000 to 200,000, thus ranging from over a third of the total Chechen population to nearly half being killed (of those that were deported, not counting those killed on the spot) in those 4 years alone. Both the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the European Union Parliament marked it as genocide in 2004.
Deportations of Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians
The mass deportations of up to 17,500 Lithuanians, 17,000 Latvians and 6,000 Estonians carried out by Stalin were allegedly the start of another genocide. Added to the killing of the Forest Brethren and the renewed Dekulakization that followed the Soviet reconquest of the Baltic states at the end of World War Two, the total number deported to Siberia was 118,559 from Lithuania, 52,541 from Latvia, and 32,540 from Estonia.[190] The high death rate of deportees during the first few years of exile, caused by the failure of Soviet authorities to provide suitable clothing and housing at the destination, led some sources to label the affair an act of genocide. Based on the Martens Clause and the principles of the Nuremberg Charter, the European Court of Human Rights held that the March deportation constituted a crime against humanity. According to Erwin Oberlander, these deportations are a crime against humanity, rather than genocide.
Lithuania began trials for genocide in 1997. Latvia and Estonia followed in 1998.[195] Latvia has since convicted four security officers and in 2003 sentenced a former KGB agent to five years. Estonia tried and convicted ten men and is investigating others. In Lithuania by 2004 23 cases were before the courts, but as of the end of the year none had been convicted.
In 2007 Estonia charged Arnold Meri (then 88 years old), a former Soviet Communist Party official and highly decorated former Red Army soldier, with genocide. Shortly after the trial opened, it was suspended because of Meri's frail health and then abandoned when he died. A memorial in Vilnius, Lithuania, is dedicated to genocidal victims of Stalin and Hitler, and the Museum of Genocide Victims in Lithuania, which opened on 14 October 1992 in the former KGB headquarters, chronicles the imprisonment and deportation of Lithuanians.
Decossackization
Main article: Decossackization
During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal campaign against the Don Cossacks. The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20.
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The Holodomor - Ukraine's Soviet Terror-Famine
Mar 26, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cN0hQ2eJYA
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Comparing the Crimea conflict with the Georgia-Russia situation of 2008
March 2, 2014
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/crimea-crisis-may-seem-like-georgia-russia-situation-of-2008-but-its-really-not/2014/03/02/39db1890-a242-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html
The Crimea crisis has brought back memories of 2008, when Russia went to war with Georgia over break-away territory. In that case, two regions — Abkhazia and South Ossetia — had been functioning for 15 years outside Georgian control, their de facto independence guaranteed by Russian peacekeeping troops.
Tensions grew high that summer and, perhaps after some provocations, Georgia attacked posts in South Ossetia. Russia threw its troops into the fight, and in five days they were approaching Tbilisi, the Georgian capital. French mediation brought the conflict to an end. The two regions are now virtual sections of Russia.
A key factor in that conflict is that Georgia moved first. Ukraine has been careful so far not to give the Russians any excuse to open fire.
Georgia had also been flirting with NATO, which drew the ire of Vladimir Putin, who was at that time prime minister of Russia, but the real leader of the country. For him, it was a victory against NATO almost as much as one against Georgia.
Later assessments suggested that the Russian military did not acquit itself well at all against a tiny Georgian army. That led to sweeping reforms in the Russian defense establishment, which have greatly angered Russian generals but have gone over well with junior officers. Analysts believe that the Russian military is in better shape than it was six years ago, but Ukraine’s army is considerably more of a factor to be reckoned with than Georgia’s was.
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The Russians Are Coming: Georgia's Creeping Occupation
Nov 4, 2015
In July 2015, Russia-backed forces moved the boundary fence between Russian-occupied South Ossetia and Georgia — placing more Georgian territory under Russian control. Georgians refer to this as the creeping occupation, and several people who unfortunately live in the area now have a different citizenship.
VICE News travels to Georgia to see how the country is handling Russia’s quiet invasion, and meet those getting caught in the crossfire.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bv00Weif0Sw
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Soviet war crimes
War crimes perpetrated by the Soviet Union and its armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army) as well as the NKVD, including the NKVD's Internal Troops. In some cases, these crimes may have been committed on express orders of Joseph Stalin and the early Soviet government's policy of Red Terror. In other instances, they were committed without orders by regular army troops as retribution against civilians or military personnel of countries that had been in armed conflict with the USSR or during partisan warfare.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes
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Human rights in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was a single-party state where the Communist Party officially ruled the country. All key positions in the institutions of the state were occupied by members of the Party. The state proclaimed its adherence to Marxism-Leninism ideology that restricts rights of citizens to private property. The entire population was mobilized in support of the state ideology and policies. Independent political activities were not tolerated, including the involvement of people with free labour unions, private corporations, non-sanctioned churches or opposition political parties. The regime maintained itself in political power in part by means of the secret police, propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, personality cult, restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, political purges and persecution of specific groups of people.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union
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Political repression in the Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union tens of millions of people became victims of political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. Culminating during the Stalin era, it still existed during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev stagnation, and didn't cease to exist during Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika. Its heritage still influences the life of modern Russia and other former Soviet states.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union
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{The Russian Monarchs have been starting and staging wars for hundreds of years}.
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History of Russia
The history of Russia begins with that of the Eastern Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples. The state of Garðaríki ("the realm of towns"), which was centered in Novgorod and included the entire areas inhabited by Ilmen Slavs, Veps, and Votes, was established by the Varangian chieftain Rurik in 862 (the traditional beginning of Russian history). Kievan Rus', the first united East Slavic state, was founded by Rurik's successor Oleg of Novgorod in 882. The state adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237–1240 and the death of about half the population of Rus'.[citation needed] During that time, a number of regional magnates, in particular Novgorod and Pskov, fought to inherit the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia
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Russian Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire
Russia was an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely the result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.
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{When we see the amount of occult and Masonic ceremonies in Russia, we can see that if we have a war from NATO vs BRICS, that these elite families and secret organisations will continue to thrive to gain power over the people of the world. These families and groups want to stage world wars, and have us fight each other, while they get to have many of the resources, and live in secured and guarded locations. We can see that these families and groups would want to create a world war, as a means of population control}.
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Albert Pike's 1871 Plan For The Three World Wars
http://www.libertyforlife.com/nwo/albert_pike.htm
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Tell Me More About Albert Pike
http://www.threeworldwars.com/albert-pike.htm
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Russia Warns Obama of World War over Monsanto GMO Food and Syngenta!
Jun 4, 2013
Putin
of Russia has come out and told John Kerry that if Obama and Company do
Not change or fix this mess with Monsanto....That it Will lead to World
War !
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYp6NidnFNs
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Russia Warns Obama: Global War Over “Bee Apocalypse” Coming Soon
May 10th, 2013
The
shocking minutes relating to President Putin’s meeting this past week
with US Secretary of State John Kerry reveal the Russian leaders
“extreme outrage” over the Obama regimes continued protection of global
seed and plant bio-genetic giants Syngenta and Monsanto in the face of a
growing “bee apocalypse” that the Kremlin warns “will most certainly”
lead to world war.
According to these minutes, released
in the Kremlin today by the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment of the Russian Federation (MNRE), Putin was so incensed over
the Obama regimes refusal to discuss this grave matter that he refused
for three hours to even meet with Kerry, who had traveled to Moscow on a
scheduled diplomatic mission, but then relented so as to not cause an
even greater rift between these two nations.
At
the center of this dispute between Russia and the US, this MNRE report
says, is the “undisputed evidence” that a class of neuro-active
insecticides chemically related to nicotine, known as neonicotinoids,
are destroying our planets bee population, and which if left unchecked
could destroy our world’s ability to grow enough food to feed its
population.
http://www.eutimes.net/2013/05/russia-warns-obama-global-war-over-bee-apocalypse-coming-soon/
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WARNING EVENTS! WORLD WAR III ITS ABOUT TO BEGIN RUSSIA Vs USA 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxlpTYOnoIo
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{America defeated the British Monarchy in 1776. Some claim that eventually England tried to control the politics of America shortly after the Revolutionary War. This is why some think that America eventually became an ally of England.
It is the thought of having the freedom, and your own land, without oppression from royal and religious organisations. That is what America is all about, this is why I will never betray America and why I want America to thrive as a nation.
We can see that America has many domestic enemies trying to bring America down from the inside, to where the rest of the world hates America.
Many of the countries that do not like America defeating the monarchs were once ruled by a monarchs and had empires.
Much of Europe and Russia have already banned GMO's in food. Much of Europe has banned many harmful food ingredients, such as Red Dye #40. However, America still produces GMO's in food that were being linked to cause harm in the environment. This includes how many harmful food ingredients that are banned in many countries are still legal in America.
GMO's have many environmental problems and concerns we can see in food production. We can see success in certain medical procedures with genetically modified organisms and bacteria. It is still questionable how these modified chemicals will interact with natural chemical structures found in the environment.
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We can see that there are many good uses of genetically modified organisms in medicine, this has a potential of doing a lot of good. However, we still must question how many of these newly developed synthesized chemicals will interact and react with the ecosystem on this planet. From my research I think that it is a concern, and that we should currently have a moratorium on Genetically modified organisms in food, this is until we are for certain that it is safe. This is because we have already seen many problems, with bad experiments in genetic modification in food. We are trying to save the human gene pool from destruction.
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{I wish the world could see America for what it was. Now it seems that America has been infiltrated and infested by corruption, to where many Americans want a second American Revolt, to end the corruption. This includes the political influence of different groups and elitist families that try to control America, this includes our international policy. However, this is happening all around the world and not just in America, Europe and Russia. This is why America is being flooded with illegal immigrants, and we need to kick many of these foreigners and foreign gang members out of America.
America is about the right to freedom. In the past hundred years America has changed a lot, to where the corrupt politicians and elitist groups have taken over.
The world must work together to prosper. If one country decides that it has the freedom to produce a harmful chemical that other countries claim could cause trans-boundary pollution, then we need to respect other countries rights from harmful chemical exposure (This is already happening, this is easier said than done).
Maybe it would be a good idea that the American people start holding many of these companies accountable.
I often read some of the Russian propaganda and cartoons they put out on the web.
They have pictures of American jets, with British Petroleum logos on the jet.
I'll tell you right now that America is not about supporting corrupt organisations that try to harm the planet. This is why we need to work extra hard, to stop companies from doing more damage to the planet.
The last thing I want is another world war on the planet. With all of the thermobaric and nuclear weapons we see, this can really cause harm to the planet and environment.
Many claim that this is how we are being forced into a one world system, or a one world government.
Some people say what they want is to offer the people a one world nation, or face more types of battles, such as Crimea, including another world war.
Russia claims the reason why it has so much imperialism and war, is to counter NATO and the allies. We can see the amount of forced globalization that NATO, including Russia, have done in past history. We can see the cause of why these different groups that create a problem, a reaction and a solution.
To be honest, it seems that corruption varies, but is about equal between America and Russia right now. At least Russia has seen a problem with Monsanto and some of the problems with glyphosate in GMO's. I think that the current politicians in charge in America right now are corrupt. This is why I have been trying to organise the American people to stop a lot of this corruption. We do not want other countries to see this as an act of war or control over another countries resources. Both Russia and America have their own different types of military industrial complex as well. Many of these pro-war groups and individuals, would love to start more wars, to generate more wealth and power. The problem is that many American want to revolt against the current politicians that are ruining America. We do not want a war between nations. I often say that both America and Russia are both considered white countries, and that we should not to go to war with each other, and to prevent nuclear war with each other. Much of the problems we can see is with fake Jews and Arabs both trying to infiltrate Russia and America as well. We should start making Europe, Canada, America and Russia white again}.
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When the Soviet Union Paid Pepsi in Warships
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/when-the-soviet-union-paid-pepsi-in-warships?utm_source=pocket-newtab
On April 9, 1990, American newspapers reported on an unusual deal. Pepsi had come to a three billion dollar agreement with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had long traded Stolichnaya vodka in return for Pepsi concentrate. But this time, Pepsi got 10 Soviet ships.
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Chapter 16: Airstrikes
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Lavrov refutes accusations that Russian airstrikes did not target ISIS
Sep 30, 2015
US military officials have alleged that Russia's air strikes against Islamic State are not actually hitting their stated target, according to the US Secretary of Defence Ashton Carter. Sergey Lavrov has refuted the rumors of Russian airstrikes hitting non-terrorist infrastructure in Syria as groundless, emphasizing that there have been no verified reports of any civilian casualties. RT's Egor Piskunov went deeper into Lavrov's answer to the American accusations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMZcOdNrRX4
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Helpless Russian pilots 'were shot dead as they parachuted to the ground': Furious Putin accuses Turkey of 'treachery' after it downs jet over Syrian rebel territory
WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT
Turkish army has shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 war plane near its Syrian border, officials confirmed
Syrian border rebels claimed to have shot dead the pilots as they parachuted from the destroyed aircraft
Vladimir Putin called Turkey's decision to shoot down plane 'a stab in the back by accomplices of terrorists'
Sir Michael Graydon, former head of the RAF, warns incident has caused 'monstrous diplomatic problem'
24 November 2015
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3331558/Turkey-shoots-fighter-jet-Syrian-border-Local-media-footage-flaming-plane-crashing-trees.html
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Russian military reveals details of ISIS-Turkey oil smuggling
Dec 2, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMA4B2ZnQ2o
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US State Dept dismisses Russian evidence of Turkey aiding ISIS
Dec 2, 2015
The Pentagon rushed to defend Turkey, calling it an important partner in the fight against terrorists, despite earlier claims from Washington that Ankara was supporting extremist groups in the region. RT’s Gayane Chichakyan was at a US State Department briefing dealing with these allegations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRggTCoyQCw
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World leaders scramble to defuse 'monstrous' new crisis over Russia's downed jet: Putin ratchets the tension by dispatching warship to Mediterranean as Moscow expert warns war is 'likely'
Russia warns of 'serious consequences' after Nato country downs Russian military jet for first time since 1953
Two pilots were reportedly shot dead by Syrian rebels as they parachuted from burning Sukhoi Su-24 warplane
Third Russian said to have died when rescue helicopter was hit with anti-tank missile by another rebel group
Russia denied plane had been in Turkish airspace but Nato secretary-general says assessment showed it had
A warship has been deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to destroy potential threats to Russian forces in Syria
Britain has declared military back-up is on standby to support Turkey in any revenge attack by Putin's forces
25 November 2015
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3332790/Monstrous-new-crisis-Russia-s-downed-jet-Putin-s-fury-stab-terror-accomplices-Moscow-analyst-warns-war-likely-Moscow-analyst.html
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Russian Jet Shoot Down: What They're Not Telling You
Nov 24, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxTVwHXGfvI
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Russian Tu-142 bombers cause trouble for USS Ronald Reagan
30.10.2015
There was only one mile of distance between the Russian bomber Tu-142 and USS Ronald Reagan. The incident happened near the Korean peninsula, where the USS was maneuvering.
According to Stars and Stripes, in the morning of October 27, Russian long-ranger bomber planes flew at the height of only 150 meters and at a distance of 1.8 kilometers from the US aircraft carrier. The US ship was conducting maneuvers with South Korean navy.
US military men tried to contact the pilots of the Tu-142, before four F/A-18 Super Hornet took off after the radio contact was not established.
"It's standard operating procedure for U.S. planes to escort aircraft flying if they are in the vicinity of a U.S. ship -- then that's standard procedure," said Navy commander William Marks. He said Russia's flyover was "safe" -- "a range of about a mile away," he said. "We do the same, it's not uncommon," he added.
- See more at: http://www.pravdareport.com/news/world/30-10-2015/132455-russian_bomber_ronald_reagan-0/#sthash.WDj8SXdH.dpuf
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BREAKING – SHOCK: Report Claims China Warships Dock in Syria to Support Russia’s Alliance With Assad
September 26, 2015
There is absolutely zero question Russia is positioning for proxy war with the United States. In fact, many current events indicate Russia is already at war with U.S. interests.
Take Ukraine, for instance. The U.S. wanted Ukraine aligned with NATO while Russia pushed against. The result was civil war with Russia invading Eastern Ukraine and U.S. backing forces pushing from the west.
Now Russia is moving war planes and military infrastructure into Syria to support Assad. Russia is also reportedly working with Iranian interests in preparation to confront ISIS alongside Assad. This in and of itself is incredibly dangerous. This means Iran and Russia will be fighting for Assad while the U.S. fights against him.
But it may be getting worse. Much worse.
A new report claims a Chinese aircraft carrier docked in a Syrian port while a Chinese guided missile cruiser anchored not far away. The report implies China could be preparing to join Russia and Iran in Syria.
http://libertynews.com/2015/09/breaking-shock-report-claims-china-warships-dock-in-syria-to-support-russias-alliance-with-assad/
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Why does Russia support Syria's Al-Assad?
Sep 15, 2013
For months now Russia has been the main defender of Al-Assad. The country has put its international reputation at stake, and all this for Syria. So what drives Russia to confront the US. Why does Moscow care about Syria or Al-Assad? Well the truth is they really dont. Russia has no particular interests for Syria, and they dont care much for Al Assad either. The Russian naval facility in Syria and the weapons exports are only symbolic interests. In this report we explain how Putin's interests in Syria are indirectly related to Russia's backyard project - the Eurasian Union.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW0HP7Xd2rs
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Russia's air strikes in Syria explained
Oct 12, 2015
At the request of al-Assad’s government, Russia has started an air strike campaign over Syria. Moscow stated that they would target extremists groups such as ISIS but so far the air strikes have mainly targeted NATO supported rebels.
Even though most of the mainstream media has put a negative spin of the Russian air strikes, one thing must be put into perspective. None of the external actors involved in the Syrian conflict, are in it for the sake of the Syrian people, democracy or human rights. This is a geopolitical conflict, not a soap opera. Russia is pursuing its own interests in the region, just as the US, Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia are respectfully pursuing theirs.
Russia has been engaged in the Syrian conflict since the start. Ever since 2011, Russian diplomats have provided crucial support in favor of the al-Assad government. By casting vetoes, the Russians prevented the adoption of UN resolutions aimed at banning the al-Assad government from the international community. And now, at al-Assad’s request, Putin has launched an air strike campaign in Syria. Since al-Assad’s administration is still the only legal executive authority in the state of Syria, the Russian air strikes are entirely within international laws. So what does Russia hope to achieve in Syria and how do the air strikes fit in the Russian geopolitical design?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idHQIMrtB2M
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On The Line: Simon Ostrovsky Discusses Russian Diplomatic and Military Maneuvers
Oct 5, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwxdcbgksnA
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Right Sector Blockade: Russian Roulette (Dispatch 111)
Oct 1, 2015
In September, Crimea's ethnic Muslim minority, the Crimean Tatars, and the radical right-wing organization known as Right Sector set up a blockade on several highways leading into Crimea to stop food and other supplies from entering the Russia-occupied peninsula of Ukraine.
VICE News correspondent Simon Ostrovsky traveled to the roadblocks near Crimea and spoke with the organizers to find out why they had taken these controversial measures, which could potentially have humanitarian consequences for residents of Crimea, including the Crimean Tatars themselves.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhzFbX5BAyU
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'Do you realise what you've done?' Putin addresses UNGA 2015 (FULL SPEECH)
Russian President Vladimir Putin is due to address the 70th UN General Assembly session in New York City on Monday, September 28.
During the highly-anticipated appearance, which will be the president‘s first since 2005, Putin is expected to comment on the most pressing international issues including the Syrian and Ukrainian crises, sanctions and the fragmentation of the global economy.
https://youtu.be/q13yzl6k6w0?t=3m21s
----------------------------
Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1)
Aug 6, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk
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Turkey and Russia tensions BOIL OVER: Now Putin accused of PROTECTING ISIS jihadis
Jan 14, 2016
http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/634431/Turkey-accuses-Russia-Putin-support-Islamic-State-ISIS-Daesh-airstrikes-Syria
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Turkey Issuing Warnings And Preparing For Battle With Russia
Jan 31, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGp8ZJdoABI
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Russia warns of 'new Cold War' as Saudi Arabia and Turkey 'threaten anti-ISIS ground offensive in Syria'
13 Feb 2016
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/russia-warns-new-cold-war-7361996
----------------------
History of the Russo-Turkish wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars
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Davutoglu signals Turkish action after fall of Aleppo corridor
February 12, 2016
Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu has implied that Turkey will take action after the capture of the town of Azez in Syria, a strategic corridor between Aleppo and Turkey for rebel groups, by Syrian regime troops backed by Russian airstrikes.
Speaking to reporters en route to Turkey from the Netherlands, Davutoglu said that he had told German Chancellor Angela Merkel of the need to stop Russia in Syria in order to prevent further influxes of refugees to Turkey and Europe from the region, the Hürriyet daily reported on Friday. When asked whether Turkey will take action to reopen the corridor to Aleppo, Davutoglu said, “Wait for the next few days and you will have the answer,” daily Hürriyet reported on Friday.
http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_davutoglu-signals-turkish-action-after-fall-of-aleppo-corridor_412162.html
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Chapter 17: Skull symbolism
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Human skull symbolism
Skull symbolism is the attachment of symbolic meaning to the human skull. The most common symbolic use of the skull is as a representation of death and mortality.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skull_symbolism
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An Antique Diamond Skull Ring
made in Moscow during World War I, circa 1914
The ring is said to be given by the Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (consort of Tsar Nicholas II)
http://www.romanovrussia.com/Imperial_Russian_Diamond_Skull_Ring.html#.VO6_Bi6-2zk
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Royal families on the eve of World War One
http://historum.com/european-history/17180-royal-families-eve-world-war-one-47.html
She is wearing that uniform as the Colonel-in-Chief (Chef des Regiments) of the 2nd Leib-Husaren-Regiment ('Death's Head Hussars'), having succeeded to that post as successor of her grandmother the Empress Victoria, the eldest daughter of the Queen of that name. Here is a picture of the Empress in that uniform:
This was a Prussian regiment. Its origins can be traced back to 1741 with the foundation of the original regiment of black Hussars, which was divided in the 1800s into the 1st and 2nd Leib-Husaren. Both regiments wore the death's head on their helmets, as did the Brunswick Hussar Regiment nr. 17 (in a somewhat different form). It symbolic significance in this period was much the same as in any military usage at that time, signifying death before dishonour. But the use of skulls or skeletons went back further, originally signifying that the unit would fight to the death, so that quarter would neither be offered nor accepted. There was another black Prussian Hussar regiment in the 18th Century commanded by Wilhelm von Belling which had a recumbent skeleton with hourglass and scythe as its emblem, with the motto vincere aut mori, victory or death, which can thus be seen as an alternative interpretation of the skull emblem. It is not known how the emblem came to be chosen for the Leib-Husaren. One suggestion is that it was associated with the monastery of Leubus in Silesia, which paid for the founding of the regiment, since black cloth with white death's heads on them were used on the biers of the monks who died there. In the case of the 'Black Brunswickers', it is said that the black uniform with the death's head was adopted after the Duke of Brunswick was killed in battle during the Napoleonic Wars (a story that is sometimes invoked in connection with the Leib-Husaren, though incorrectly since their insignia were of earlier origin). In the British army, the Queen's Royal Lancers have a skull and crossbones as their cap-badge with the motto 'Or Glory' underneath; the emblem was introduced by the founder of the 17th Lancers in the 18th Century in reference to the death of General Wolfe in victory at Quebec.
Pictures of the German Crown Prince in the uniform of Leib-Husaren Regiment 1:
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8 Peculiar Battle Trophies Taken From The Front
3. 'Death's Head' lance pennant
All German Army cavalry units carried lances fitted with a pennant. The 'Death's Head Hussars' carried lance pennants displaying the skull and crossbones, like the one pictured here. This pennant was captured during the Battle of the Marne in 1914.
http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-peculiar-battle-trophies-taken-from-the-front
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Hussar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussar
Great Britain hired German hussars among their Hessian mercenaries and sent them to America to fight in the American War of Independence.[citation needed] Britain converted a number of light dragoon regiments to hussars in the early 19th century.
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Totenkopf hussars
https://www.tumblr.com/search/totenkopf%20hussars
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Totenkopf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totenkopf
Totenkopf (lit. "skull") is the German word for the skull and crossbones and death's head symbols. The Totenkopf symbol is an old international symbol for death, the defiance of death, danger, or the dead, as well as piracy. It consists usually of the human skull with or without the mandible and often includes two crossed long-bones (femurs), most often depicted with the crossbones being behind some part of the skull.
It is commonly associated with 19th- and 20th-century German military use. Prominent use of the symbol by Nazi forces during World War II as German death squads undertook the Holocaust caused a widespread decline in its use and a secondary association with political extremism, although several groups and individuals continued using it despite the linkage (or, in some cases, welcoming it).
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The Uniforms of the Hussars - (Cont'd)
http://uniform-evolution.0catch.com/prussia30k.html
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Presenting (14) Galleries For (Totenkopf Hussar)
http://galleryhip.com/totenkopf-hussar.html
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The Occult Secret of the “Skull & Cross Bones” Symbol -
http://www.richardcassaro.com/the-arcane-meaning-of-the-skull-cross-bones-symbol#sthash.vVKhzwYO.dpuf
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The Skull has also become a Catholic symbol. To some, the skull represents the head of John the Baptist.
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The Jesuit Vatican New World Order
The Knights of Malta , new world order
http://vaticannewworldorder.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-knights-of-malta-here-is-some-of.html
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Beheading of St. John the Baptist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist
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Scientists find new evidence supporting John the Baptist bones theory
15 Jun 2012
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9333052/Scientists-find-new-evidence-supporting-John-the-Baptist-bones-theory.html
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Human skull symbolism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skull_symbolism
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Memento mori
Memento mori (Latin: "remember that you can die") is the medieval Latin theory and practice of reflection on mortality, especially as a means of considering the vanity of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits. It is related to the ars moriendi ("The Art of Dying") and related literature. Memento mori has been an important part of ascetic disciplines as a means of perfecting the character, by cultivating detachment and other virtues, and turning the attention towards the immortality of the soul and the afterlife.
In art, mementos mori are artistic or symbolic reminders of mortality. In the European Christian art context, "the expression... developed with the growth of Christianity, which emphasized Heaven, Hell, and salvation of the soul in the afterlife..."
The most obvious places to look for memento mori meditations are in funeral art and architecture. Perhaps the most striking to contemporary minds is the transi, or cadaver tomb, a tomb that depicts the decayed corpse of the deceased. This became a fashion in the tombs of the wealthy in the fifteenth century, and surviving examples still create a stark reminder of the vanity of earthly riches. Later, Puritan tomb stones in the colonial United States frequently depicted winged skulls, skeletons, or angels snuffing out candles. These are among the numerous themes associated with skull imagery.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori
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Santa Muerte votive candles at a grocery store in suburban Washington, D.C..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Muerte#/media/File:Santa_Muerte_Votives.jpg
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The Triptych Enigma: Freemasonry’s Forbidden Ancient “Universal Religion” Rediscovered
Published 12th October 2012
https://grahamhancock.com/cassaror1/
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Jolly Roger
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_Roger#Military_use
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{Even professional soldiers from Germany were hired as mercenaries in order to fight for the British Empire during the American Revolution. Both the British and German Monarchy were related by blood as well}.
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Musketeer Regiment von Trümbach
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musketeer_Regiment_von_Tr%C3%BCmbach
Due to the number of conflicts Britain was involved with globally at the time the American Revolution broke out, King George found himself in need of more troops to quell the rebellion. As was the custom of the time period, he signed a treaty with several German Principalities to essentially lease their armies for the duration. These troops, from several German states were commonly referred to as Hessians, because the largest block of troops came from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. The total number of German troops committed to the conflict eventually reach about 33,000- almost a full third of the total Crown forces. The Hesse Cassel army was based on the Prussian army of the time and was among the most professional in Europe. The 8th infantry regiment came to the American shores as the Regiment von Trümbach and changed names a couple years later when Carl von Bose became the regiment's Chef, or commander. Von Trümbach/Bose participated in many of the major events of the war, including the actions in New York, Stono Ferry, Eutaw Spirings, Savannah, Charleston, Guilford Courthouse and Yorktown. At Guilford Courthouse the regiment received special note for its bravery as they fought back-to-back to battle foes on both sides. The main body of the regiment surrendered with Cornwallis's army at Yorktown. The Grenadier company remained in New York and returned to Hesse Cassel from there. Regiment von Bose was raised as the Regiment von Shöepping and served with distinction in the Seven Years' War as the Regiment von Mansbach. The red neck stocks worn by the regiment signify it is a veteran regiment.
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Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musketeer_Regiment_Prinz_Carl
The Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl was a regiment of Hessian troops that served Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
According to German military records, the regiment was raised in Bad Hersfeld, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Germany. On January 21, 1776 the Regiment marched from Hersfeld, embarking in Carlstadt at Bremerlehe on March, 23. They sailed for America on April 17, 1776, and landed at Staten Island, New York on August 15. They fought in the Battle of White Plains on October 28, 1776 and participated in the capture of Newport, Rhode Island July 29 to August 31, 1778 as well as other minor actions. On November 12, 1783 the Regiment sailed from New York for Bremerlehe, returning to the garrison at Hersfeld on May 28, 1784.
Although the official history of the unit does not give precise details of its movements, there are indications of other operations:
According to a Sep. 23, 1777 letter from Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, to Gen. Sir William Howe, the Regiment participated in an incursion into New Jersey from the 12th to the 16th of September, 1777.
Also, a report of a Hessian deserter from 28 August,1782, found in George Washington's papers, indicates this regiment, along with "the Regt. of Wesebach & Angenella together with Fanning's Corps., & 7th British Reg., came lately from Savannah & are now on Long Island, very weak in number and very sickly." In this report, "7th British Regt. is likely the "7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fuzileers)" under Lt. Gen. Richard Prescott, who had been ordered to Savannah on 22 December, 1781. "Fanning's Corps." is probably the loyalist "King's American Regiment" "Angenella" is probably the "Grenadier Regt. von d'Angelelli." And, the "Regt. of Wesebach" likely refers to the Hessian "Regt. von Wissenbach", although von Knoblauch had taken command by that time. The British forces evacuated Savannah on July 11, 1782.
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Adam's Alchemy Weblog
http://www.alchemywebsite.com/weblog_archive1.html
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Chapter 18: The Order of the Dragon
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The following is a continuation of Chapter 6, Pyramid technology. We were talking about Pyramids, Stonehenge, the word Dragon, and its meaning.
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The Real Count Dracula - Vampire Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBYmFYcfWkg
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Vlad the Impaler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler
Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476/77), was a member of the House of Dracule?ti, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known, using his patronymic, as (Vlad) Draculea or (Vlad) Dracula.
He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad ?epe?, pronounced ['vlad 't?sepe?]), and was a three-time Voivode of Wallachia, ruling mainly from 1456 to 1462, the period of the incipient Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. His father, Vlad II Dracul, was a member of the Order of the Dragon, which was founded to protect Christianity in Eastern Europe. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero in Romania and Bulgaria for his protection of the Romanians and Bulgarians both north and south of the Danube. A significant number of Bulgarian common folk and remaining boyars (nobles) moved north of the Danube to Wallachia, recognized his leadership and settled there following his raids on the Ottomans.
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Order of the Dragon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon
The Order of the Dragon (Latin: Societas Draconistarum, lit. "Society of the Dragonists") was a monarchical chivalric order for selected nobility, founded in 1408 by Sigismund, King of Hungary (r. 1387–1437) and later Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1433–1437). It was fashioned after the military orders of the Crusades, requiring its initiates to defend the cross and fight the enemies of Christianity, in particular the Ottoman Turks.
The Order flourished during the first half of the 15th century, primarily in Germany and Italy. After Sigismund's death in 1437, its importance declined in Western Europe, but after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, it continued to play a role in Hungary and Croatia, which bore the brunt of the Ottoman incursions.
Fruzhin, son of Tsar Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria.
Vlad II Dracul (d. 1447), then Prince of Wallachia[10] (Father of Vlad Dracul III)
Vlad Dracul III (d.1477) then prince of Wallachia (Son of Vlad II Dracul)
Members
Stibor de Beckov or Stibor II, son of Stibor of Stiboricz
Hrvoje Vukcic Hrvatinic, Ban of Croatia and Grand Duke of Bosnia
Vuk Lazarevic, brother of Despot Stefan Lazarevic, received the title from Sigismund.
Fruzhin, son of Tsar Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria.
Vlad II Dracul (d. 1447), then Prince of Wallachia (Father of Vlad Dracul III)
Vlad Dracul III (d.1477) then prince of Wallachia (Son of Vlad II Dracul)
Benjamin de Benyó, Voivod of Liptov.
Oswald von Wolkenstein (d. 1445)
Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary (1456–1516) [clarification needed]
Foreign allies, who did not swear an oath of loyalty:[clarification needed]
King Ladislaus II of Poland
Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, Sigismund's former brother-in-law
King Henry V of England
members of Italian families, such as the Carrara, della Scala and leaders of Venezia, Padova and Verona
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Oswald von Wolkenstein
Oswald von Wolkenstein (1376 or 1377, presumably in Castle Schöneck in Kiens – August 2, 1445 in Meran) was a poet, composer and diplomat. In the latter capacity, he traveled through much of Europe, even as far as Georgia (as recounted in "Durch Barbarei, Arabia"), and was inducted into the Order of the Dragon. He lived for a time in Seis am Schlern.
Oswald's father was Friedrich von Wolkenstein and his mother Katharina von Villanders. When he was ten years old, Oswald left his family and became squire of a knight errant. Oswald described the journeys undertaken by him in the following 14 years in his autobiographical song "Es fügt sich...", mentioning travels to Crete, Prussia, Lithuania, Crimea, Turkey, the Holy Land, France, Lombardy and Spain, as well as being shipwrecked in the Black Sea.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein
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{The descendants of Vlad Dracul, were known as the dragon bloodline, or Dragon Family.
Symbolism for the Dragon, has been used for thousands of years in different cultures around the world.
Some debate the authenticity of some of these stories}.
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Dragon Family Tree
FirstBorn Dragon Clan
http://drakenberg.weebly.com/dragon-family-tree.html
"We can now progress our story by considering the oldest Grant of Arms in sovereign history - the Grant of Arms which denoted the Messianic Dragon Bloodline for all time. The Sumerians referred to this insignia as the Gra-al... From biblical history, we know it better as the 'Mark of Cain'." (Laurence Gardner) - 612 (Part I)
The Dragon King was known as the King of Kings and his symbol, Draco, represented his succession through the Egyptian pharaohs, the Egyptian Therapeutae, the Qumran Essenes to the Merovingian kings of Europe.
"The kings of the early succession (who reigned in Sumer and Egypt before becoming kings of Israel) were anointed upon coronation with the fat of the Dragon (the sacred crocodile). This noble beast was referred to in Egypt as the Messeh (from which derived the Hebrew verb 'to anoint'), and the kings of this dynastic succession were always referred to as 'Dragons', or 'Messiahs' (meaning 'Anointed Ones')
"In times of battle, when the armies of different kingdoms were conjoined, an overall leader was chosen and he was called the 'Great Dragon' (the 'King of Kings') - or, as we better know the name in its old Celtic form, the 'Pendragon'...
"In pictorial representation, the Messianic Dragon was, in essence, a large-jawed serpent with four legs, very much like a crocodile or a monitor. This was the Sacred Messeh whose name was 'Draco.' Draco was a divine emblem of the Egyptian pharaohs, a symbol of the Egyptian Therapeutate, of the Essenes of Qumran, and was the Bistea Neptunis (the sea serpent) of the descendant Merovingian Fisher-Kings in Europe." (Laurence Gardner) - 612 (Part I)
The Druidic Dragon King or Pendragon, also called the King of Kings, was chosen by a Council of Elders to rule over all the kingdoms.
"...Cymbeline was the 'Pendragon' of mainland Britain during Jesus's lifetime. The Pendragon, or 'Head Dragon of the Island'...was the King-of-Kings and 'Guardian of the Celtic Isle'. The title was not dynastic; Pendragons were appointed from Celtic royal stock by a Druidic council of elders...
"The concept of the dragon in Celtic mythology emerged directly from the holy crocodile (the Messeh) of the ancient Egyptians. The Pharaohs were anointed with crocodile fat, and thereby attained the fortitude of the Messeh (Thus Messiah -- Anointed One). The image of the intrepid Messeh evolved to become the Dragon, which in turn became emblematic of mighty kingship.
"The Celtic Kings in Britain were called 'dragons' in the ancient Messeh tradition as intrepid guardians. But there were many separate kingdoms in those days before England gained an overall monarch in Saxon times. It was therefore necessary to appoint a King-of-Kings -- a High King to preside overall, and to lead combined armies from different tribal areas. The first Pendragon (Head Dragon/High King) was Cymbeline." - 29:183
"...Columba...in 574, had crowned and anointed King Aedan mac Gabran of Dalriada (Celtic Pendragon and father of King Arthur) - the first British monarch to be installed by priestly ordination - and this greatly upset the Church of Rome." - 92:30
The Druidic Pendragon was passed on to the Merovingian kings in 666 A.D.
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Dragon Family Tree
FirstBorn Dragon Clan
http://drakenberg.weebly.com/dragon-family-tree.html
In addition, Enki was known as the “Lord of the Earth”, and it is because of this “amphibious” nature of their progenitor, who reigned over both land and sea, that the Merovingians are associated with frogs. But this “Lord of the Earth” title is significant, for this is a title also given to Satan. It has been acknowledged elsewhere that Enki, as the “fish-goat man”, is the prototype for the Zodiac sign of Capricorn, which is itself recognized as the prototype for the modern conception of Satan or Lucifer. Furthermore, a well-known and pivotal episode in Enki’s career was his fight against his brother Enlil over the succession of the global throne. Enki eventually slew Enlil, something that is recorded in the Egyptian myth of Set murdering Osiris, and perhaps in the Biblical story of Cain murdering Abel. The connection between Enki and Enlil and Cain and Abel can be further proven by the fact that Enki and Enlil were the son of Anu (in some Sumerian legends, the first god-king on Earth), whereas Cain and Abel were the sons of the first man, called “Adamu” in Sumerian legends. “Adamu” and “Anu” appear to be etymologically related.
This family feud erupted into a long and overdrawn battle between the gods, who were split into two factions over the issue. These appear to be the same two factions who were at odds over the mating of gods and men to create the Grail bloodline. Those who supported Enki/Satan and Cain were clearly the ones who were inclined to breed with mankind, perhaps in an attempt to create a hybrid race that could assist them in retaining the throne for Cain. But they were overpowered. After they lost the “war in Heaven”, they were cast into the Abyss (according to legend, now the realm of Satan), and the Earth was flooded so as to rid it of their offspring.
Yet according to the legends, those gods who had created the hybrid race contacted one of their most favored descendants (called Uta-Napishtim in the Sumerian legends, or Noah in the Jewish), helping him to rescue himself and his family, preserving the seed of hybrid humanity. We see remnants of this in the Vedic legends of the Flood, in which the Noah figure, here called “Manu”, is warned about the Flood by a horned fish (who turns out to be the Hindu god Vishnu in disguise). The fish tells Manu to build a ship, and then tie its tip to his horn. He then proceeds to tow Manu’s ship to safety upon a high mountain. So clearly Vishnu is connected to Enki, Dagon, and Oannes, and clearly he is the same one who saved Noah from the Flood. Yet this very deed became attributed, in the Old Testament, to the same god, Jehovah, who had purportedly caused the Flood to begin with. In fact the word Jehovah, or “Jah” is said to have evolved from the name of another Sumerian sea god-king, Ea, “the Lord of the Flood.” Likewise, Leviathan is responsible, according to some references, for “vomiting out the waters of the Flood.” This occurs at the Apocalypse in the Revelation of St. John the Divine as well. Leviathan, like many of these sea gods, was the Lord of the Abyss, and these waters were believed to be holding the Earth up from underneath, in the regions of Hell. Yet “Leviathan” is almost surely etymologically related to the Jewish name “Levi”, and therefore to the “tribe of Levi”, the priestly caste of the Jews that formed part of Christ’s lineage.
- "There are at least a dozen families in Britain and Europe today -- with numerous collateral branches -- who are of Merovingian lineage. These include the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine... Plantard, Luxembourg, Montpezat, Montesque, and various others. According to the 'Prieuré documents' the Sinclair family in Britain is also allied to the bloodline, as are various branches of the Stuarts...
- Now lets go back to the Quinotaur, which some have named as being synonymous with Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea and, according to Plato, one of the famous kings of Atlantis. Others have seen it as being emblematic of the fish symbol that Christ is associated with, thus indicating that he was in fact the origin of the Merovingian bloodline. However, the roots of this Quinotaur myth are far more ancient. The word itself can be broken down etymologically to reveal its meaning. The last syllable, “taur”, means “bull.” The first syllable “Quin”, or “Kin”, comes from the same root as “king”, as well as the Biblical name of Cain, whom many have named as the primordial father of the Grail family.(4) The idea of the “King of the World” taking the form of a sea-bull was a recurring them in many ancient cultures, most notably in ancient Mesopotamia. In fact it originated with that dynasty of kings who reigned over the antediluvian world and who were all associated with the sea, as well as this divine animal imagery. These kings included Sargon, Menes, and Narmar. Their historical reality morphed into the legends we have in many cultures of gods said to have come out of the sea at various times and to teach mankind the basic arts of civilization. They were known by various names, such as Enki, Dagon, Oannes, or Marduk (Merodach). They were depicted as half-man and half-fish, half-goat and half-fish, or half-bull and half-fish, but as I have said, in many of these depictions it is clear that this affect was achieved merely by the wearing of costumes, and that these god-kings were using this archetypal imagery to deify themselves in the minds of their subjects...
- The syllable “dag” merely means “fish”, which makes it interesting to note that the Dogon tribe of Africa, who have long baffled astronomers with their advanced knowledge of the faraway star-system from which they say their gods came, claim that these gods were “fish-men.” We may wonder if the words “dag” and “dog” are not etymologically related, especially since the star from whence these fish-men supposedly came is named Sirius, “the Dog Star.” From Dagon comes our word “dragon”, as well as the biblical figure of Leviathan, “the Lord of the Deep”, a title also applied to Dagon. In fact, many of these Atlantean god-kings received the titles “the Lord of the Waters”, “The Lord of the Deep”, or “the Lord of the Abyss”, which appear to have been passed down from father to son, along with the throne of the global kingdom. These kings were specifically associated with the Flood of Noah, which, as I have mentioned, destroyed their global kingdom, and was somehow linked to their disastrous breeding experiment with the human race that lead to the “Grail bloodline.” For this they were consigned to the “Abyss” or the underworld, which is why these gods were known as the lords of both.
In addition, Enki was known as the “Lord of the Earth”, and it is because of this “amphibious” nature of their progenitor, who reigned over both land and sea, that the Merovingians are associated with frogs. But this “Lord of the Earth” title is significant, for this is a title also given to Satan. It has been acknowledged elsewhere that Enki, as the “fish-goat man”, is the prototype for the Zodiac sign of Capricorn, which is itself recognized as the prototype for the modern conception of Satan or Lucifer. Furthermore, a well-known and pivotal episode in Enki’s career was his fight against his brother Enlil over the succession of the global throne. Enki eventually slew Enlil, something that is recorded in the Egyptian myth of Set murdering Osiris, and perhaps in the Biblical story of Cain murdering Abel. The connection between Enki and Enlil and Cain and Abel can be further proven by the fact that Enki and Enlil were the son of Anu (in some Sumerian legends, the first god-king on Earth), whereas Cain and Abel were the sons of the first man, called “Adamu” in Sumerian legends. “Adamu” and “Anu” appear to be etymologically related.
- Clearly, Dagobert’s death meant the end for the Merovingian kingdom. All subsequent Merovingian kings were essentially powerless, and they were officially thought to have died out with Dagobert’s grandson, Childeric III. 49 years later, Charles Martel’s grandson, Charlemagne was anointed Holy Roman Emperor. But in 872, almost 200 years after his death, Dagobert was canonized as a Saint, and the date of his death, December 23, became “St. Dagobert’s Day.”
- The Horned Serpent is a persona of the god Cernunnos, the Brythonic Horned God who was associated with the hunt and fertility. As I said in that other post, it was probably his worship at Loch Ness that was reported in Columba's famous meeting with the Loch Ness Monster. The pagan ancestors of the Merovingians were also most likely worshipers of Cernunnos. The tale that he had two fathers, one a Quinotaur, probably indicates that Merovee was conceived during the fertility rites associated with Cernunnos and has no connection with Christ nor Mary Magdalene. Cernunnos was the lord of life, death and the underworld. He was also the Sun God and the ritual of the Sacred Hunt, where the mortal king was the sacrifice, sheds more light on the Merovingians' pagan roots. The last Merovingian king, Dagobert, was slain in just such a manner at the winter solstice.
In the Americas, the horned serpent, like the the Choktaw deity Sint holo, was the giver of inspiration, a promethian spirit who introduced agriculture, language, and other gifts of knowledge to mankind. The Tewa deity Avanyu was the feathered sky serpent of the Pueblos (Zuni, Kolowisi, and Hopi, Paluluka), a rain and lightning deity who was believed to have given birth to the waterways, and whose voice was thunder. Algonquin pictographs commonly depict a horned, feathered serpent known as Mishipizheu and similar icons are scattered across North America.
The best known feathered serpent of the Americas is, of course, the Aztec Quetzalcoatl, (Mayan Kukulkan, Incan Urcaguey) who was exiled by the gods for his gifts of knowledge to the Aztec people. Quetzalcoatl was described as a bearded white man and legends persist that he was a prince of the Brythonic people, though, like the Merovingian Quinotaur, there have been attempts to also connect Quetzalcoatl with Christ...
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You often hear many Master Masons talk about a Golden Age.
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Dragon Family Tree
This archetype of the fallen king who shall one day return, or the kingdom that disappears, only to rise again in a new, golden age, is a very common one, and one that I have shown in another article to be integral to the Grail legend. It was also one used quite effectively by the last of the Merovingian kings who effectively held the throne of the Austrasian Empire - this magazine’s mascot, Dagobert II. Dagobert’s entire life, as historically recorded, is mythological and archetypal. His name betrays the divine origins of his bloodline. “Dagobert” comes, of course, from Dagon. Now the word “bert”, as the author L.A. Waddell has shown, has its roots in the word “bara”, or “para“, or Anglicized, “pharaoh”, a “priest-king of the temple (or house).” So Dagobert’s name literally means “Priest-King of the House of Dagon.” Interestingly, a rarely-found but nonetheless authentic variation on Dagobert’s name was “Dragobert”, emphasizing his lineage from the beast of the deep waters, the dragon Leviathan.
http://drakenberg.weebly.com/dragon-family-tree.html
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For more information on dragon symbolism, view Chapter 31 - " Dragon symbolism. "
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Chapter 19: Saint Germain
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Esoteric School
Louisenlund
http://trianglebook.weebly.com/esoteric-school.html
Retirement Rituals
Though his effect was that of a cultural engineer, St. Germain was a diplomat, spy, inventor, occultist, jeweler and violinist. As such, he was fluent in many languages, including those of encryption. His life is full of rumors, legends and scandal, making it hard to separate the man from the myth. But he fostered Masonry, gnosis and the Rosicrucians creating a legacy that persists today.
Though many of his exploits are couched in mystery, much is known about St. Germain’s retirement period at Louisenlund on the German/Danish border, where he practiced Freemasonry and alchemy with his patron Prince Karl of Hesse (1744-1836). Having spent most of his fortune, sold his diamonds and given up his espionage enterprise, the Count (also calling himself Welldone, Weldon, Welldown, Wethlone, or Woeldone) settled down.
At Louisenlund on Bornholm Island, the Count happily recreated the laboratory he had enjoyed earlier in life with the patronage of French King Louis. The Louisenlund host family that offered sanctuary was a nexus of Masonic and “Red Dragon” lineage that now pervades European royalty. The House of Hesse-Kassel made a lot of money off the American Revolution, leasing Hessian mercenaries. It wanted more.
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The Count of Saint-Germain
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
The Manly Palmer Hall Collection of Alchemical Manuscripts at the Getty Research Library contains two triangular books (MS 209 and MS 210), similar in content but not entirely identical, whose title page mentions Saint-Germain. MS 209 has 31 leaves (of which four are blank), and MS 210 has 24 leaves; each of the three sides of the pages measures about nine inches. With the exception of the title page, the books are written in cipher. Iona Miller writes:
The cipher itself is quite simple, belonging to the class found in Masonic documents, and decodes into French. ... The writing itself belongs to a class known as Grimoire or Manuals of Ceremonial Magic. ... The balance of the manuscript is devoted to the consecration of magical implements and prayers to spirits. ... Most of the formulas are magical rather than alchemical and so involved in obscure symbolism and Cabalistic names as to be impractical to the modern reader. ... It is not known for sure if St. Germain actually wrote these rites or adapted them from an older magical text in his possession.13
We do not know for certain whether the Count of Saint-Germain had anything do with these manuscripts.
- The Count of St. Germain was an enigmatic figure who achieved great prominence in European high society in the mid-18th century. He was on close terms with many kings, princes and statesmen, and enjoyed their confidence and admiration. He was fabulously wealthy, possessing a collection of jewels of rare size and beauty, which he often gave away as gifts. Acquaintances praised his charming grace, genteel manners and enormous erudition. He was an accomplished musician and composer, and a virtuoso on the violin. He was also a brilliant chemist, with a unique knowledge of dyes and diamonds. Frederick the Great called him a man whose riddle had never been solved. His birth and background are obscure, but towards the end of his life he revealed that he was a son of Prince Francis Rákóczy of Transylvania.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain1.htm
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Triangular Manuscript:
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The Count of Saint-Germain we are considering here is sometimes confused with several other Saint-Germains: Claude-Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain (1707-78), a Frenchman famous for his military talents, who was appointed war minister by Louis XVI in 1775, but whose career ended in disgrace because of the reforms he tried to introduce in the army; Robert-François Quesnay de Saint-Germain (1751-1805), an occultist; and Pierre-Mathieu Renault de Saint-Germain, French Governor of Calcutta in 1755.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain1.htm
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After 1745, Saint-Germain’s precise whereabouts and activities for the next 12 years are uncertain. His own statements indicate that he was probably developing various manufacturing techniques in Germany, mainly in the area of dyeing. In 1755 he was involved in promoting a machine invented by a Frenchman for cleaning and deepening ports, estuaries and waterways, and made a trip to The Hague in late 1755 or early 1756.5
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain1.htm
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Had they reached the Black Sea, and landed in those parts of Turkey’s domains in Europe known as Wallachia and Moldavia (parts of modern Rumania), then, perhaps joined by land forces pushing down from the south of Russia, they could have marched straight through into Transylvania. ...
[I]n Transylvania, Saint-Germain could have declared his identity as a son of Francis Rákóczy, and there and in Hungary the whole population might have flocked to him, in his General’s uniform, greeting his Russian forces as liberators from the domination of Austria. He might have been received in succession to his father as Prince of Transylvania, and even have been acclaimed in Hungary.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain1.htm
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Several writers have claimed that Saint-Germain played a key role in occult societies such as those of the Rosicrucians and Freemasons. Isabel Cooper-Oakley says that it is evident that Saint-Germain ‘went from one society to another, guiding and teaching’.
According to Cadet de Gassicourt, he was travelling member for the ‘Templars,’ going from Lodge to Lodge to establish communication between them. M. de St. Germain is said to have done this work for the Paris Chapter of the ‘Knights Templar.’ Investigation proves him to have been connected with the ‘Asiatische Brüder,’ or the ‘Knights of St. John the Evangelist from the East in Europe,’ also with the ‘Ritter des Lichts,’ or ‘Knights of Light,’ and with various other Rosicrucian bodies in Austria and Hungary; and also with the ‘Martinists’ in Paris.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
Carl also writes that Saint-Germain told me that he was eighty-eight years old when he came here. He was ninety-two or three when he died. ... He was placed under the protection of the last Medici, who had him sleep, as a child, in his own room. When he learned that his two brothers, sons of the Princess of Hesse-Rheinfels or Rotenberg, ... had submitted to the Emperor Charles VI and taken the names St Charles and St Elizabeth in honour of the Emperor and the Empress, he said to himself, ‘Ah well, I shall call myself Sanctus Germanus, the holy brother.’
If Saint-Germain was 88 years old when he came to Schleswig-Holstein in 1770, Rákóczy would have been only 15 when he conceived him. Jean Overton Fuller comments:
On the other hand, if the conversation took place in Eckernförde, Saint-Germain may have meant that he was eighty-eight when Prince Carl established him at the works in Eckernförde, which must have been sometime in between 24 November, 1779, when ... he must still have been at Gottorp, and June, 1781, when ... he was at Eckernförde. If it was in 1781 he told Prince Carl he had not long gone eighty-eight, that would give us a credible birth-date, in late 1693 or early 1694, when Rákóczy would have been seventeen, and, moreover, in Italy, which would tie up with the otherwise incomprehensible reference to the Medicis.
The House of Medici (Famiglia de' Medici) was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that began its rise to prominence in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century. The Medicean dynasty came to an end in the 18th century, with two unhappily married, childless brothers, Gian Gastone and Ferdinando. The elder brother, Ferdinando, died of syphilis in 1713, and Gian Gastone succeeded his father, Duke Cosimo III, in 1723, becoming the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany. He died in 1737.
Saint-Germain once said that his country of origin was one that had never known foreign rule; this has been taken to mean he must belong to the Wittelsbach royal house, as Bavaria is virtually the only European country, apart from France, to which that applies. On another occasion Saint-Germain stated that only the Bourbon royal house could rival his own, which again implied he was a Wittelsbach, as only the Bourbon and Wittelsbach royal houses in Europe compared in terms of the antiquity of their reign.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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Fuller therefore suggests that Saint-Germain was the son of Prince Francis II Rákóczy of Transylvania and Princess Violante.
This would give a reason for the Medicis to have brought him up, for why should they bring up a bastard of Francis Rákóczy unless the mother was one of their own family? Where the family of a girl who has borne a child out of wedlock chases after the man, it is usually in the hope he will provide financial maintenance; but the Medicis were so much wealthier than Rákóczy that, if they decided to keep the child and bring him up themselves, where the mother could see him sometimes, they may have thought it needless to send after Rákóczy and tell him anything about it. So he may never have known.8
Gian Gastone was always sympathetic to his neglected sister-in-law, Violante, and could have persuaded his and Ferdinando’s father, Cosimo, to take the child into his household, among the many pages from good families whom he helped to educate. This is in line with Saint-Germain’s remark that he had been ‘tremendously protected’ and educated by Gian Gastone.9 The House of Medici possessed great knowledge, but Saint-Germain told Carl that he had learned the secrets of nature by his own application and researches.10 Saint-Germain’s connection with the Dukes of Medici helps explain how he came to possess a Raphael and other valuable paintings, and how he came to be such an accomplished composer and musician.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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When did he die?
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
In a letter to A.P. Sinnett written in August 1881, mahatma Kuthumi (KH) said that the French occultist Eliphas Levi (1810-75) studied from the Rosicrucian manuscripts (of which only three copies remained in Europe).
These expound our eastern doctrines from the teachings of Rosenkreuz [founder of the Rosicrucian Order] who, upon his return from Asia dressed them up in a semi-Christian garb intended as a shield for his pupils, against clerical revenge. ... Rosenkreuz taught orally. Saint Germain recorded the good doctrines in figures, and his only cyphered MS. remained with his staunch friend and patron, the benevolent German Prince from whose house and in whose presence he made his last exit – HOME. Failure, dead failure!1
The meaning of ‘home’ in this context is the same as in the following remark by H.P. Blavatsky, another messenger of the Himalayan Brotherhood: ‘The writer of the present is old; her life is well-nigh worn out, and she may be summoned “home” any day and almost any hour.’2 The masters presumably saw Saint-Germain’s mission largely as a failure because they had hoped it would prevent more of the violence and bloodshed that accompanied the transition from feudal, aristocratic society, dominated by an absolute monarchy and dogmatic Church, to the new industrialized society, characterized by greater personal and political liberty.
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The authorship of the notable work La Très Sainte Trinosophie (The Most Holy Trinosophia / The Most Holy Threefold Wisdom) is controversial.8 It was allegedly authored by either the Count of Saint-Germain or Count Alessandro di Cagliostro. The 96-page manuscript is in the possession of the French library at Troyes. It is handwritten, mainly in French, but also contains letters, words and phrases in several other languages, figures resembling Egyptian hieroglyphics, a few words in characters resembling cuneiform, and several pages at the end in cipher. Its poetic prose is full of masonic and kabbalistic symbols, as are the drawings with which it is richly illustrated. The work deals in a veiled and allegorical manner with the mysteries of initiation.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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The first fly-leaf of the manuscript bears a note saying that it belonged to the famous Cagliostro and was found by Massena in Rome at the Grand Inquisitor’s. A stuck-on note, signed by a philosopher calling himself ‘I.B.C. Philotaume’, says it is the sole existing copy of a work by Saint-Germain. Manly Hall believes it was indeed written by Saint-Germain, and was seized by the Inquisition when Cagliostro was arrested in Rome in 1789. Jean Overton Fuller, on the other hand, suggests that it was written by Cagliostro while incarcerated in the Castel Sant’Angelo.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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The papers left by Prince Carl include the recipe for Saint-Germain’s famous tea: it contained senna pods, elder flowers, and fennel, soaked in spirits of wine; it had a laxative effect and general healthful properties.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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The Manly Palmer Hall Collection of Alchemical Manuscripts at the Getty Research Library contains two triangular books (MS 209 and MS 210), similar in content but not entirely identical, whose title page mentions Saint-Germain. MS 209 has 31 leaves (of which four are blank), and MS 210 has 24 leaves; each of the three sides of the pages measures about nine inches. With the exception of the title page, the books are written in cipher. Iona Miller writes:
The cipher itself is quite simple, belonging to the class found in Masonic documents, and decodes into French. ... The writing itself belongs to a class known as Grimoire or Manuals of Ceremonial Magic. ... The balance of the manuscript is devoted to the consecration of magical implements and prayers to spirits. ... Most of the formulas are magical rather than alchemical and so involved in obscure symbolism and Cabalistic names as to be impractical to the modern reader. ... It is not known for sure if St. Germain actually wrote these rites or adapted them from an older magical text in his possession.
We do not know for certain whether the Count of Saint-Germain had anything do with these manuscripts.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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The authorship of the notable work La Très Sainte Trinosophie (The Most Holy Trinosophia / The Most Holy Threefold Wisdom) is controversial. It was allegedly authored by either the Count of Saint-Germain or Count Alessandro di Cagliostro. The 96-page manuscript is in the possession of the French library at Troyes. It is handwritten, mainly in French, but also contains letters, words and phrases in several other languages, figures resembling Egyptian hieroglyphics, a few words in characters resembling cuneiform, and several pages at the end in cipher. Its poetic prose is full of masonic and kabbalistic symbols, as are the drawings with which it is richly illustrated. The work deals in a veiled and allegorical manner with the mysteries of initiation.
The first fly-leaf of the manuscript bears a note saying that it belonged to the famous Cagliostro and was found by Massena in Rome at the Grand Inquisitor’s. A stuck-on note, signed by a philosopher calling himself ‘I.B.C. Philotaume’, says it is the sole existing copy of a work by Saint-Germain. Manly Hall believes it was indeed written by Saint-Germain, and was seized by the Inquisition when Cagliostro was arrested in Rome in 1789. Jean Overton Fuller, on the other hand, suggests that it was written by Cagliostro while incarcerated in the Castel Sant’Angelo.
http://davidpratt.info/st-germain2.htm
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PART 1 - Hermetic Garden & Tower, by Iona Miller, 2010
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
Walk in magician and philosopher St. Germain's footsteps in his last home, mystery school, temple and laboratory. He lived at Louisenlund in the later 1700s with his patron Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel (1744-1836). They conducted experiments and initiations in the Hermetic Garden, among the megalithic stones and in St. Germain's Gothic alchemical tower - “All Brothers in Art”, Philosophers of Nature. All life is fire, the soul of things, the light that emanates from it is our mercury and this all rises from the salt of the earth.
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He was no saint but he was a rare spirit gifted with intuition, talent and intelligence. Prince Karl heard that when the Count's brother and sister received the titles and names Saint Karl and Saint Elizabeth from Emperor Charles VII, he himself had adopted the name Sanctus Germano, "the holy brother." But St. Germain probably bought the countdom of San Germano and its title from the Pope.
He was likely born between 1695 and 1710. There are competing theories of his pedigree, but he styled himself as a displaced Prince of Transylvania, which would make him a scion of the Dragon lineage, a bloodline bred for rulership and magic. Many researchers believe that St. Germain was the son of Francis II of Transylvania (1676-1735). If so, his father would have been only 19 when he was born. In the uprising of 1703-11 he lost the title Franciscus II Rakoczi. Dei Gratia Sacri Romani Imperii & Transylvaniae princeps.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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Was St. Germain the heir of this legacy of freedom fighters? This necessity for concealing is one of the great keys to the strange history of the man. Being a royal exile explains a lot about his behavior and acceptance at courts. The Emperor's "secret weapon" was none other than Amelia, who since 1701 had been prevented by the Court from joining her husband with her two sons, Jozsef and Gyorgy, although as a princess she was allowed to mingle with high society in Vienna.
Prince Karl of Hesse, Masonic leader of Germany, wrote that St. Germain was sent down to Italy to be raised by the Medici family. The children of Francis Racoczi were brought up by the Emperor of Austria, but one of them was withdrawn from his guardianship. The will of Francis II mentions a third unknown son. Whether the child was the first or third son, there was a price on the Crown Prince's head from age 7 because no heir could be tolerated.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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According to his close friend, Prince Karl of Hessen-Kassel, Count St. Germain was the youngest of the two sons of exiled Prince Francis II Rákóczi. With the defeat of Francis II, his properties were confiscated, and his youngest son was placed under the protection of the last Duc de Medici. His grandfather was from Florence and had contacts in Tuscany.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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1743 he was reported in in London, accused as a spy for the Stewarts. He went to France around 1748, where Louis XV employed him as a spy several times. Around 1760 he was forced to leave France for England. There he taught Count Cagliostro the Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry. During his two-year stay in London in 1743 he set up a laboratory and did mysterious experiments. He likely learned or honed his encryption skills there, too. Both of his favorite books, Trinosophia and Triangular Book were in cypher text. His cypher manuscripts were encrypted using a simple substitution crypto key. Code in both alchemy and politics offered a measure of secrecy and protection from the Inquisition. In the east, he may have been introduced to crypto, first recorded by the Arab polymath Al-Kindi in the 800's. St. Germain was also known to use polyalphabetic cyphers and masonic alphabets.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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However, Saint Germain neither confirmed nor denied this connection and said that what he knew he learned from his own application and research. His own science included a thorough knowledge of herbs and plants based on experiments with nature; from this base he invented several medicines and natural formulas for healing. We may not know much about the actual man, but we know more about the magical currents that fired St. Germain's personality.
Centuries earlier, Cosimo de Medici ignited the Renaissance by reviving pagan thought and practical pre-Christian wisdom. He appointed his physician's son, Marsilio Ficino as director of the “Platonic Academy” to oversight the translations into Latin of ancient manuscripts. These texts inspired philosophical and religious debates.
They described ancient Greek and Egyptian civilization with their lunar and solar mystery cults such as Eleusis, Isis and Osiris. The Masonic legend of Hiram Abiff is an adaptation of the Osiris myth. The link between those origins - via Orphic texts, Magical Papyri, Byzantine and Arab conjure books -- and the grimoires is non-controversial in academic magic.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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The fusion of psyche and substance was evident in the projection of mythological content into the behavior of matter. Thus, the alchemist was one with his process of transformation. All phenomena are real and unreal in some sense. Today we know that the universe is not made of concrete "substance" but "wavicles" of energy/light. Energy and mass are convertable.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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The transmission is itself a medium of spiritual affirmation, an "awakening" by which the recipient comes to fully value the reality of that which is transmitted, subtly, silently, profoundly. This empowerment is seen as a psychic or soulful realization of fluid currents and emanations that constitute a more illumined state of awareness or a more empowered state of being. Often these currents are related to cosmic entities, sometimes mythicized and sometimes not, whose value is expressed in symbols of unification and wholeness.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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That photonic Light operates biochemically is a given in modern science, but the ability to participate consciously in photobiochemical or biophotonic processes is denied by science. The Horus current is one of biological Light. The Gnostic "light in extension" was the ultimate symbol of spirit. The crystalline form of DNA actually forms a dodecahedron.
The Count, a master of the mystic arts, undoubtedly learned disciplines such as theurgy, practical alchemy, astrology, astronomy, qabalah, geomancy, the arts such as music and painting, forms of divination, and rites of various magical lodges or orders. Metallurgy, distillation, dying paints and silks, and gemology were practical applications. All of these depend upon the doctrine of correspondences.
The term “mysticism” is fuzzy. It can mean visionary experiences, non-visionary via negativa experiences, or something else. The term “gnosis,” refers to direct spiritual insight either into hidden aspects of the cosmos, or into transcendence.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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Secret Books
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
A key eighteenth century Masonic figure in both the American and French Revolutions, St. Germain left little more than the legacy of fraternity in secret societies, and his two arcane books. Their authorship is arguable, but he valued them and his promotion of them is indisputable.
The Most Holy Trinosophia is an allegorical text and initiatory manual and the unpublished Triangular Book with the dragon emblem is a magical grimoire in the style of Solomonic magic. There is no proof St. Germain wrote it, but like The Lost Book of Nostradamus, his name is on it. And they were worthy of copying and safeguarding for hundreds of years. Manly Palmer Hall never published the Triangular Book though he had two copies. What ties all three together is the theme of the Precession of the Equinox in 2012.
The winged dragon represents the Anima Mundi, or Soul of the World, which is the sum total of planetary existence -- the holographic blueprint on which form is based, informational level or primal source of being. It is said that medicine providing the gift of youth can be made from its venom. The dragon is a healing power. The spiritual food of immortality signifies the ability of the ego to assimilate the previously unconscious aspects of the Self. This is the elixir of youth that creates the immortal body, equivalent to the Philosopher's Stone.
Both of these hoary tomes are heavily encrypted with triple meanings, containing layers of Hermetic, Qabalistic, and alchemical secrets. We can imagine they encapsulated the pinnacle of his wisdom for his associates.
In Trinosophia, we read: "My dear Philochatus, you are about to penetrate into the sanctuary of the sublime sciences; my hand is about to raise for you the impenetrable veil which hides from the eyes of common men the tabernacle, the sanctuary wherein the Eternal has lodged the secrets of nature. . .kept for a few that are privileged, the few Elect whom His omnipotence created that they may SEE, and seeing, may soar after Him in the vast expanse of His Glory and deflect upon mankind one of the Rays that shine round about His golden Throne."
The Triangular Book is a theurgic rite with three stated goals, which can be taken at face-value or metaphorically. They include finding treasures lost to the sea since the Great Flood (long-hidden, antediluvian sources of esoteric wisdom), spells for finding and mining diamonds and other gems beneath the earth (VITRIOL), and invocations to maintain the appearance of a 50 year old.
Many believed Count St. Germain a.k.a Count Surmont, Count Welldone, Count Soltikoff, Count Tzarogy, Marquise di Aymar, Prince Rakoczi, or Ahasverus, found the "Elixir of Youth." It doesn't stretch the imagination that besides his laxative Senna Tea, he was probably aware of ginseng and fo-ti tieng from his Asia travels. He could easily make a compound of all the rejuvinating herbs he knew from his travels. It may have remained secret, since Europeans would have been largely unfamiliar with those plants, anyway.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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Occultist, Paul Foster Case described Alchemy in his Introduction to Tarot Lesson 10: "The alchemical process is a physical process directed and controlled by mental means. It aims at a transformation of the human body. When this transformation is effected, the adept has a physical vehicle by means of which he is able to exercise unusual powers, among them being the ability to transmute metals. His own body is his laboratory and its organs or athanors are the "secret vessels" employed in the work of an alchemist. When this transformation is effected, the adept has a physical vehicle by means of which he Is able to exercise unusual Powers, among them being the ability to transmute metals."
The alchemical formula VITRIOL suggests we Visit the interior of the Earth and mine our unconscious to find the Philosopher’s Stone, an analogy for mining the treasures within ourselves. Later, Carl Jung saw a proto-psychology of self-transformation and evoked potential in the work of the alchemists and made it the basis of his depth psychology.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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St. Germain's metaphysical manuals are more relevant today than ever. Manly Palmer Hall, owner and publisher of both these rarest occult books, deduced that they related to the Great Year of the Precession of the Equinoxes. He claimed, the keynote throughout this material describes the approach of an age when the Leg of the Grand Man and the Waterman of the Zodiac (likely Orion & Aquarius) meet in conjunction at the equinox and end a grand 400,000 year cycle.
This culmination of eons is mentioned in the Apocalypse as a revealing: "Behold! I make a new heaven and a new earth," meaning a series of new cycles and a new humanity." This last comment is a reference to the precession of the equinoxes and the Sun's entrance into Aquarius in 2010 which ushers in a new zeitgeist, a dramatic shift in cultural paradigms.
http://ionamiller2010.iwarp.com/photo2_3.html
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Chapter 20: Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity & Ron Paul
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{The following chapter will explain how the Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity, uses symbolism from Freemasonry, including influence from Saint Germain}.
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Ordre du Croissant
The Ordre du Croissant (Order of the Crescent; Italian - Ordine della Luna Crescente) was a chivalric order founded by Charles I of Naples and Sicily in 1268. It was revived in 1448 or 1464 by René I, king of Jerusalem, Sicily and Aragon (including parts of Provence), to provide him with a rival to the English Order of the Garter. René was one of the champions of the medieval system of chivalry and knighthood, and this new order was (like its English rival) neo-Arthurian in character. Its insignia consisted of a golden crescent moon engraved in grey with the word LOZ, with a chain of 3 gold loops above the crescent. On René's death, the Order lapsed.
René and his Order of the Crescent were adopted as "historical founders" by the Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity in 1912, as exemplars of chivalry and Christian charity. Ceremonies of the Order of the Crescent were referenced in formulating ceremonies for the fraternity.
The Order was neo-Arthurian in character, and so has been used to link René with the Holy Grail
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_du_Croissant
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FROM 15TH CENTURY FRANCE TO INDIANA VIA BOSTON—
THE ORIGIN OF LAMBDA CHI ALPHA
http://arktechlambdachialpha.com/images/Paedagogus50th.pdf
When Rene of Anjou, 15th century king of southern France, rode forth to battle, he bore this phrase on
his shield: “Los en croissant.” Literally translated, it reads “Praise to increase,” or “Hail to progress” in more
modern terms. This phrase, more than any other, typifies the founding, history, and the accomplishments
of Lambda Chi Alpha.
Progress seldom happens without a reason. Most often it springs from some fundamental need. The
progress of Lambda Chi Alpha, which during its first quarter century, 1909-1934, became one of the
world’s prominent fraternal organizations, can best be explained in terms of academic and social needs.
Between Phi Beta Kappa’s founding in 1776 and 1900, only 38 fraternities came into being. However, enrollment had grown tremendously during this time, and there was a pressing need for a more rapid expansion of new fraternities. Established societies weren’t overly excited to break hidebound traditions of exclusiveness and conservatism to answer the call for expansion—and local societies, which may have had the spirit, didn’t have the size, organization, or influence to pioneer such a movement.
It took a persevering little group of law students at Boston nearly a century ago, to get into the very heart of the controversial fraternity world. First, they laid the foundation of a new national fraternity, and second, they steadily increased its chapter roll to a formidable size.
This group had first been associated in a high school fraternity known as Alpha Mu Chi, and later became members of the Cosmopolitan Law Club, founded in 1905 in Boston. By 1909, the Club was in dispute as to whether to continue as a legal society, or to expand into a general fraternity. The proponents of the latter idea founded Lambda Chi Alpha on November 2, 1909. By the end of 1912, the new Fraternity already had six sturdy chapters.
Initiates of these early chapters helped provide Lambda Chi with many sound organizational policies and an unsurpassed background of artistic excellence in connection with emblems, publications, and ritualism.
John E. “Jack” Mason, Pennsylvania ’13, was particularly outstanding in making such vital contributions.
Samuel Dyer, Maine ’12; Louis Robbins, Brown ’12; and Albert Cross, Pennsylvania ’13, assisted him.
Helmet.
When knights rode back from battle their custom was to hang their shields upon the wall with
their helmets above them. Thus, the composition of coats of arms consisting of shields surmounted by
helmets was suggested. The Lambda Chi Alpha helmet is that of a squire or apprentice to a knight, suggesting the youth of the average undergraduate and the youthful spirit of the Fraternity. The term
“esquire” also means gentleman, however, so our helmet is therefore the symbol of good conduct. Thus, of all the heraldic forms of the helmet, the gentleman’s helmet, emphasizing honor without rank, is most suitable for our college Fraternity. The crown, symbol of sacrifice, suggests for us nobility of character.
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René of Anjou
René of Anjou (Occitan: Rainièr d'Anjau; French: René d'Anjou; 1409–1480), also known as René I of Naples (Italian: Renato I di Napoli) and Good King René (Occitan: Rai Rainièr lo Bòn; French: Le bon roi René), was count of Piedmont, duke of Bar (1430–80), duke of Lorraine (1431–53), duke of Anjou, count of Provence (1434–80), king of Naples (1435–42; titular 1442–80), titular king of Jerusalem (1438–80) and Aragon including Sicily, Majorca and Corsica (1466–80).
His title as duke of Lorraine was confirmed by his suzerain, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, at Basel in 1434. This proceeding roused the anger of the Burgundian duke, Philip the Good, who required him early in the next year to return to his prison, from which he was released two years later on payment of a heavy ransom. He had succeeded to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples through the deaths of his brother Louis III and of Joanna II, queen of Naples, the last of the earlier dynasty. Louis had been adopted by her in 1431, and she now left her inheritance to René.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou
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King René's Tournament Book
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Tournament_Book
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{John E. “Jack” Mason created Lambda Chi Alpha, and he was also a Master Mason}.
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List of Lambda Chi Alpha chapters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Chi_Alpha_chapters
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List of Lambda Chi Alpha brothers
Ron Paul
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Chi_Alpha_brothers
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The Weapons of Our Warfare
By K. Bauer
Ron Paul who is alumni of Lambda Chi Alpha, a secrey fraternity whose ritual is derived from the teachings of the Theosophists Helena Blavatsky, Annie Besant, Rudolph Steiner, and Edouard Schure, as well as prominent occultists such as Arthur Edward Waite and Eliphas Levi.
https://books.google.com/books?id=5D3dBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT363&lpg=PT363&dq=The+Weapons+of+Our+Warfare++By+K.+Bauer&source=bl&ots=CiWrRVOcyt&sig=XTUXlEJUKaRV9T7L3K4xwNjKK-U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Kkj5VNe3F4vmoATtpYHIDw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=The%20Weapons%20of%20Our%20Warfare%20%20By%20K.%20Bauer&f=false
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Ron Paul And Freemasonry: Ritual And The Scottish Rite
1. Ron Paul’s father was a Freemason and Dr. Paul has said himself many times that he respects the organization and has been to many of the open meetings in his district. I should know, I was his scheduler for ten years.
2. His wife, Carol is a member of the Velasco Order of the Eastern Star and maintains her membership in the Freeport area lodge.
3. Their daughters, Lori and Joy, were both Rainbow girls, another organization associated with Freemasonry.
http://www.infiniteunknown.net/tag/freemasonry/page/2/
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Ron Paul Freemason Rosecrucian ILLUMINATI connection EXPOSED
Mar 16, 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NhXl8epHg4
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{Many claim that Ron Paul flashes a Devil sign in some videos. Many have stated that this is also the hand symbol used for Ron Paul's fraternity, Lambda Chi Alpha}.
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Emblems of the Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity
http://www.iswza.org/ideals/emblems#coat
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Timeline Photos
Lambda Chi Alpha at ASU's Photos
https://www.facebook.com/319654283286/photos/a.381933458286.160399.319654283286/10152988597188287/?type=1&theater
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The Gamma Plate, the Massachusetts Agricultural College 1914 yearbook and Lambda Chi Alpha
http://www.lambdachi.org/blog/candc/the-gamma-plate-the-massachusetts-agricultural-college-1914-yearbook-and-lambda-chi-alpha/
The second page of Lambda Chi’s part of the fraternity section is the famous Gamma Plate. The various coats of arms in this section were made from a mix of steel and photoengraved plates. This is a perfect example of the transition from an older technology to a newer technology. By the end of World War I, the steel engraving process would disappear from mass market publications in favor of the photoengraving process. The Gamma Plate was made using the steel engraving process. It is the only Lambda Chi illustration made in this manner. Because the engraving appeared just once in this edition of the Index, it is an extremely rare find.
Louis Webster is recognized as the designer of the Gamma Plate, which was based on elements from our Fraternity’s first Ritual. These design elements, consisting of the Bible, clasped hands, grapes, lamp, scales, swords, triangle and the violet, were provided to him by Warren A. Cole. Some additional components were added that included our badge (with Delta Phi) and a banner upon which was written Lambda Chi Alpha in Greek.
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Lambda Chi Alpha
The High Zeta (Chapter Offices)
http://www.utlxa.org/officers
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ETSU suspends Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity in wake of hazing allegation
Nov 18, 2014
http://www.johnsoncitypress.com/article/122131/etsu-suspends-lambda-chi-alpha-frat-in-wake-of-hazing-allegation
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Officials investigate Lambda Chi
April 26, 2013
A former brother of Drexel University’s Lambda Chi Alpha chapter made accusations against one member of the fraternity for sexual harassment and against other members for retaliation against him when he reported it. The Office of Equality and Diversity confirmed that they are currently leading an investigation into the allegations against members of Lambda Chi.
http://thetriangle.org/news/officials-investigate-lambda-chi/
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Arrogance or answers in Idaho: A freshman pledge dies swimming with members and Detective Mike Deitrick with the Clearwater County (Idaho) Sheriff’s Office apparently goes with his gut on drowning case: Our Opinion
September 11, 2012
http://www.hanknuwer.com/arrogance-in-idaho-detective-mike-deitrick-with-the-clearwater-county-sheriffs-office/
I wrote to Det. Deitrick and U-Idaho school studauthorities regarding the death of a Lambda Chi Alpha pledge named Preston W. t affairs Vorhauer, a freshman of 18, out “swimming” with senior members just because –well dunno why, that’s the point. I wanted to make sure this wasn’t like the more than a dozen drowning incidents of pledges out with members that we saw at the University of Miami (Chad Meredith) and the University of Texas Cowboys (death of Idaho resident Gabe Higgins under mysterious circumstances and a fraternity coverup), UCLA and elsewhere. Total silence from Detective Mike Deitrick with the Clearwater County Sheriff’s Office. And so now I turn the inquiry over to Attorney General Lawrence Wasden of Idaho and a great Lambda Chi Alpha staff for which I wrote a recent article for an all-hazing issue. Was this just a couple boys out for a swim or was there any pressure on a pledge to prove himself to older members? No disrespect to the University of Idaho, nor Mr. Deitrick or the Sheriff, but U-Idaho has had its historical hazing and alcohol issues, most recently the death of Benjamin Harris swilling shots for his 21st birthday with Sigma Nu members. This is too suspicious a case to put to bed without investigation. Detective Mike Deitrick and Greek affairs at Idaho are either too busy or whatever to respond. I don’t plan to let this death rest on a deputy’s gut feeling and will FOIA them until they respond with facts and results of whatever interrogation of witnesses that was done or not done. This case may have been sufficiently investigated but all that has been reported is Mr. Deitrick’s apparently gut feeling. My gut feeling? The public deserves more facts. But this sounds like a great chapter. http://www.uidaho.edu/greeklife/chapterinfo/fraternities/lambdachialpha2 Let’s make sure. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/13/benjamin-harris-dead-univ_n_644888.html
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Two SDSU frats are ousted for violations
May 23, 2008
COLLEGE AREA – Greek life may be somewhat diminished at San Diego State University this fall.
Two fraternities, Lambda Chi Alpha and Delta Sigma Phi, were expelled yesterday for alcohol and hazing violations, respectively, just as two other fraternities are on interim suspension resulting from the largest drug sting in university history.
Delta Sigma Phi was expelled after three pledges kidnapped a fraternity member during a recent initiation week by putting him in a chokehold that knocked him unconscious, SDSU spokesman Jack Beresford said. They bound the man with duct tape, forced beer down his throat and drove him around for 45 minutes before dropping him off on Mission Gorge Road, Beresford said.
“The person kidnapped felt in fear for his life,” he said.
http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080523/news_1m23frats.html
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Student dies after fall from Wabash College roof
October 28th, 2007
http://www.wthr.com/story/7277409/student-dies-after-fall-from-wabash-college-roof
Crawfordsville - Wabash College officials and police are investigating how a 19-year-old student fell to his death from the roof of a campus building early Sunday.
Crawfordsville Police and Wabash College officials say the death of Patrick Woehnker appears to be an accident. Two investigations are underway at this time.
It happened just after 3:00 am Sunday on top of Goodrich Hall on the Wabash College campus. Five students, all Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity brothers, somehow made their way onto the roof. Woehnker slipped because of frost on the roof and fell four stories to the ground. He died on impact.
Woehnker was a freshman from Kendallville near Fort Wayne. He was on the swim team and planned to major in history.
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{When trying to visit many Lambda Chi Alpha websites, many are closed down, this is because many colleges are not allowing Lambda Chi Alpha in their colleges anymore. Many colleges do not want to have to deal with this fraternity, after too many hazing occurrences that were going on in this fraternity}.
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Lambda Chi Alpha & Ron Paul exposed. - Ron Paul investigation 3
Jul 28, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoNfOUT16LI&list=PL27D836093AF0C18D&index=3
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Ron Paul on Carroll Quiqley)
Jul 1, 2009
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-g1TaYYGv8Q
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Carroll Quigley
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley
Carroll Quigley (November 9, 1910 – January 3, 1977) was an American historian and theorist of the evolution of civilizations. He is noted for his teaching work as a professor at Georgetown University, for his academic publications, and for his research on secret societies.
Quigley and secret societies
One distinctive feature of Quigley's historical writings was his assertion that secret societies have played a significant role in recent world history. His writing on this topic has made Quigley famous among many who investigate conspiracy theories. Quigley's views are particularly notable because the majority of reputable academic historians profess skepticism about conspiracy theories.
Quigley's claims about the Milner Group
In his book The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden,[19] Quigley purports to trace the history of a secret society founded in 1891 by Cecil Rhodes and Alfred Milner. Quigley notes that "The organization was so modified and so expanded by Milner after the eclipse of Stead in 1899, and especially after the death of Rhodes in 1902, that it took on quite a different organization and character, although it continued to pursue the same goals."
The society consisted of an inner circle ("The Society of the Elect") and an outer circle ("The Association of Helpers", also known as The Milner Kindergarten and the Round Table Group). The society as a whole does not have a fixed name.
Quigley is also cited by several other authors who assert the existence of powerful conspiracies. Jim Marrs, whose work was used as a source by Oliver Stone in his film JFK, cites Quigley in his book Rule By Secrecy, which describes a conspiracy linking the Milner Group, Skull and Bones, the Trilateral Commission, the Bavarian Illuminati, the Knights Templar, and aliens who posed as the Sumerian gods thousands of years ago. Pat Robertson's book The New World Order cites Quigley as an authority on a powerful conspiracy.:98 Conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly has asserted that Bill Clinton's political success was due to his pursuit of the "world government" agenda he learned from Quigley.:98 G. Edward Griffin relies heavily on Quigley for information about the role Milner's secret society plays in the Federal Reserve in his book The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve
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What Is “Austrian Economics”?
And why is Ron Paul obsessed with it?
http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2012/01/what_is_austrian_economics_and_why_is_ron_paul_keep_obsessed_with_it_.html
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Ron Paul teaches Bernanke Austrian Economics 11/18/08
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt57iOmfOLg
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Austrian School
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School
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{Some people are critical about Austrian economics, while some people think Austrian economics is good. Austrian economics is conservative, and many say it is a good thing}.
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Why I Am Not an Austrian Economist
by
Bryan Caplan
Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
George Mason University
http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/whyaust.htm
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Chapter 21: History / random events
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History of Ukraine
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Ukraine#Early_modern_period
History
During the Iron Age, these were followed by the Dacians as well as nomadic peoples like the Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians. The Scythian Kingdom existed here from 750–250 BC. Along with ancient Greek colonies founded in the 6th century BC on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea, the colonies of Tyras, Olbia, Hermonassa, continued as Roman and Byzantine cities until the 6th century.
In the 3rd century AD, the Goths arrived in the lands of Ukraine around 250–375 AD, which they called Oium, corresponding to the archaeological Chernyakhov culture.[20] The Ostrogoths stayed in the area but came under the sway of the Huns from the 370s. North of the Ostrogothic kingdom was the Kiev culture, flourishing from the 2nd–5th centuries, when it was overrun by the Huns. After they helped defeat the Huns at the battle of Nedao in 454, the Ostrogoths were allowed by Romans to settle in Pannonia.
With the power vacuum created with the end of Hunnic and Gothic rule, Slavic tribes, possibly emerging from the remnants of the Kiev culture, began to expand over much of the territory that is now Ukraine during the 5th century, and beyond to the Balkans from the 6th century.
In the 7th century, the territory of modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to as Old Great Bulgaria) with its capital city of Phanagoria. At the end of the 7th century, most Bulgar tribes migrated in several directions and the remains of their state were absorbed by the Khazars, a semi-nomadic people from Central Asia.
The Khazars founded the Khazar kingdom in the southeastern part of today's Europe, near the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. The kingdom included western Kazakhstan, and parts of eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, southern Russia, and Crimea. Around 800 AD, the kingdom converted to Judaism.
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Khazars
The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the breakup of the western Turkish steppe empire, known as the Khazar Khanate or Khazaria. Astride a major artery of commerce between northern Europe and southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading emporia of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and played a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East, and Kievan Rus'. For some three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars
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Astana: The Illuminati Capital of Kazakhstan
http://www.thebohemianblog.com/2012/12/dark-tourism-illuminati-capital.html
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Rus'–Byzantine War (941)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_%28941%29
The Rus'–Byzantine War of 941 took place during the reign of Igor of Kiev. The Khazar Correspondence reveals that the campaign was instigated by the Khazars, who wished revenge on the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews undertaken by Emperor Romanus I Lecapenus.
The Rus' and their allies, the Pechenegs, disembarked on the northern coast of Asia Minor and swarmed over Bithynia in May 941. As usual, they seemed to have been well informed that the Imperial capital stood defenseless and vulnerable to attack: the Byzantine fleet had been engaged against the Arabs in the Mediterranean, while the bulk of the Imperial army had been stationed along the eastern borders.
Lecapenus arranged a defense of Constantinople by having 15 retired ships fitted out with throwers of Greek fire fore and aft. Igor, wishing to capture these Greek vessels and their crews but unaware of the fire-throwers, had his fleet surround them. Then, at an instant, the Greek-fire was hurled through tubes upon the Rus' and their allies: Liudprand of Cremona wrote: "The Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." The captured Rus' were beheaded.
The Byzantines thus managed to dispel the Rus' fleet but not to prevent the pagans from pillaging the hinterland of Constantinople, venturing as far south as Nicomedia. Many atrocities were reported: the Rus' were said to have crucified their victims and to have driven nails into their heads.
In September, John Kourkouas and Bardas Phokas, two leading generals, speedily returned to the capital, anxious to repel the invaders. The Kievans promptly transferred their operations to Thrace, moving their fleet there. When they were about to retreat, laden with trophies, the Byzantine navy under Theophanes fell upon them.
Greek sources report that the Rus' lost their whole fleet in this surprise attack, so that only a handful of boats returned to their bases in the Crimea. The captured prisoners were taken to the capital and beheaded. Khazar sources add that the Rus' leader managed to escape to the Caspian Sea, where he met his death fighting the Arabs.
These reports might have been exaggerated, because Igor was able to mount a new naval campaign against Constantinople as early as 944/945. The Chersonese Greeks alerted the emperor about the approaching Kievan fleet. This time, the Byzantines hastened to buy peace and concluded a treaty with Kievan Rus'. Its text is quoted in full in the Primary Chronicle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_%28941%29
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Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' was a loose federation of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty. The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus'
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Rus (name)
Originally, the name Rus’ referred to the people, the region, and the medieval states (9th to 12th centuries) of the Kievan Rus' polities. In the Western culture it is better known as Ruthenia from the 11th century onwards. Its territories are today distributed among Belarus, Ukraine, and a part of the European section of the Russian Federation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_%28name%29
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The Mysterious Dark Ages (HD Ancient Middle Ages History Documentary)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDG5jtGGdWU
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DNA Evidence Provides Proof Egypt Was Founded By Central Europeans
July 5, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WIBkwzwioA
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PREHISTORIC HUMANS IN THE NEW WORLD (AMAZING ANCIENT HISTORY DOCUMENTARY)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4Ozox0FIO8
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THE REAL TRUTH ABOUT VIKINGS (INCREDIBLE HISTORY DOCUMENTARY)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1w7e46pHuc
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The Viking Deception | Top Documentary Films | History Documentary
Mar 29, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnVzXojR__0
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{The Russian people are a good and strong breed of people, they have a past history of a lot of intelligence in science, mathematics and inventions. Many Russians are also very good at sports.
We can see the amount of revolts and revolutions in the history of Russia. This goes to show us, that the government of Russia has not always been the best for the people. This includes the royal families, secret societies and Communists in Russia, these groups try to gain control over the Russian political structure, including the Russian people. We love the Russian people. We honestly believe that there are problems in the Russian government, including many governments of the world. This is why we are trying to explain to the people, why so many conflicts and problems exist in the world, that we can solve through peaceful means}.
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Europeans & Asians In Prehistoric America : Journey to 10,000 BC - Science Documentaries
Nov 28, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz91Gzk-pPA
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Native Americans actually came from a tiny mountain region in Siberia, DNA research reveals
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2092258/Native-Americans-actually-came-tiny-mountain-region-Russia-DNA-research-reveals.html
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Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
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Prehistoric Europeans. First Native Americans (1 of 3)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GS5eDwYePiQ
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Mysterious sunstones in medieval Viking texts could really have worked
A new study says Vikings could have used these stones to navigate to Greenland.
https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/mysterious-sunstones-in-medieval-viking-texts-could-really-have-worked/
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DNA Results of Ancient Native American Mummies - ROBERT SEPEHR
Mar 18, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfOZg3X_GmA
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FINALLY: DNA Results Of The Paracas Elongated Skulls Of Peru: Part 1
Feb 5, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1k_b-jmz3k
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The Origin of the Blue Eyes: The Ancient 'Gods' and Their Royal Descendants
http://humansarefree.com/2014/04/the-origin-of-blue-eyes-ancient-gods.html
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First South Americans were Black Aborigines
May 9, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6IrMjfbh6E
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The Africans Who Discovered America Thousands Of Years Before Columbus
Mar 01, 2013
http://www.nairaland.com/1212037/africans-discovered-america-thousands-years
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White Native Americans 101 -
WhiteNativeAmericans.Blogspot.com
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Mongol and Tatar states in Europe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_and_Tatar_states_in_Europe
The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries, from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.
The terms Tatars or Tartars are applied to nomadic Turkic peoples who, themselves, were conquered by Mongols and incorporated into their horde. They were mainly composed of Kipchaks-Cuman people.
Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde forces led by Batu Khan, (a grandson of Genghis Khan), began attacking Europe in 1223, starting with Cumans, Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus. They destroyed many Rus cities including Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow in the process, sparing Novgorod and Pskov however. They originally planned to continue all the way to the shores of the "Great Sea" (Atlantic Ocean). However, upon learning of the death of Ögedei Khan (third son of Genghis Khan, uncle of Batu Khan) in 1241 they returned eastwards to their steppe homelands. This arguably could have saved the rest of Europe from suffering the catastrophes that befell the armies and towns of Poland, and Hungary, however the stretched lines of communication and the lack of vast open tracts of pasture land might well have been the undoing of such a venture.
List of events
The Tatars succeeded in establishing control over Rus principalities. It included both pillaging and bloody massacres in Russian cities.
1252: Horde of Nevruy devastated Pereslavl and Suzdal.
1273: Tatars twice attacked Novgorod territory, devastating Vologda and Bezhiza.
1274: Tatars devastated Smolensk
1275: Tatar invasion of south-eastern Russia, pillage of Kursk.
1278: Tatars pillaged Ryazan principality.
1281: The horde of Kovdygay and Alchiday destroyed Murom and Pereslavl, ruined vicinities of Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuryev, Tver and Torzhok.
1282: Tatar attack on Vladimir and Pereslavl.
1283: Tatars ruined Vorgol, Rylsk and Lipetsk principality, occupied Kursk and Vorgol.
1285: The Tatar warlord Eltoray, the son of Temir, pillaged Ryazan and Murom.
1293: The Tatar warlord Dyuden came to Russia and devastated 14 towns, including Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuryev, Pereslavl, Mozhaysk, Volok, Dmitrov, Uglich. In the same summer Tatar tsarevitch Takhtamir looted Tver' principality and captured slaves in Vladimir principality.
In 1347, the Genoese possession of Caffa, a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula, came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg. Epidemic of bubonic plague had been ravaging Central Asia prior to the conflict in Kaffa. Brought across the Silk Road, the Mongols used disease infected corpses as a biological weapon. The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants.
The Genoese traders fled, transferring the plague via their ships into the south of Europe, whence it rapidly spread. It is estimated that between one-quarter and two-thirds of the of Europe's population died from the outbreak of the Black Death between 1348 and 1350.
In 1380 Tatars were defeated in the Battle of Kulikovo by the Grand Prince of Muscovy, Dmitri Donskoi. In 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan Tokhtamysh sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves. Muscovy remained a vassal of the Golden Horde until the Great standing on the Ugra river in 1480.
Poland was invaded by Tatars from the Crimean Khanate in 1506 with an army of 10,000 men, who were summarily destroyed. Tatar forces invaded again in 1589, invading Lwów and Tarnopol, but were beaten back by Cossack forces.
From 1599 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered a series of Tatar invasions, the goal of which was to loot, pillage and capture slaves into jasyr. The borderland area to the south-east was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century. Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people, predominantly Ukrainians but also Circassians, Russians, Belarusians and Poles, were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate. A constant threat from Crimean Tatars supported the appearance of Cossackdom.
For years the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan routinely made raids on Russian principalities for slaves and to plunder towns. Russian chronicles record about 40 raids of Kazan Khans on the Russian territories in the first half of the 16th century.
Muscovy was also being invaded by the Nogai Horde and Crimean Khanate which were successors of the Golden Horde. In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray and his Kazan allies attacked Moscow and captured thousands of slaves.
In the beginning of 16th century the wild steppe began near old Ryazan on the Oka River and Elets on the Sosna, inflow of the Don. Crimean Tatars chose to proceed along watersheds for their incursions. The main way to Moscow was "Muravski shliach", from the Crimean Perekop up to Tula between the rivers of two basins, Dnieper and Northern Donets. Having penetrated deep in the populated areas about 100-200 kilometers, the Tatars turned back and, having unwrapped wide wings, looted and captured slaves. Until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire. Captives were sold to Turkey and the Middle East. In Crimea, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves. The Crimean city of Caffa was the main slave market.
Annually, Moscow mobilized in the spring up to sixty-five thousand soldiers for boundary service. The defensive lines were applied, consisting of a circuit of fortresses and cities. Cossacks and young noblemen were organized into sentry and patrol services that observed Crimean Tatars and nomads of Nogai Horde on the steppe. About 30 major Tatar raids were recorded into Muscovite territories between 1558-1596
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Tartary - an Empire hidden in history. It was bigger than Russia once...
4/17/18
"Tartary, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China." - Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.
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Cumans
The Cumans were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation. After the Mongol invasion (1237), many sought asylum in Hungary. The Cumans had also settled in Hungary and Bulgaria before the Mongol invasion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans
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Khalyzians
The Chalyzians or Khalyzians or Khalis or Khwalis were a people mentioned by the 12th-century Byzantine historian John Kinnamos.
Kinnamos in his epitome twice mentions Khalisioi in the Hungarian army. He first describes them as practising Mosaic law; though whether they were actually Jews is unclear because other editions state that they were Muslims. They were said to have fought against the Byzantine Empire as allies of the tribes of Dalmatia in 1154, during Manuel Comnenus's campaign in the Balkans.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalyzians
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{Religion has had a powerful influence in nations such as Russia and Ukraine}.
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The Jesuits in Japan
http://www.reformation.org/jesuits-in-japan.html
True Christianity reached China and Japan 2000 years:
Behold, these shall come from afar: and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim (Isaiah 49:12).
The land of Sinim refers to China in the Holy Bible. China had millions of Christians, which the Latin Church derisively referred to as Nestorians or heretics. Marco Polo in his Travels refers to the millions of Christians he found in China.
The vast multitude of Chinese Christians were later exterminated by the Mongols and the Muslims. The Japanese had their own version of the Spanish Armada when the Mongols tried to invade Japan.
The first 3 Jesuits to enter Japan were Francis Xavier, Alessandro Valignano and Francisco Cabral.
The Jesuits first entered Japan around 1549 and were warmly received by the Japanese Emperor.
The Jesuits called themselves "Christians" and said that they had come to preach "Christianity."
Isolated on their island empire, the Japanese had no knowledge of world history.
At first the Jesuits were warmly welcomed by the Japanese emperor who was eager for contact with the Western world. The Emperor, Daimyo Nobunaga, welcomed them and actually gave them land in Kyoto:
Daimyo Nobunaga, sixteenth century military dictator of Japan, welcomed the Jesuit missionaries who came with the Western traders. Contrary to popular belief, when Japan first came into contact with the West she was eager for the interchange of ideas and commercial commodities. Nobunaga granted the Roman Catholics freedom to propagate their religion, donated them land in Kyoto and promised them a yearly allowance of money. Soon missions were established throughout the country and converts were made by the thousands." (Vietnam, Why Did We Go?, p. 146).
The Japanese welcomed the Jesuits who told them that they were "Christians" and had come to spread "Christianity."
The Japanese soon found out that the "missionaries" were just the first troops in a conquering army meant to subjugate and annex them to the Spanish Empire.
That love soon turned to hate however when the astute Japanese found out that the "missionaries" were just the vanguard of an invading army:
In 1596 a Spanish galleon, the San Felipe, was shipwrecked off the providence of Tosa. Hideyoshi ordered the ship and its goods confiscated. The angry Spanish captain, wishing to impress or intimidate the Japanese officials, indulged in some boasting how Spain had acquired a great world empire. For proof the captain showed the Japanese officials a map of all the great Spanish dominions. His astonished hearers asked how it had been possible for a nation to subjugate so many lands. The Spanish captain boasted that the Japanese would never be able to imitate Spain, simply because they had no Catholic missionaries. He confirmed that all Spanish dominions had been acquired by first sending in missionaries to convert their people, then the Spanish troops to coordinate the final conquest.
When this conversation was reported, Hideyoshi's anger knew no bounds. His suspicions about the use of missionaries as a first stepping-stone for conquest was confirmed. He recognized this pattern of cunning conquest at work within his own empire.(Vietnam, Why Did We Go?, pp. 151-152).
When the Japanese emperor found out about this Jesuit "missionary" spearhead to conquer his country, his fury knew no bounds.
Daimyo Hideyoshi began placing severe restrictions on the Jesuit "missionaries."
His successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu, banned all foreigners from the country, and hermetically sealed Japan until the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1854.
Japan became strategically important after the loss the Papal States in 1870
After the loss of the Papal States in 1870, Japan became strategically important to the Vatican because of its proximity to Russia.
After 1870, Japan began a major armaments program with their navy patterned after the Royal Navy.
They also studied the Prussian military system being impressed with their lighting victory over the French in 1870.
In 1894, they began the conquest of Korea and sought to end Chinese influence in that country.
Russia was one of the first countries to recognize the newly united kingdom of Italy with Rome as its headquarters. Russia was also the most powerful country in Europe and its conquest was the key to regaining the lost states.
The Russo-Japanese war of 1905
The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The recently established Pacific seaport of Vladivostok was the only active Russian port that was reasonably operational during the summer season; but Port Arthur would be operational all year. Negotiations between the Tsar's government and Japan between the end of the First Sino-Japanese War and 1903, had proved futile. The Japanese chose war to maintain exclusive dominance in Korea.
The Russo-Japanese war was a disaster for Russia and almost led to the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II.
The Tripartite Pact
In September 1940, Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan entered into a military alliance called the Tripartite Pact, which officially founded the Axis Powers of World War II that opposed the Allied Powers.
http://www.reformation.org/jesuits-in-japan.html
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Ukraine and USA to lay burden of Donbass on Russia's shoulders
18.05.2015
However, after the meeting in Sochi, John Kerry flew to the summit of foreign ministers of NATO countries in Turkey. What was the summit about?
NATO foreign ministers warned President Vladimir Putin that he had almost no time left to transform the fragile peace agreement into long-lasting peace, reports AFP. Kerry said at a meeting of NATO foreign ministers in Turkey that it is a "critical moment for action by Russia and separatists to live up to the Minsk agreement" signed in the Belarus capital earlier this year.
- See more at: http://www.pravdareport.com/world/ussr/18-05-2015/130623-usa_russia_ukraine_john_kerry_putin-0/#sthash.kLv953f6.s3aBPVdx.dpuf
The recent meeting of US Secretary of State Kerry with Russian President Putin in Sochi has generated many reports saying that the United States was ready to acknowledge the failure of the operation to "isolate" Russia. However, one should be more careful about unexpected initiatives of the Americans, as their goal is to find Russia guilty of disrupting the Minsk Accords. In addition, the USA wants to lay the burden of the Donbass on Russia's shoulders.
It does seem strange that the US administration suddenly decided to support the Minsk Accords. This is not the American way to lobby the agreements that Washington does not sign.
It is even more strange that Russia has de facto expanded the format of talks, although earlier, Russian officials were saying that the Minks-2 format of talks did not need to be expanded. In any case, Russia's Minister for Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov said triumphantly after the talks with Kerry that the meeting was "wonderful." Lavrov also announced that Russia and the US agreed to influence Donetsk, Luhansk and Kiev to execute the Minsk Accords.
Also read: Minsk-2 took place to save NATO mercenaries in Ukraine
http://english.pravda.ru/world/ussr/18-05-2015/130623-usa_russia_ukraine_john_kerry_putin-0/#sthash.kLv953f6.dpuf
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Who Controls the Ukraine
December 2, 2018
https://www.algora.com/Algora_blog/2018/12/02/who-controls-the-ukraine
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11 Most Bizarre Recent Discoveries From Russia!
Aug 19, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yk9nT5V2LOM
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What They Discovered Frozen In Ice Shocked The Whole World!
2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLVLLj3vaMw
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Chapter 22: Uzbekistan
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Uzbekistan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan
By the beginning of 1920, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early resistance to the Bolsheviks, Uzbekistan and the rest of the Central Asia became a part of the Soviet Union. On 27 October 1924 the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was created. From 1941 to 1945, during World War II, 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the Red Army against Nazi Germany. A number also fought on the German side. As many as 263,005 Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the Eastern Front, and 32,670 went missing in action.
On 31 August 1991, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan declared independence. 1 September was proclaimed the National Independence Day.
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Uzbekistan already fifth uranium producer with expansion of in-situ leaching
10th May 2016
https://im-mining.com/2016/05/10/uzbekistan-already-fifth-uranium-producer-with-expansion-of-in-situ-leaching/
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10 Of The World's Most Dangerous Toxic Ghost Towns
3/26/14
http://io9.com/10-of-the-worlds-most-dangeous-toxic-ghost-towns-1552144947
Kantubek, Uzbekistan: For a time, Vozrozhdeniya Island, where Kantubek is located, was known infamously as "asbestos island." The island was home to a biological weapons testing area—as well as 1,500 fill-time residents. One of the laboratory's projects was to work on an anthrax vaccine, but the laboratory also worked with smallpox, bubonic plague, brucellosis, and tularemia. In 1971, those tests caused ten people on the island to contract smallpox, and three of those people died. In 1988, the laboratory staff hastily buried tons of anthrax spores that had been stocked in Sverdlovsk (itself the site of a deadly anthrax incident) in defiance of a 1972 treaty banning biological weapons. The spores remained on Vozrozhdeniya when the lab was abandoned in 1992. The town of Kantubek stands in ruins.
How dangerous is it today? In 2002, the United States and Uzbekistan collaborated on a project to decontaminate ten anthrax burial sites. However, in a 2003 interview with the New York Times, Gennadi Lepyoshkin, a microbiologist who worked on the island, said that some of the rodents may have been exposed to weapons-grade plague, which could still remain on the island, passed from rodent to rodent via fleas.
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Chapter 23: Unsolved Mysteries & Other Information
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Russian Mystery Blast Caused by Comet, Acid Rain Hints
July 22, 2008
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/07/080722-russia-blast.html
The theory that a comet-based meteorite devastated a vast area of Siberia when it blew apart in Earth's atmosphere a hundred years ago is supported by growing evidence of acid rain triggered by the event, scientists announced. The Tunguska explosion occurred on June 30, 1908, when some 80 million trees covering 770 square miles (2,000 square kilometers) were flattened by an immense blast. The explosion emitted a force equivalent to about 200 Hiroshima-size atomic bombs.
Few people witnessed the spectacle in the remote eastern Russia region, and no confirmed impact crater or meteorite fragments have ever been found.
(Related: "Crater From 1908 Russian Space Impact Found, Team Says" [November 7, 2007].)
Yet the widely held belief that a meteorite caused the explosion is supported by analyses of peat deposits in the disaster zone north of Lake Baikal, researchers reported at a recent scientific conference in Moscow to mark the event's centennial.
Ongoing research led by geologist Evgeniy Kolesnikov of Moscow State University has revealed a significant spike in uncommon types of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in peat layers dating to the time of the catastrophe.
Definite Evidence
These chemical traces, researchers say, suggest that high levels of acid rain fell in response to a cometary meteorite burning up in the atmosphere.
Around 200,000 tons of nitrogen likely showered the region, they say.
Extreme temperatures of 3,992 to 4,892 degrees Fahrenheit (2,200 to 2,700 degrees Celsius) produced by the meteorite may have caused oxygen to react with nitrogen in the atmosphere to form nitrogen oxides, team member Natalya Kolesnikova of Moscow State University said by email.
Nitrogen oxides react in the atmosphere to create nitric acid, which collects in clouds and water droplets and falls as acid rain.
The 1908 Tunguska peat layer also yielded unusually high amounts of iridium, an element abundant in space but rare on Earth.
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{Russia has many unsolved mysteries, from giant craters, to deep earthquakes}.
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Earth's Biggest Deep Earthquake Still a Mystery
It's confirmed: The largest deep earthquake ever recorded happened in May off the coast of Russia. But this massive temblor is still a mystery to scientists.
The magnitude-8.3 earthquake occurred on May 24, 2013, in the Sea of Okhotsk, deep within the Earth's mantle. The earthquake, described today (Sept. 19) in the journal, is perplexing because seismologists don't understand how massive earthquakes can happen at such depths.
"It's the biggest event we've ever seen," said co-author Thorne Lay, a seismologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. "It looks so similar to shallow events, even though it's got 600 kilometers of rock on top of it. It's hard to understand how such an earthquake occurs at all under such huge pressure."
http://www.livescience.com/39791-biggest-deep-earthquake-a-mystery.html
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Earthquakes related to active salt doming near Kulyab, Tadjikistan, USSR
October 1986
In the region near Kulyab, Tadjikistan, hundreds of shallow earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 2½ have been reported in Soviet yearly catalogs since 1964. This area appears as a well‐defined cluster of activity, distant from the line of epicenters that defines the Gissar‐Kokshal seismic zone, to the north of the Pamir ranges. The geology of this region is dominated by the presence of numerous salt domes, surrounded by Neogene and Quaternary continental deposits. The spatial relationship between these earthquakes and the salt domes suggests that the two phenomena may be related. Moderate earthquakes (M > 5) occurred in 1972 and 1973, and intensities of surface shaking greater than MM=6 were reported from earthquakes in 1937, 1952, 1969, 1972, 1973 and 1978. The earthquake on 2 April 1973 and its aftershocks were located in a region where no salt domes have been mapped at the surface. However, a buried salt diapir has been mapped at depth by geophysical means. These earthquakes may result from active salt diapirism at depth. The mechanism for producing this seismicity could be either the active fracturing of the cap rock by the rising diapir, or the concentration of tectonic stresses in the thinned section above and adjacent to the diapir. The salt‐related earthquakes may produce lower frequency radiation than other events of the same size.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/GL013i010p01019
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Earthquake hits area near Bedrock salinity project
March 5, 2019
https://the-journal.com/articles/129935
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Earthquake caused by salinity facility near Bedrock
Mar. 5, 2019
https://www.kjct8.com/content/news/Earthquake-caused-by-salinity-facility-near-Bedrock-506733901.html
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Brine Removal From River Causes Earthquakes On Utah-Colorado Line
Jul 12, 2019
When her desk started moving at work the morning of March 4, Nara Bopp assumed it was a passing garbage truck
https://patch.com/colorado/across-co/brine-removal-river-causes-earthquakes-utah-colorado-line
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Thick- and thin-skinned deformation rates in the central Zagros simple folded zone (Iran) indicated by displacement of geomorphic surfaces
February 01, 2009
Summary
Although the geology and structure of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt (Iran) have been studied extensively, the distribution of active deformation across the belt and its seismotectonic behaviour remain controversial. We have mapped deformed fluvial terraces along the Dalaki and Mand rivers in the central Zagros, as well as marine terraces along the Persian Gulf, in order to unravel the spatial pattern of vertical displacements and to analyse active deformation and its implications for seismicity. Using appropriate fold models based on structural data allows interpreting such vertical displacements in terms of horizontal shortening across the fold structures. Obtaining well-constrained rates of deformation depends on reliably dating deformed geomorphic markers; by combining different dating techniques and correlations to sea level history, we propose an internally consistent set of ages, which allow the first geomorphic estimates of shortening rates absorbed by individual structures in the central Zagros. Our results show that shortening on Late Pleistocene timescales is concentrated in the frontal part of the belt, consistent with recent GPS data. Three or four frontal structures appear to absorb practically all of the active shortening across the Zagros, broadly consistent with a normal forward-propagating deformation sequence but with local out-of-sequence activation of structures behind the forward-most folds. The localization, rate and direction of surface shortening across individual structures appear decoupled from basement deformation, as indicated by structural cross-sections and the distribution of seismicity. Such independent behaviour suggests that the sedimentary cover of the frontal Zagros is decoupled from the basement, most probably at the level of the Hormuz Salt. This weak basal detachment level, together with several intermediate décollement levels, appears to be responsible for the overwhelmingly aseismic deformation of the Zagros sedimentary cover, and also to control the development of a large panel of fold structures, from detachment to fault-propagation folds with varying wavelength and rooting depth.
https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/176/2/627/2026924
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Oilfield wastewater may trigger earthquakes for 'decades'
July 16, 2019
https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oilfield-wastewater-trigger-earthquakes-decades.html
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Injecting wastewater underground can cause earthquakes up to 10 kilometers away
Sep 2, 2018
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/injecting-wastewater-underground-can-cause-earthquakes-up-to-10-kilometers-away
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{We can see many strange events happening in Russia.
Many people have accused the Russian government of trying to cover-up the events of Dyatlov Pass}.
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Shocking new theory of the Dyatlov Pass Incident - the creepiest case in Russian history!
Nov 26 2018
https://www.rbth.com/history/329574-dyatlov-pass-russia-alien-conspiracy
Fifty-nine years ago in the Urals, a team of 9 ascended ‘the mountain of the dead.’ Only one came down. The chilling details and inexplicable circumstances of their disappearance have become the stuff of nightmares and Hollywood fiction. Now, one Russian blogger believes he’s closer to the truth than we have ever been before.
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Dyatlov Pass incident
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident
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An Unsolved Mystery Since 1959: The Dyatlov Pass Incident
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHn9CjvnCvk
( http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/russian-yeti/videos/an-unsolved-mystery-since-1959-the-dyatlov-pass-incident/ )
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ICY HORROR: Mystery of Russia’s ‘Dead Mountain’ where 9 hikers found ‘naked, missing eyes and tongues’ may have been SOLVED
29 Jan 2021
https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/13889111/dyatlov-pass-incident-mystery-solved/
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Has an Old Soviet Mystery at Last Been Solved?
May 10, 2021
The strange fate of a group of skiers in the Ural Mountains has generated endless speculation.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/17/has-an-old-soviet-mystery-at-last-been-solved
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Yet Another Dyatlov Pass: RUSSIA’S DEADLY ROUTE 30
Jun 1, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihnMAhTOSbE
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WORSE THAN DYATLOV PASS: The Korovina group incident // One of them survived and told THE TRUTH
Mar 16, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuZ9y7oyQRk
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KOLA PENINSULA TRAGEDY: Chivruay Pass Incident // Yet Another Dyatlov Pass
Jul 21, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDsMIo0MQg4
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Ancient Cauldrons in Siberian Valley of Death Still Unsolved, The
Metallic Swaps of Siberia (What is under the Arctic?) - Rock Lake
Pyramid - Bimini Road - Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon 263
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple263
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The History and Mystery of Russia’s ‘Valley of Death’
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-history-and-mystery-of-russia-s-valley-of-death
A volcanic gorge in remote Kamchatka has given up some of its secrets—but not all of them.
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-history-and-mystery-of-russia-s-valley-of-death
The
Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia’s Far East, is a volcanic winter
wonderland. Snow blankets a chain of eruptive mountains here that shower
the land with molten fireworks. It is as beautiful as it is biodiverse,
with a myriad of aquatic, aerial, and terrestrial species.
But there’s lethal trouble in this chilly paradise. In one of its smaller valleys, animals wander in but not out.
When
the snow melts, various critters, from hares to birds, appear in search
of food and water. Many die soon thereafter. Predatory scavengers such
as wolverines spot an easy dinner; they slink or swoop into the
valley—only to die themselves. From lynxes to foxes, eagles to bears,
this 1.2-mile-long trough has claimed innumerable victims.
But
the killer here is a phantom. The dead, whose corpses are naturally
refrigerated and preserved, show no traces of external injuries or
diseases that would be responsible for their expirations.
Vladimir
Leonov, a volcanologist at Russia’s Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (IVS) who’s recognized by his colleagues as the site’s
discoverer, identified the cause of death when he first came across the
site, in 1975: It’s the result of a volcanic phenomenon—a common gas
that nearly everyone is familiar with.
But while the forensic
science has long been clear, unconfirmed stories about the place still
abound. Some claim, for instance, that animal corpses are regularly
removed from the valley—though no one can say by whom. Another mystery
dates back to the mid-1970s. Viktor Deryagin, a student of Leonov’s who
helped his instructor discover the valley, says that Soviet military
officials, alerted to the valley’s existence, arrived in a helicopter,
took some strange samples, and quickly departed. What did they gather
and conclude?
Welcome to the Valley of Death, a site that remains
as darkly enchanting—and as lethal—as it was when it was discovered 44
years ago.
Fewer than 350,000 people live on the Kamchatka
Peninsula. Large portions of the region lack roads. If they existed, you
could drive for an entire day and still be walled in by volcanoes. Many
of the volcanoes here, like Tolbachik and Sheveluch, are hyperactive,
and frequently limn the land in fresh coats of lava paint. Most of
Kamchatka is an icy volcanic wilderness—a UNESCO World Heritage Site
whose geological curiosities and extraordinary aesthetics compel
scientific visitors from around the world.
Janine Krippner, a
volcanologist at the Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program,
recalls lying on a cooled Kamchatkan lava flow, hearing nothing but the
small bursts of volcanic gas sneaking out of the ground as birds flew
overhead. During her most recent visit, she stood near a freshly chilled
lava flow that was still 176° Fahrenheit—hot enough to toast her
necklace from several feet away.
“There’s just no place like it,” she says.
With
persistence and permission, many places on the peninsula can be
accessed. That includes the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve,
which contains the relatively youthful (4,800 years old) Kikhpinych
volcano. At its feet is the lichen-covered Valley of Geysers, whose
bubbling pits shoot pillars of steam hundreds of feet into the azure
sky. Discovered in 1941 by geologist Tatyana Ustinova and a scientific
observer named Anisifor Krupenin, it remains a site of scientific
intrigue that is also open to tourists.
But the Valley of Death—a
comparatively quiet and diminutive crevasse, littered with the frozen
remains of animals and located near an upper sliver of the Geyzernaya
river within the reserve—is one place that is strictly off-limits.
Leonov
died in 2016, at age 66, but his son, Andrey Leonov—a researcher at the
S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology—is
well versed in his father’s adventures. So is his father’s one-time
student Deryagin. Deryagin left academia long ago, worked in
construction, and is now retired. After Andrey tracked him down on
Russian social media, Deryagin recounted previously untold details about
his scientific adventure with Leonov four decades ago. Together, both
men tell an extraordinary tale of the site’s discovery.
Vladimir
Leonov and Deryagin first visited and documented the valley on July 27,
1975. (There is, however, some dispute on the matter. Officials at the
reserve acknowledge Leonov’s role in the discovery, but suggest that it
was independently found by a man named Vladimir Kalyaev, the chief
ranger at the time. Andrey Leonov insists that his father—a modest man
more interested in scientific discovery than quibbles about
credit—reached the valley, with Deryagin, four days before Kalyaev
arrived.)
Prior to that date, a number of people—from employees
of the reserve to scientists to tourists—had passed along a trail just
1,000 feet from the ravine. Some had seen collections of dead critters
in the valley from time to time, but made no special note of it.
The
animal deaths in 1975, though, were hard to ignore: Heavy snowfall had
created pits over curious holes in the ground, and a plethora of
animals—including five dead bears in one small area—appeared to have
died in or around them.
Deryagin says that in Soviet times,
geologists were instructed to immediately inform authorities about the
mass death of people or animals, using a special radio channel. On July
27, Leonov did just that: He walked to the nearby Valley of Geysers,
found a radio box, and called in his report.
The next day,
Deryagin says, a military helicopter turned up, carrying a major, two
young women (likely laboratory assistants), and a man (perhaps a
biologist) who took copious notes . They performed a hasty autopsy on
the dead bears, took samples of their flesh and teeth, then flew away.
Leonov
and Deryagin performed their own scientific analyses, gathering as much
data on the strange location as they could. Writing in the Kamchatskaya
Pravda newspaper in the spring of 1976, Leonov described the discovery,
coining the term “Valley of Death”—an homage to several lethal valleys
around the world, including a volcanic gorge in Arizona and parts of
certain volcanic folds in Indonesia. In this segment of Kamchatka,
Leonov wrote, borrowing a passage from another writer, “nature seems to
have pronounced its curse.” All life is snuffed out in a place that
“breathes extermination and devastation.”
Other researchers
quickly corroborated his findings. A 1983 paper—whose primary author,
Gennady Karpov, is now the deputy director for science at the IVS—says
that over a five-year period, rangers from the reserve found the corpses
of 13 bears, three wolverines, nine foxes, 86 mice, 19 ravens, more
than 40 small birds, a hare, and an eagle.
Like Leonov and
Deryagin, a well-known bear researcher named Vitaly Nikolayenko visited
the valley in 1975. Before one of the peninsula’s brown bears mauled him
to death, in 2003, he published a book that chronicled his scientific
work, including the research he’d performed in the valley. Notably, he
wrote, many bears here seemed to have been in good health before they
died. But the footsteps of one large male indicated that it had been
very disoriented before it fell over and suddenly expired.
During
one of his visits, Nikolayenko describes experiencing painful cramps in
his lungs and acute dizziness, which resolved only after he’d clambered
atop a windswept crest. Other visitors have reported similarly woozy
sensations here, and accounts by reserve officials note headaches and
weakness. (Reports of human deaths here remain unconfirmed, though some
suggest that people have perished in the valley).
Nikolayenko
also recorded the deaths of 20 foxes, dozens of ravens, and 100 white
partridges. The hares and adult birds, he wrote, seemed to have died in
springtime and early summer, when the valley’s grasslands were freshly
thawed.
Volcanologists and zoologists concluded that the animals
that died in the valley usually died quickly, and only on the ground.
Their hearts often lacked blood, but their lungs were engorged with it.
They’d
suffocated, in other words. And any humans who lingered too long in the
Valley of Death—a landscape filled with invisible volcanic gases,
either toxic or asphyxiating—probably would too.
(Leonov had
surmised that volcanic gases were the killers back in 1976. In the
Kamchatskaya Pravda article, he astutely compared the deaths to those
seen in volcanic realms elsewhere in the world, including Italy’s
“burning fields,” where fumaroles—jets of hot volcanic gas—can create
deadly mixtures. Those death pits that caught Leonov and Deryagin’s eyes
in 1975? The heavy snowfall had probably walled in and concentrated the
life-stealing gases escaping from those fumaroles, leading to denser
die-offs).
A range of gases are potentially present in the valley
at any time, including sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide—pungent
effusions that can damage respiratory systems. Some doses can be lethal,
but a human would need to be exposed to a high quantity of them for a
long time, says Helen Robinson, a researcher of geothermal systems at
the University of Glasgow.
It’s far more likely that the speedy
animal deaths in Kamchatka are due to carbon dioxide, a common volcanic
gas that is both invisible and odorless. If there is enough of it,
Robinson says, death can occur in a matter of minutes. (A grim example
of this occurred in 1986 at Lake Nyos in Cameroon, where an uprush of
carbon dioxide from the volcanic lake killed 1,746 people and 3,500
livestock overnight).
Yuri Taran, a volcanologist at the National
Autonomous University of Mexico who has studied the Kamchatka region,
says that specific outflows of the valley’s gases have not been
officially reported. But given that the distinctly eggy smell of
hydrogen sulfide is largely absent, carbon dioxide seems the likely
culprit.
To Alexey Kiryukhin, a volcanologist at the IVS, the
science is actually pretty simple. Carbon dioxide is denser than air;
when it emerges from the ground, it pools in the valley’s dips. Small
animals, attracted by the available vegetation in the warmer months,
breathe it in and asphyxiate. So do the scavengers they attract.
But
what happens to all those dead animals? According to a few tourism
sites, scientists and volunteers regularly take away the corpses in
order to spare rare animals higher up on the food chain from a grisly
fate.
--------------
12 PEOPLE DEAD: Rocket Fuel? Poison? // Arylakh Tragedy – Soviet Mysteries
Sep 30, 2021
In the Russian Far East lies the country’s largest region – Yakutia. There, in 1977 twelve members of two simple farmer families started dying one after another. To this day we know virtually nothing about the actual causes of the incident, and each version of events is more absurd than the other...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vik0vPpethU
--------------
The Vaiņode Soviet Nuclear Base Disaster | Cave Diving Gone Wrong
2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBQz1-9TXCs
--------------
FOUND AFTER 30 YEARS: Lykov group // Mountaineering mystery
Dec 16, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUyo9ooRtoQ
--------------
The Enguri Forest Incident
Aug 3, 2021
On December 2nd 2001, 3 men walking in the forests overlooking the Enguri Dam in Georgia discovered some mysterious objects lying in the snow. Little did they know, their encounter with these objects would have horrifying consequences...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDUotGjeEQ4
--------------
2021 MOUNT ELBRUS TRAGEDY: What Happened To Russian Hikers?
Nov 29, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ef0yozzcovw
--------------
The Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Tragedy of 2022 | Mountain Climbing Disaster
2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEQVl2Nkp-I
--------------
ONE OF WORST MOUNTAINEERING TRAGEDIES HAPPENED IN RUSSIA
2022
Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Located in Kamchatka, Russia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9q_AVNgSEnc
--------------
1996 Everest Tragedy: ‘’Moody Russian’’ ANATOLI BOUKREEV // Who Is To Blame?
Feb 10, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkT7Di2LPuQ
--------------
The UNLUCKIES - WOMEN Of Lenin Peak Mountaineering Tragedy.
Sep 9, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8s2ARhEAQy4
--------------
The Lenin Peak Tragedy: ELVIRA SHATAYEVA And Her Women-Only Team // Frozen Forever
Jul 6, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPo33ouQWoE
--------------
TERRIFYING COINCIDENCE: 43 Climbers Dead At Once // Lenin Peak Tragedy
2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2D8DqElm5k
--------------
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Chapter 24: North Korean nuclear timeline
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The China-North Korea Relationship
August 22, 2014
http://www.cfr.org/china/china-north-korea-relationship/p11097
An Historic Alliance Under Stress
China's support for North Korea dates back to the Korean War (1950-1953), when its troops flooded the Korean Peninsula to aid its northern ally. Since the war, China has lent political and economic backing to North Korea's leaders: Kim Il-sung (1912-1994), Kim Jong-il (1941-2011), and Kim Jong-un (1983-). But strains in the relationship began to surface when Pyongyang tested a nuclear weapon in October 2006 and China supported UN Security Council Resolution 1718, which imposed sanctions on Pyongyang.
Pyongyang's Gains
China provides North Korea with most of its food and energy supplies and comprises over sixty percent of its total trade volume. Nicholas Eberstadt, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, says that since the early 1990s, China has served as North Korea's chief food supplier and has accounted for nearly 90 percent of its energy imports. North Korea's economic dependence on China continues to grow, as indicated by the significant trade imbalance between the two countries. Some experts see the $1.25 billion trade deficit as an indirect Chinese subsidy, given that North Korea cannot finance its trade deficit through borrowing.
Experts say China has also been ambivalent on the question of its commitment to intervene for the defense of North Korea in case of military conflict. The 1961 Sino-North Korean Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance says China is obliged to defend North Korea against unprovoked aggression. But Jaewoo Choo, assistant professor of Chinese foreign policy at Kyung Hee University in South Korea, writes in Asian Survey that "China conceives itself to have the right to make an authoritative interpretation of the "principle for intervention" in the treaty. As a result of changes in regional security in a post-Cold War world, he writes, "China now places more value on national interest, over alliances blinded by ideology." But, he argues, Chinese ambiguity deters others from taking military action against Pyongyang.
--------
Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_North_Korean_nuclear_program
This Chronology of the North Korean Nuclear Program has its roots in the 1950s and begins in earnest in 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the decline of the USSR as the main economic ally of North Korea. The Chronology mainly addresses the conflict between the United States and North Korea, while including the influences of the other members of the Six-Party Talks, China, Russia, South Korea, and Japan.
Phase I
1956: The Soviet Union begins training North Korean scientists and engineers, giving them "basic knowledge" to initiate a nuclear program.
1958: The U.S. deploys nuclear armed Honest John missiles and 280 mm atomic cannons to South Korea.
1959: North Korea and the USSR sign a nuclear cooperation agreement.
1962: The Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center opens.
1965: The Yongbyon IRT-2000 research reactor reaches a power rating of 2 MW.
1974: The Yongbyon IRT-2000 research reactor reaches a power rating of 4 MW.
Between the late 1970s and early 1980s North Korea begins uranium mining operations at various locations near Sunchon and Pyongsan.
Phase III
2002
11 December: North Korean-made Scud missiles are found aboard a ship bound for Yemen. The US illegally detains the ship, but is later forced to allow the ship to go, conceding that neither country has broken any law.
12 December: The North pledges to reactivate nuclear facilities for energy generation, saying the Americans' decision to halt oil shipments leaves it with no choice. It claims the US wrecked the 1994 pact.
13 December: North Korea asks the UN's International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to remove seals and surveillance equipment - the IAEA's "eyes and ears" on the North's nuclear status—from its Yongbyon power plant.
22 December: The North begins removing monitoring devices from the Yongbyon plant.
24 December: North Korea begins repairs at the Yongbyon plant. North-South Korea talks over reopening road and rail border links, which have been struggling on despite the increased tension, finally stall.
25 December: It emerges that North Korea had begun shipping fuel rods to the Yongbyon plant which could be used to produce plutonium.
26 December: The IAEA expresses concern in the light of UN confirmation that 1,000 fuel rods have been moved to the Yongbyon reactor.
27 December: North Korea says it is expelling the two IAEA nuclear inspectors from the country. It also says it is planning to reopen a reprocessing plant, which could start producing weapons grade plutonium within months.
Phase IV
2003
2 January: South Korea asks China to use its influence with North Korea to try to reduce tension over the nuclear issue, and two days later Russia offers to press Pyongyang to abandon its nuclear programme.
6 January: The IAEA passes a resolution demanding that North Korea readmit UN inspectors and abandon its secret nuclear weapons programme "within weeks", or face possible action by the UN Security Council.
7 January: The US says it is "willing to talk to North Korea about how it meets its obligations to the international community". But it "will not provide quid pro quos to North Korea to live up to its existing obligations".
9 January: North Korea sends diplomats to meet with New Mexico governor Bill Richardson about the nuclear crisis; North Korea also agrees to hold cabinet-level talks with South Korea on 21 January.
10 January: North Korea announces it will withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
2006
9 October: North Korea announces that it has performed its first-ever nuclear weapon test.
-------------------
Korean War in Colour (Documentary)
Mar 29, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIobfyaiAUU
-------------------
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Exports related to ballistic missile technology
Export partners
Many countries have bought North Korean ballistic missiles or have received assistance from North Korea to establish local missile production.
Pakistan
Iran
Egypt
Libya
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam
Yemen
-------------------
Russia, Egypt support forming anti-IS coalition with Syria's Assad -
27 August, 2015
President Putin and visiting Egyptian president called on Wednesday for a new coalition to fight Islamic State group to include Cairo and the Assad regime.
http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2015/8/27/russia-egypt-support-forming-anti-is-coalition-with-syrias-assad#sthash.AbqwGnJl.dpuf
--------------------------------
Egypt's Sisi to boost Russian ties on Moscow visit
21 August, 2015
President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi will meet his Russian counterpart in Moscow next week for the third time in a year in a bid to help boost strategic and economic relations.
http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2015/8/21/egypts-sisi-to-boost-russian-ties-on-moscow-visit
-------------------
Russia's New Rocket Won't Fit in Its New Cosmodrome
Oct. 02 2015
Work at Russia's new $ 3 billion spaceport in the Far East has ground to a halt after a critical piece of infrastructure was discovered to have been built to the wrong dimensions, and would not fit the latest version of the country's Soyuz rocket, a news report said.
The Vostochny Cosmodrome, under construction in the Amur region, north of China, is intended to become Russia's primary spaceport, replacing the Soviet-built Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article.php?id=536827
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---------
---------
Chapter 25: Voter fraud
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Russia Elections: Voting Fraud Allegations Mar Putin's Win
03/04/2012
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/04/russia-elections-fraud-putin_n_1319796.html
------------
Pussy Riot: a feminist band lost in history and translation
November 20, 2018
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/pussy-riot-a-feminist-band-lost-in-history-and-translation/8E1F90C66E43410EFDFE4B9095A471B0
------------
Putin’s Police Arrest Pussy Riot Again In Court Crackdown
02.25.14
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/25/putin-s-police-arrest-pussy-riot-again-in-court-crackdown.html
The punk collective’s two most high-profile former members landed afoul of the cops during massive protests in Moscow over the show-trial of eight activists.
Barely 24 hours had passed since the closing ceremonies at Sochi before the Russian government set about locking up its opposition again. This time it was a dragnet arrest of protestors, outside a Moscow courtroom at Manezhnaya Square, who were there in a show of solidarity with the Bolotnaya defendants—eight members of the May 2012 demonstration opposed to another stolen parliamentary election. While all eyes were glued to Olympic ice hockey or to a crushed-velvet revolution in Ukraine, the Bolotnaya Eight were busy being found guilty of “mass rioting” in a show trial which revealed, as Amnesty International’s John Dalhuisen put it, “a criminal justice system that is entirely malleable to the dictates of its political masters.”
---------
Polls close in eastern Ukraine amid allegations of fraud and double-voting
May 11, 2014
http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/11/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/index.html
-------------
Is Russia Threatening The World's Internet Access?
Nov 1, 2015
Hundreds of cables line the ocean floor and carry 99% of international communications. So what would happen if Russia cut these cables?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwrgtwTfe5M
----------------
{We are still trying to review how much Russia had to do with the fraud in the elections in America}.
--------------
NPR/Marist Poll: 1 In 3 Americans Thinks A Foreign Country Will Change Midterm Votes
https://www.npr.org/2018/09/17/647420970/npr-marist-poll-1-in-3-americans-think-foreign-country-will-change-midterm-votes
--------------
Russian propagandists targeted African Americans to influence 2016 US election
Operatives used social media to suppress votes for Hillary Clinton and help Donald Trump, new research finds
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/17/russian-propagandists-targeted-african-americans-2016-election
------------
How Russia Helped Swing the Election for Trump
A meticulous analysis of online activity during the 2016 campaign makes a powerful case that targeted cyberattacks by hackers and trolls were decisive.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/how-russia-helped-to-swing-the-election-for-trump
-----------------
----------
----------
Chapter 26: BRICS, NATO & the CFR
----------
----------
------------------
Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Adolf Hitler, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburo Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941) and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941), as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24 November 1940). Yugoslavia's adherence provoked a coup d'état in Belgrade, and Italy and Germany responded by invading Yugoslavia (with Bulgarian, Hungarian and Romanian assistance) and partitioning the country. The resulting Italo-German client state of Croatia joined the pact on 15 June 1941.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact
----------------
Duumvirate
A duumvirate is an alliance between two equally powerful political or military leaders. The term can also be used to describe a state with two different military leaders who both declare themselves to be the sole leader of the state.
Examples
It has been suggested that Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev represent a modern Russian duumvirate, sometimes referred as "tandemocracy", a portmanteau of "tandem" and "democracy". When they agreed to swap jobs in November 2011, with Putin retaking his old position of president which Medvedev had held for four years (because Putin was constitutionally barred from having a third term in a row), many in Russia called this "castling" (- "rokirovka") — after the move in chess when the king and a rook, a castle-shaped piece, swap sides. This "castling" was followed by protests, seen by some as "tandem malaise" - a feeling amongst sections of the population that they were fed up with the tandem. For most of Medvedev's presidency, Putin and he were seen as being roughly equal, but with the "castling" it became clear that Putin had the upper hand the whole time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duumvirate
---------------
BRICS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
The term "BRICS" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication Building Better Global Economic BRICs. The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006, beginning a series of high-level meetings. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organisation encouraging commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011. In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms. In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF and World Bank. After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalise the arrangements for this New Development Bank by 2014. However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location have slowed down the agreements.
-----------
BRICS establish $100bn bank and currency pool to cut out Western dominance
16 Jul, 2014
http://rt.com/business/173008-brics-bank-currency-pool/
----------
Russia and China Are Beating the US in New Cold War Front
Mar 23, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zHFxaO_I-c
----------
Whether to believe China's GDP figures
Jul 15th 2015
IT ALL seems a little too perfect to be true. The Chinese government set a growth target of “about 7%” this year. And for a second consecutive quarter, despite ample evidence of stress in its industrial sector, it managed to hit that right on its head. In the three months from April to June, the economy expanded 7% compared with the same period a year earlier. Cue the chorus of scepticism: Chinese data just cannot be trusted, goes the usual refrain. Yes and no. There is a difference between smoothing data and totally fabricating it. Evidence suggests that China is guilty of the former (the lesser charge) but not the latter (the more serious allegation).
http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/07/chinese-economy
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China Finds $15B of Loans Backed by Falsified Gold Trades
June 26, 2014
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-26/china-finds-15b-of-loans-backed-by-falsified-gold-trades
--------
This '60 Minutes' Video Of China's Ghost Cities Is More Surreal Than Anything We've Ever Seen
Mar. 3, 2013,
http://www.businessinsider.com/60-minutes-chinas-ghost-cities-2013-3
---------
Ghost Cities in China - Africa - Agenda 21?
Nov 26, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xdCekvEaQ4
------------
The Chinese Version of Agenda 21 and Why the US Should Care
http://www.thecommonsenseshow.com/2013/06/18/the-chinese-version-of-agenda-21-and-why-the-us-should-care/
----------
Chinese Hackers and America's "Revenge" | China Uncensored
Aug 19, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpVeZVNpHfg
----------
Blood and money: Rio Tinto's $5 million Kissinger of death for Stern Hu
8 April 2015,
https://independentaustralia.net/business/business-display/rio-tintos-5-million-kissinger-of-death-for-stern-hu,7559
The squalid pact signed in blood and money between mining and political behemoths Rio Tinto and Henry Kissinger will surprise no-one given the destructive conjunction of their parallel lives upon humanity and the environment. This week, Rio Tinto appears before the Senate Inquiry into Corporate Tax Avoidance. In the first part of this speaking truth to power investigation for IA, Contributing editor-at-large Tess Lawrence exhumes some of the corpses buried in the tailings swill of history that Kissinger, Rio Tinto and their collaborators would prefer stay buried.
BLAME IT ON RIO
FOR SOME BETRAYAL COMES at the price of 30 pieces of silver.
For Rio Tinto it cost a mere $5 million for absolution from war crimes candidate, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, to wash its filthy tentacles of executive Stern Hu.
In 2009, Hu was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on bribery, corruption and industrial espionage charges and is now languishing abandoned in a Chinese prison.
Hu confessed to the bribery charges on the understanding he would receive a light sentence and soon be able to button up his onesies back home in Australia.
To repay his loyalty, Rio Tinto sacked him. Henry had given Hu the notorious Kissinger of death...
BHP-BILLITON, CHINALCO, RIO TINTO. CHINESE WHISPERS AND BURNS
Marian Wilkinson's 2010 report 'Chinese Whispers' for the ABC's Four Corners program reveals much of the behind the scenes skullduggery and counter claims of corporate espionage.
In her words from the transcript:
The price rise was driven by the booming world economy, but it was also being stoked by BHP-Billiton - Rio Tinto's long time rival in the iron ore business.
In 2007, BHP's new chief executive, Marius Kloppers, had two ambitions. One was to get more money for the company's iron ore. The other was to take over its rival Rio Tinto, creating the biggest single iron ore supplier in the world.
...China reacted swiftly to the audacious BHP play. China's state owned aluminium company, Chinalco, moved to thwart BHP's takeover by buying up a strategic slice of Rio Tinto in a deal with Alcoa.
A Chinalco representative confirms to Wilkinson:
"As you know we announced last Friday we have bought a 12 per cent stake in Rio Tinto."
Chinalco still owns that stake. But wait, there's more...
https://independentaustralia.net/business/business-display/rio-tintos-5-million-kissinger-of-death-for-stern-hu,7559
-----------
CFR Says China Must Be Defeated, & TPP Is Essential to That
Posted on May 5, 2015
http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2015/05/cfr-says-china-must-be-defeated-tpp-is-essential-to-that.html
-----------
Obama Signs Unconstitutional TPA as CFR Looks to Bring China into TPP
June 30, 2015
http://freedomoutpost.com/2015/06/obama-signs-unconstitutional-tpa-as-cfr-looks-to-bring-china-into-tpp/#fRIHPTfFpCEHitmD.99
Next up is the secretive Trans-Pacific Partnership Treaty. However, as William F. Jasper points out, now that Obama has gotten what he wanted from the Republicans, he's dropping the pretense about what he will do with that authority and now his handlers at the Council on Foreign Relations are looking to bring China into TPP.
Now that Congress has passed Trade Promotion Authority/Fast Track, the Council on Foreign Relations is taking the lead in calling for China to be included in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This represents a key reversal of the deliberately deceptive public message put out by the Obama administration and the TPP lobby over the past couple of years, to wit, that a TPP is absolutely essential to averting Communist China's economic hegemony, in the Pacific and globally.
The Los Angeles Times, which has offered unstinting support for the TPP, in a March 4, 2015 article entitled "China is Obama's trump card in push for Pacific Rim trade pact," noted the Obama White House strategy of presenting China's economic ascendance as a primary reason for approving the TPP. "President Obama is hoping to win passage of a Pacific Rim trade pact by playing on fears of China," ran the story's subtitle.
"As the White House looks to wrap up years of negotiations on a highly contested Pacific Rim trade pact," wrote the Times' Don Lee, "administration officials are increasingly casting the agreement as vital to helping the U.S. face its most daunting economic rival: China."
"The proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership, or TPP, would be the largest trade deal in American history, involving the U.S., Japan and 10 other countries that combined make up 40% of the world economy," the Times story continued. "China isn't among them. In recent weeks, one Obama official after another has hammered away at the same line of argument: It's crucial that Congress supports the TPP — including passing a related trade-promotion bill that would strengthen the president's negotiating hand — because the alternative is that China, not the U.S., will write the rules of global trade."
But, with TPA/Fast Track approved, the ObamaTrade lobby is dropping some of the pretense. As The New American has pointed out many times over the past few years (see here, here, and here), the architects of the TPP — especially the world government activists of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) and the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) — have long been on record in favor of the TPP as merely a "stepping stone" to a much larger Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP) that would include China as a member. The anti-Beijing rhetoric is purely a ruse to lure support from conservatives concerned over China's stepped-up militancy, as well as domestic manufacturers and labor unions worried about loss of more manufacturing business and jobs to the Beijing behemoth.
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We should abolish the CFR, Trilateral Commission and the Bilderberg Group.
_____________
_____
_____
Chapter 27: China
_____
_____
____________
{Even weapons for different militaries around the world are made in Ukraine. Do you think that if a military alliance such as BRICS, raided a country that makes weapons equipment, such as Ukraine, that the invading military would try to gain more resources, including gaining control over the weapons market for the military in Ukraine}.
_______
Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Liaoning
Liaoning (16), is the first aircraft carrier commissioned into the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the Navy to practice with carrier usage.
Originally laid down as the Admiral Kuznetsov class multirole aircraft carrier Riga for the Soviet Navy, she was launched on December 4, 1988, and renamed Varyag in 1990. The stripped hulk was purchased in 1998 by the People's Republic of China and towed to Dalian Shipyard in north eastern China. After being completely rebuilt and undergoing sea trials, the ship was commissioned into the PLAN as Liaoning on September 25, 2012.
The ship was laid down as Riga at Shipyard 444 (now Nikolayev South) in Mykolaiv, Ukraine, on December 6, 1985. Design work was undertaken by the Nevskoye Planning and Design Bureau. Launched on December 4, 1988, the carrier was renamed Varyag in late 1990, after the famous cruiser. Often referred to as an aircraft carrier, the vessel's design implied a mission different from carriers of the United States Navy, Royal Navy or French Navy. The Russian term used by her builders to describe the ships is tyazholiy avianesushchiy kreyser (TAKR or TAVKR) "heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser", intended to support strategic missile-carrying submarines, surface ships, and maritime missile-carrying aircraft of the Russian fleet. The Soviet Union and later Russia argued that the ships are not aircraft carriers under the Montreux Convention and not subject to the tonnage limits imposed on these ships in traveling through the Bosphorus.
Construction ceased by 1992, with the ship structurally complete but without electronics. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ownership was transferred to Ukraine; the ship was laid up, unmaintained. Ukraine immediately began searching for possible customers, and made overtures to China, which sent a high-level expert delegation in 1992. Although the delegation made a positive report on the condition of the ship, recommending a purchase, the Beijing leadership declined because of the international diplomatic situation at the time. Nevertheless, the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN, the Chinese navy) did not lose interest, and four years later took an independent initiative under cover of a commercial purchase.
In April 1998, Ukrainian Trade Minister Roman Shpek announced the winning bid of US$20 million from Chong Lot Travel Agency, a Hong Kong-based company, which proposed to tow Varyag out of the Black Sea, through the Suez Canal and around southern Asia to Macau, where the ship would be moored and converted into a floating hotel and casino, similar to the Kiev in Tianjin and Minsk at Minsk World in Shenzhen. Before the auction was closed, officials in Macau had warned Chong Lot that it would not be permitted to berth Varyag in the harbor. Chong Lot is owned by Chin Luck (Holdings) Company of Hong Kong; four of Chin Luck's six board members live in Yantai, China, the location of a major navy shipyard; the chairman Xu Zengping is a former career military officer and captain of a basketball team with the People's Liberation Army. The sale of the carrier was successfully closed in 1998
________
{Some people think that BRICs could team up with the United Nations, this would create a strong military alliance that could gain political power over the world}.
_______
China and the United Nations | China Uncensored
Mar 27, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mmfHjfNNzk
_______
India and Russia back China's call for 'new world order'
February, 2015
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1699900/india-russia-back-call-new-world-order?page=all
_______
For more information on China, view the blog "Pollution Science 101 - China."
http://pollutionscience101china.blogspot.com/
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Pollution Science 101 - Cuba
May 7th, 2021
https://Pollutionscience101Cuba.blogspot.com
________
1/7/2020 - Pollution Science 101 - Brazil - Emergency Report
https://pollutionscience101brazil.blogspot.com
_________
Pollution Science 101 - Mexico
https://pollutionscience101mexico.blogspot.com
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Chapter 28: Current events & corruption
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Nearly Two-Thirds of Human Trafficking Victims Are from Asia
November 20, 2014
http://dailysignal.com/2014/11/20/nearly-two-thirds-human-trafficking-victims-asia/
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U.S. Cites Russia Among Worst in Human Trafficking
Jun. 21 2013
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/us-cites-russia-among-worst-in-human-trafficking/481994.html
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Russia, China continue to allow human trafficking
June 23, 2013
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/russia-china-continue-to-allow-human-trafficking/2013/06/23/57f14560-da9d-11e2-a016-92547bf094cc_story.html
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The Russian mafia works with members of the Russian government.
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Russian mafia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia
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The Russian Mafia: A World History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAJwINlqvyI
-------
Krokodil: Russia's Deadliest Drug (NSFW)
May 17, 2012
A homemade drug called Krokodil is gaining popularity in Siberia and its effects on users are horrific. Krokodil is Russian for Crocodile, because of the way addicts' skin begins to get turn scaly, dry and eventually rot right off their bodies. Even most heroin users are frightened by Krokodil and want nothing to do with this terrifying drug.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsUH8llvTZo
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Russia's flesh-eating drug Krokodil actually has origins in America
9/27/13
http://io9.com/russias-flesh-eating-drug-krokodil-actually-has-origin-1411641798
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{We can see the illegal drug trade in Russia, Syria, Afghanistan, Asia and South America. All factor into why we have wars and conflicts around the world, this is why we should decriminalize certain plants, such as hemp}.
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The Drug Fuelling Conflict In Syria
Sep 21, 2015
Syria's War Drug: A look inside production of Captagon, the powerful amphetamine being used by soldiers in Syria.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ke13JNlpBQ
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Russia's Toughest Prisons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAJwINlqvyI
--------
We can see the Masonic symbolism in Russian prison tattoos, in the following documentary titled " Marked - Russian Prison Tattoo Documentary. "
--------
Marked - Russian Prison Tattoo Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIjQFlJ4dGo
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Gulag
The Gulag was the government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems during the Stalin era, from the 1930s until the 1950s. The first such camps were created in 1918 and the term is widely used to describe any forced labor camp in the USSR. While the camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of extrajudicial punishment (the NKVD was the Soviet secret police). The Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union, based on Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code). The term is also sometimes used to describe the camps themselves, particularly in the West.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag
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{Gulag type work camps and prisons existed under the Communist Party & elite Russian families}.
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Nazinsky: Stalin’s Cannibal Island
Jan 9, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaOwcYLGTMo
--------------------
Cannibal Island: The Real Battle Royale
Sep 25, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpbGsVBOtoA
--------------------
The Real Battle Royale - Nazino Island Tragedy (1933)
Nov 2, 2021
On
May 18th 1933, on the direct orders of Stalin himself, 5000 men and
women arrived at Nazino, a small isolated island on the River Orb, deep
in the remote and barren wilderness of Western Siberia. Within a matter
of weeks, 4000 of them would either just die from exposure, disappear,
drown or be eaten.
This was the real life Battle Royale.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imwsyae00p8
--------------------
Pyatak Prison: The Russian Alcatraz
Sep 4, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6H7mm7qe_L4
---------------------
These Bizarre Soviet Documents Reveal The Most Horrifying Secrets
Jul 29, 2022
No one knows, probably not even the Russian government, exactly how many people perished as a result of the many purges, labor camps, and other punishments that occurred during the life of the Soviet Union, which existed from 1917 - 1991. Reliable estimates have put the number over ten million, and perhaps as high as twenty million or more. Most, but certainly not all of those deaths occurred during the reign of Josef Stalin, a genius in the exercise of raw power, but otherwise, a paranoid megalomaniac with few equals in history. In today's video, we are going to tell you about some of the other terrible events that occurred during the life of the Soviet Union, or USSR.
In the mid-1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev, a communist reformer, became Premier of the Soviet Union. When he came to power, he understood two things almost immediately: that the Soviet economy needed to be restructured and people allowed more economic freedom, and that many people were dissatisfied with life in the USSR, but did not dare speak of it for fear of government repression. Knowing that this fear and dissatisfaction was liable, sooner rather than later, to spill over into public discontent, protest, and perhaps more, Gorbachev instituted the policy of “glasnost”, or “openness”, which allowed people more freedom to speak their minds.
This also held true, to a certain extent, for members of the government and its many organs. The immediate spur to “glasnost” was the awful events that took place at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine – then a part of the USSR. Attempting to keep the radiation leak secret from their own people and the world, the Soviets finally had to admit they had a very large problem at Chernobyl, and this was partly caused by people's fear to speak up about problems there and in the aftermath of the nuclear disaster.
From Soviet diplomats being kept hostage to Stalin's psychiatric hospitals, to the Chernobyl mess up! We've it all covered in our video!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5a1VuaYubDc
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Russian prison camp. Scandalous footage. 2010.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ug7Gw4tPdg8
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Russia's Road of Bones: The Eastern Highway That's Literally Built on Corpses
Apr 7, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci0ooAfJfcg
---------------------
Magnitogorsk: The Soviet City Built from Scratch
Aug 14, 2020
In the 1930s, the Soviet government decided it wanted to build a perfect modern industrial city. Magnitogorsk would be a fully realized socialist utopia that could revolutionize the economy of the young USSR.
What could possibly go wrong?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3HC3TYqtoc
---------------------
Russia and the Gulag: Putin is fighting for state control over how Soviet horrors are remembered
July 10, 2020
https://theconversation.com/russia-and-the-gulag-putin-is-fighting-for-state-control-over-how-soviet-horrors-are-remembered-142438
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Russian 'gulag' museum forced to change format
March 3, 2015
Moscow (AFP) - The rights group that ran Russia's only museum in a former gulag said Tuesday it has been ousted and the institution will cease as a memorial devoted to Soviet-era repression.
The Perm-36 museum -- named after the notorious prison camp where it is housed -- has been open since 1996, but was increasingly threatened by a hostile relationship with Russian leaders.
"The association is self-liquidating. We could not reach an agreement with regional administrators," Tatiana Koursina, head of the Perm-36 association, told AFP.
"The museum will continue to function... but it won't be the same," she added.
Under President Vladimir Putin, Russia has increasingly taken on the mantle of the Soviet Union and prides itself on its victories while downplaying the millions of deaths under Stalin's forced industrialisation, collectivisation and prison camps.
The museum's financing was cut off last year and its founding group -- which organised exhibitions on dissidents and Soviet-era repression -- lost control of the site.
The Perm-36 association said Tuesday it decided to give up trying to stay involved in the management of the museum after months of negotiations with local authorities failed.
https://news.yahoo.com/russian-gulag-museum-forced-change-format-235513229.html
---------------------
The Dark History Of The Soviet War Machine | War Factories | Timeline
Aug 21, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcpUdhj-9A8
---------------------
10 Dark Secrets of the USSR
Jul 4, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axDZ0D86ZNU
---------------------
Russia's most FEARED criminal (*MATURE AUDIENCES ONLY*)
Mar 12, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NaHaRS0_DA
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Why Russia Should Fear Being Declared A State Sponsor Of Terrorism
Jul 5, 2022
https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2022/07/05/why-russia-should-fear-being-declared-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism/?sh=6114a2d12b6e
---------------------
{The Russian government has been accused of trying to incite acts of terrorism against the people of Russia, including other countries. These acts of terrorism have been used by the authorities to gain political influence and control over the people}.
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State-sponsored terrorism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism is government support of violent non-state actors engaged in terrorism. Because of the pejorative nature of the word, the identification of particular examples are usually subject to political dispute (see Definitions of terrorism).
Soviet Union
Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist front organizations and have been described as the primary promoters of terrorism worldwide. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, General Aleksandr Sakharovsky from the First Chief Directorate of the KGB once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon." He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". George Habash, who worked under the KGB's guidance, explained: "Killing one Jew far away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle, because it attracts more attention."
Lt. General Ion Mihai Pacepa described the operation "SIG" ("Zionist Governments") that was devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against Israel and the United States. KGB chairman Yury Andropov allegedly explained to Pacepa that "a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States."
The following organizations have been allegedly established with assistance from Eastern Bloc security services: the PLO, the National Liberation Army of Bolivia (created in 1964 with help from Ernesto Che Guevara); the National Liberation Army of Colombia (created in 1965 with help from Cuba), the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) in 1969, and the Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia in 1975.
The leader of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, established close collaboration with the Romanian Securitate service and the Soviet KGB in the beginning of the 1970s. The secret training of PLO guerrillas was provided by the KGB. However, the main KGB activities and arms shipments were channeled through Wadie Haddad of the DFLP organization, who usually stayed in a KGB dacha BARVIKHA-1 during his visits to Russia. Led by Carlos the Jackal, a group of PFLP fighters accomplished a spectacular raid the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries office in Vienna in 1975. Advance notice of this operation "was almost certainly" given to the KGB.
A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international terrorists with weapons on the orders from the Soviet Communist Party, including:
Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Provisional Irish Republican Army by the Soviet intelligence vessel Reduktor (operation SPLASH) in 1972 to fulfill a personal request of arms from Michael O'Riordan.
Transfer of anti-tank grenade RPG-7 launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine through Wadi Haddad who was recruited as a KGB agent in 1970 (operation VOSTOK, "East").
Support of the Sandinista movement. The leading role here belonged to the General Intelligence Directorate of Communist Cuba.
Support of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, in order to destabilize Turkey, a key NATO member during the Cold War.
Large-scale terrorist operations have been prepared by the KGB and GRU against the United States, Canada and Europe, according to the Mitrokhin Archive, GRU defectors Victor Suvorov and Stanislav Lunev, and former SVR officer Kouzminov. Among the planned operations were the following:
Large arms caches were allegedly hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with "Lightning" explosive devices. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near Bern. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.
Preparations for nuclear sabotage. Some of the allegedly hidden caches could contain portable tactical nuclear weapons known as RA-115 "suitcase bombs" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to GRU defector Stanislav Lunev. Lunev states that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons caches in the Shenandoah Valley area and that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane.
Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been revealed by KGB defector Oleg Lyalin in 1971, including plan to flood the London underground and deliver poison capsules to Whitehall. This disclosure triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London.
FSLN leader Carlos Fonseca Amador was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".
Disruption of the power supply in the entire New York State by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the Delaware River, in the Big Spring Park.
An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "oil refineries and oil and gas pipelines across Canada from British Columbia to Montreal" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared, which took twelve years to complete.
A plan for sabotage of Hungry Horse Dam in Montana.
A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most vulnerable points of the port were marked at maps.
-------------------------------
Terrorism in Russia
Terrorism in Russia has a long history starting from the times of the Russian Empire. Terrorism, in the modern sense, means violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear. Terrorism tactics, such as hostage-taking, were widely used by the Soviet secret agencies, most notably during the Red Terror and Great Terror campaigns, against the population of their own country, according to Karl Kautsky and other historians of Bolshevism.
Starting from the end of the 20th century, significant terrorist activity has taken place in Moscow, most notably apartment bombings and the Moscow theater hostage crisis. Many more acts of terrorism have been committed in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the country. Some of them became a matter of significant controversy, since journalists and scholars claimed them to be directed by the Russian secret services, often through their Chechen agent provocateurs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia
---------
Soviet Subversion of the Free World Press, 1984
Apr 24, 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cnf0I2dQ0i0
------------------------
Gamma-Ray Bursts: Crash Course Astronomy #40
Nov 12, 2015
Gamma-ray bursts are not only incredible to study, but their discovery has an epic story all its own. Today Phil takes you through some Cold War history and then dives into what we know. Bursts come in two rough varieties: Long and short. Long ones are from hypernovae, massive stars exploding, sending out twin beams of matter and energy. Short ones are from merging neutron stars. Both kinds are so energetic they are visible for billions of light years, and both are also the birth announcements of black holes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2zA9nPFN5A
------------------------
RUSSIANS vs SAUDIS: CORONAVIRUS and the new OIL WAR - VisualPolitik EN
Apr 8, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DebpajQGRV0
-----------------
Black Gold: The War For Soviet Oil | War Factories | Timeline
Aug 28, 2021
The story of the discovery and exploitation of the Baku Oilfields in the Russian Caucasus..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey_90U9i8ms
-----------------
How to befriend PUTIN and EUROPE at once - VisualPolitik EN
Jan 20, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9b53GmKAcZU
-----------------
How is PUTIN isolating UKRAINE? - VisualPolitik EN
Dec 30, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqyziIEYFpE
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Russian defector says Putinist Russia completely corrupt, run by FSB, and running drugs
February 13, 2021
https://fitzinfo.net/2021/02/13/russian-defector-says-putinist-russia-completely-corrupt-run-by-fsb-and-running-drugs/
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Jewish dominance: from the USSR to today’s Russian Federation
April 22, 2021
https://fitzinfo.net/2021/04/22/jewish-dominance-from-the-ussr-to-todays-russian-federation/
The Bolshevik Revolution was Jewish, 6/8 Soviet leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev were Jewish AND all three Presidents since the (fake) fall of the Soviet Union are Jewish...
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"Soviet Union": The Jewish story about Birobidzhan (Birobidjan) 1928-1970
How Birobidzhan was a hope for Jewish settlements and Jewish hopes were destroyed by global policy
http://www.hist-chron.com/SU/EncJudaica_Birobidzhan-ENGL.html
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Most Russia State Duma members have Israeli citizenship: Maksakova
February 11, 2021
https://fitzinfo.net/2021/02/11/most-russia-state-duma-members-have-israeli-citizenship-maksakova/
Sensational recognition of the opera singer Maria Maksakova, which was given to the radio station “Echo of Moscow” that despite the legislative prohibition of dual citizenship for the deputy corps and the government of the Russian Federation, the majority of the members of the State Duma of Russia have Israeli citizenship is parallel to Russian, and the families of many of them are citizens of different countries.
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1917-2017: The Second Bolshevik Revolution (in America), Part IV
October 25, 2017
http://www.elliswashingtonreport.com/2017/10/25/1917-2017-the-second-bolshevik-revolution-in-america-part-iv/
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Putin a Rothschild-controlled Chabad Jewish Grand master put in power to usher in anti-Christ: Russian analyst
May 1, 2020
https://fitzinfo.net/2020/05/01/putin-a-rothschild-controlled-chabad-jewish-grand-master-put-in-power-to-usher-in-anti-christ-russian-analyst/
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Russia: A small town clings to its Soviet past | DW Documentary
Mar 29, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48DaLYiO-yk
-----------------
The Breakup of the Soviet Union Explained
May 1, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2GmtBCVHzY
-----------------
Sons of Russia: The people fighting Putin's war in Ukraine | Full Episode | SBS Dateline
May 10, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dYXYI8PdCE
-----------------
Generation Putin | DW Documentary
Aug 23, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAjruwb-yms
-----------------
The Day Russian Democracy Died
Sep 14, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9af3KH-k8yc
-----------------
Why the Soviet Computer Failed
Jul 7, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnHdqPBrtH8
-----------------
Soviet Secret Cities: Entire Cities Hidden from The World
Aug 5, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyYBcMv6614
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These Places Shouldn't Exist on Earth But They Damn Well DO
Sep 14, 2020
7:20 - Lake Karachay
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmN70BdOycc
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These Places Shouldn’t Exist On Earth But They Damn Well DO! - Part 2
Jul 19, 2021
18:50 - Desert Boat Graveyard (Myunak, Uzbekistan)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v7HRlvdgrQ
-----------------
Some Russians Think The USSR Still Exists
Aug 4, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btIGYe28jWw
-----------------
Putin tells Russian KGB spy joke
Oct 29, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0oic-ix9bM
-----------------
Leaked Documents Reveal China's 220,000 Spies; China-Russia's Relationship Health in Question
Sep 1, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbxGEmvBX_c
-----------------
China Holds Joint Naval Drills with Russia, Iran in Indian Ocean
Feb 13, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lQmUowhHbQ
-----------------
Canada on alert as Russia military moves into Arctic
Apr 7, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz3iGGiQquo
-----------------
Is China EXPANDING its EMPIRE in RUSSIA’S backyard? - VisualPolitik EN
May 23, 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dig2oQc3YdQ
-----------------
Russia Will Be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts
March 5, 2019
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/05/russia-will-be-one-third-muslim-in-15-years-chief-mufti-predicts-a64706
Around 30 percent of the Russian population will practice Islam within the next 15 years, Russia’s grand mufti has predicted, citing demographic trends.
Russia’s Muslim-majority regions, including republics in the North Caucasus and the republic of Tatarstan, are known to have the highest birth rates in the country, reflecting similar trends worldwide. Various estimates place the current Muslim population in Russia at between 14 million and 20 million people, or between 10 to 14 percent of Russia's total population of 146.8 million in 2018.
“According to experts, Russia’s [Muslim] population will increase to 30 percent in a decade and a half,” said Ravil Gainutdin, the chairman of the Council of Muftis, a religious group representing Russia’s Muslim community.
-----------------
Ethnic groups in Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia
-----------------
11 Countries With Highest White Population
December 30, 2015
https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/11-countries-with-highest-white-population-405390/?singlepage=1
2. Russia
White population: around 121 million
With nearly 200 ethnic groups Russia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries. Using Wikipedia list of ethnicities living in the country, we estimated that there are around 121 million white residents.
European Value Survey showed that 15.8 percent of Russians wouldn’t like to have as a neighbor a person of different race, which is the highest number among countries on this list. At the same time, according to WVS 2010-2014, 17.2 respondents expressed racial intolerance. Russians show similar religious narrow-mindedness. There is a growing concern among Orthodox Russians about increasing Muslim population which will account for one-fifth of all population by 2020. Even Vladimir Putin, former Russian prime-minister and today’s president, went as far as to urge Russians to “have more sex” to preserve country’s orthodox identity
-----------------
Russia's rise in conservative family values | Unreported World
Oct 4, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpdkDZIkMbg
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Why is GERMANY so dependant on RUSSIAN GAS? - VisualPolitik EN
Nov 20, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDsDzGuhlD8
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Why Does Russia Own This Old Piece of Germany?
Jun 16, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2f9Zf-MDtU
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Geopolitics of the Black Sea
Apr 15, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJZbS3hwGuU
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Are Belarus and Russia parting ways?
Apr 21, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mDdIWdtFrw
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NATO: How has the MOST IMPORTANT military ALLIANCE changed? - VisualPolitik EN
Jul 31, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5cgJLjl2og
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Chapter 29: Putin & Political corruption
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Russian immigration official sacked for promoting 'survival of white race'
April 22, 2011
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-immigration-official-sacked-for-promoting-survival-of-white-race-2271996.html
Russian authorities have fired a top official for saying that the country's immigration policy was tailored to promote the "survival of the white race". Konstantin Poltoranin, the chief spokesman for Russia's Federal Migration Service, also said in televised comments that the "mixing of bloods" has to be managed carefully.
Xenophobia and racism flourish in Russia, and public officials often make statements that would land them in hot water elsewhere in Europe. But Mr Poltoranin crossed the line.
His interview with the BBC was aired on Wednesday and by the evening he had been fired. He was not caught out with a difficult question, but chose to launch into his thesis about the "white race" when asked if there was anything he would like to add at the end of the interview.
Mr Poltoranin was speaking about the poor conditions at a centre for asylum-seekers in Russia, where refugees from Ivory Coast and Ghana spoke of being subjected to racist attacks from local residents and the centre's administration.
Mr Poltoranin appeared to hint that Russia was deliberately unwelcoming to Africans and other asylum-seekers to avoid an influx of migrants as seen in western Europe. He said he did not understand the immigration policy of western European countries. "We want to make sure the mixing of blood happens in the right way here, and not the way it has happened in western Europe where the results have not been good," Mr Poltoranin said.
He added that Russia needed Slavic immigrants to counter its declining population. "What is at stake here is the survival of the white race, and we feel this in Russia," he said.
Moscow has several million migrants who come from the mainly Muslim North Caucasus, which is inside Russia, and from the countries of the former Soviet Union. Nearly one-fifth of Russia's 143 million people are Muslims, and the country prides itself on being home to over 100 nationalities.
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The Numbers Vladimir Putin Doesn’t Want You to See
March 31, 2014
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/03/numbers-vladimir-putin-doesnt-want-you-to-see
According to Murray Feshbach, a Georgetown professor emeritus and the dean of Russian demography in the United States, Russia’s working-age population is also declining by a million people a year, a faster rate than the decline of the overall population, which in 2013 stood at around 143 million, 3 million less than when Putin took office. Moreover, only 30 percent of Russian babies born are born healthy. Eberstadt told me that many unhealthy Russian babies are “discarded” —sent to government institutions where they often develop cognitive difficulties. Unhealthy children grow up to be unhealthy adults: half of the conscripted Russian army has to be put in limited service because of poor health.
Twenty-five percent of Russian men still die before the age of 55, many from alcoholism and the violent deaths, plus other diseases it fosters. A protégé of Feshbach’s, Mark Lawrence Schrad, has recently published a book called *Vodka Politics,*which analyzes how vodka has been used throughout Russian history, from tsars to dictators, as a means of social control. Cheap vodka and cigarettes were among the first free-market products available after Communism. When a partial government crackdown regulating sales of alcohol in 2009 occurred and vodka’s price went up, some hard-core alcoholics simply switched to perfume or antifreeze. The government also jacked up prices on beer, often imported or owned by foreigners, and further drove the population to harder stuff. Schrad, a political scientist at Villanova, has also written that 77 percent of kids between the ages of 15 and 17 drink vodka regularly; in rural areas, the percentage can be as high as 90.
Russia, meanwhile, has more heroin addicts than any other country. To become truly grossed out, one only has to go to the Web to see the damage of krokodil, a homemade opiate that heroin addicts in Russia shoot that rots their skin and organs from within. A thriving needle culture inevitably means H.I.V., and between 2000 and 2012 the number of new cases of H.I.V. increased six fold. Many of those infected also suffer from tuberculosis. Russia is second only to India (with 1.3 billion people) in the number of cases of M.D.R. (multidrug-resistant) tuberculosis
When it comes to the environment, I found that 50 percent of Russia’s water is not potable. Air pollution continues to be an extremely serious issue, suggesting that a solution proposed during the late-Soviet period continues to hold sway. Back then, a Russian health minister advised the country to “breathe less” in order to live longer.
This is the kind of desperation that Vladimir Putin is distracting the Russian people from. During the 2000 campaign he flew to the scene of the uprising in Chechnya and promised to “ice them while they’re shitting in the outhouse.” Doing the math today, you can see that Russia remains frozen in time—and its leaders free to hallucinate.
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How Russian nationalism explains Putin’s outreach to Jews and Israel
https://www.jta.org/2018/07/19/israel/russian-nationalism-motivates-putins-jewish-outreach-home-towards-israel
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U.S. Cables: Russian, Israeli Mafias Gaining Power, Infiltrating Governments
https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/10311-us-cables-russian-israeli-mafias-gaining-power-infiltrating-governments
Among
the secret U.S. diplomatic cables released recently by WikiLeaks are
several from Moscow, Tel Aviv, and other capitals expressing concern
over the connections between, and rising influence of, the Russian and
Israeli mafias around the world. The extent of their control over
certain governments was also noted, with one expert describing the
existence of “virtual mafia states” among former Soviet republics.
An
American embassy cable from Spain, highlighted by the German
publication Spiegel, details a high-level Spanish prosecutor’s
conclusions about certain former Soviet states like Russia, Belarus, and
Chechnya. After more than a decade of investigations into the world of
organized crime, prosecutor Jose Gonzalez called the nations “virtual
mafia states.” Ukraine is apparently following the same path.
“For
each of those countries, one cannot differentiate between the
activities of the government and organized crime groups," said the
Spanish prosecutor, charged with investigating the Russian mob in
particular. He also claimed Russia’s “intelligence” apparatus was
“absorbing” mobster kingpins and that the Russian mafia already
dominates “certain strategic sectors of the global economy” like the
aluminum industry.
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Trump’s Russian Laundromat
https://newrepublic.com/article/143586/trumps-russian-laundromat-trump-tower-luxury-high-rises-dirty-money-international-crime-syndicate
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Trump's "Russian" ties are with the "Red Kosher Nostra," not the Kremlin By The Wayne Madsen Report
http://milfuegos.blogspot.com/2017/05/trumps-russian-ties-are-with-red-kosher.html
Owners
of Trump Tower condos in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida include Russian
gangsters previously investigated by the FBI, including Anatoly
Golubchik and Michael Sall and Ukrainian businessman Peter Kiritchenko,
who was involved in money laundering through his Bainfield Company, Ltd.
shell corporation in the British Virgin Islands with former Ukrainian
Prime Ministers Peter Lazarenko and Yulia Tymoshenko.
The "boss of bosses"
It
was through Ukrainian intermediaries linked to organized crime that
Trump's short-lived presidential campaign manager Paul Manafort could be
connected to Ukrainian crime "boss of bosses" Mogilevich. These
criminal networks also relied heavily upon money laundering through the
Bank of Cyprus, whose vice chairman was Wilbur Ross, Trumps' current
Commerce Secretary.
------------------------
The Happy-Go-Lucky Jewish Group That Connects Trump and Putin
Where Trump's real estate world meets a top religious ally of the Kremlin.
https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/the-happy-go-lucky-jewish-group-that-connects-trump-and-putin-215007
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Putin's vengeance: Murder, corruption and a dead man put on trial... how one man rose to the top of Russia's most-wanted list for daring to stand up to country's president
7 February 2015
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2943966/Putin-s-vengeance-Murder-corruption-dead-man-trial-one-man-rose-Russia-s-wanted-list-daring-stand-country-s-president.html
Sergei Magnitsky died in November 2009 after 358 days in Russian prison
Wrote daily letters about beatings but treatment was never investigated
His friend William Browder successfully campaigned for Magnitsky Act - placing travel bans on Russian human rights abusers
In return Vladimir Putin tried him for Magnitsky's murder in his absence
Russians also tried Magnitsky - first dead man to be tried since 897AD
Mr Browder says it is possible Russian regime is trying to kill him
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Litvinenko claimed Putin was the 'Kremlin paedophile' in blog post months before his death after Russian president was pictured kissing stomach of a young boy
2 February 2015
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2936331/Alexander-Litvinenko-inquiry-Spy-s-father-cut-ties-family.html
Marina Litvinenko is gave evidence to inquiry into husband's death
Says she hasn't spoken to father-in-law Walter since he went on Russian TV to denounce his son two years ago
Alexander Litvinenko allegedly worked for MI6 after fleeing home country
He was paid up to £70,000 to name Russian sleeper agents, it was claimed
He fell out with Vladimir Putin over bid to assassinate Boris Berezovsky
Litvinenko claimed Putin was involved in 'criminal conduct' and predicted he would be killed after exposing the plot
Arrived in UK saying 'I'm a KGB officer and I'm asking for political asylum'
Accused Putin of being a paedophile in article shortly before his death
He died in November 2006 after drinking tea poisoned with polonium
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21 Things You Need To Know About Vladimir Putin
Mar. 4, 2012,
http://www.businessinsider.com/vladimir-putin-history-russia-2012-3
- Last year Russia ranked 143rd, joint with Nigeria and Uganda, on Transparency International's annual list of the 182 most corrupt nations.
- Reports suggest that Putin himself may have as much as $40 billion in assets.
- He's even said to have built, via a network of corruption, this $1 billion house on the Black Sea.
- CONSPIRACY THEORY 2: A series of apartment bombings organized by Russia's secret service swept Putin into the president's office.
In 1999, a series of apartment bombings in Russia killed 224 people. Russia was terrified — the bombs went off in crowded buildings in the middle of the night, killing families as they slept.
Putin, then prime minister, pledged direct action against the Chechen rebels who were thought to be behind the attacks, pledging to wipe them out even "in the outhouse". He was soon in the president's office with 53 percent of the vote.
However, one event made many reconsider the attacks.
On 22nd September 2009 the city of Ryazan, an attack was apparently halted by an eagle-eyed member of the public, who was also able to give descriptions of two people who appeare to have planted explosives. A bomb squad came in and found tested the substances, declaring them explosives and defusing them.
Two days later the FSB (the successor to the KGB) announced that the explosives were in fact sugar and that the bombing attempt was just a training exercise committed by the agency.
- One person who claimed this was a plot was murdered in 2006
Ex-KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko, died in London from radiation poisoning in 2006.
Litvenchenko's book, Blowing Up Russia, was one of the most complete investigations on the apartment bombings (it is banned in Russia).
The British police are still trying to get the two men suspected of poisoning him extradited, but Russian authorities have been uncooperative.
---------------------
The Putin Critics Who Have Been Assassinated
http://news.sky.com/story/1437519/the-putin-critics-who-have-been-assassinated
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Should Putin Worry About Spate of Whistleblowing?
Saturday, Feb. 19, 2011
Russia has its fair share of whistleblowers. Over the past few years, at least a dozen of them — local officials, policemen, entrepreneurs — have taken it upon themselves to air their boss's dirty laundry. Most often, a complaint is addressed to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, the country's strongman, who then has the option of boosting his ratings by setting the matter straight. But in recent weeks, this phenomenon has started turning on its head. New whistleblowers are making Putin out to be the bad guy, and that has left many Russians wondering, What is their motivation? And why now?
http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2052743,00.html
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WORLD SUPERPOWER Vladimir Putin's Russia 2015 (Full Documentary)
Mar 14, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaY6x7W9Kfk
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10 Things You Should Know About Vladimir Putin
May 10, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmg5zoRfA4I
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Putin put on spot by English farmer John Kopiski
Apr 16, 2015
“Simple Russian guy John,” as he was introduced by the anchor, addressed question to Vladimir Putin during the annual Q&A session. John came to Russia more than two decades ago, married a Russian woman and fathered five children here. He complained about the regulated price at which his milk is bought by distributors, saying it’s too low to keep his farm profitable.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDMs2TOHGKM
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PUTIN: The beginning of the END? - VisualPolitik EN
Nov 27, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VGbYAZGHhg
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How does the US plan to DEFEAT PUTIN? - VisualPolitik EN
Mar 14, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVw3thxAK_I
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Obama Sets The Stage For U.S. Showdown With Russia
Nov 5, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwDOhPajvrE
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Vladimir Putin and Henry Kissinger Meet To Discuss New World Order
Feb 4, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z8MfimxPnw
----------------
{To be fair, we would like to show views from all sides of the conflict.
We personally think that Putin is corrupt and is behind the plan to make the white race decline in Europe and in Russia. This is the plan that the Communist government of Russia had many years ago when the Communist Party started to take over Russia and Europe. We can see the decline of the white race in Europe and Russia since the Communist Party formed in Europe and Russia.
Some people agree and many have disagreed with the following video}.
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Can Putin Stop the NWO
Nov 2, 2015
Alex Jones talks about the Russian president Vladimir Putin and how despite his numerous faults , Putin does want what is best for his country and is doing what he can to prevent the destruction of Russia.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iX_bVDXXFd8
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Why The Global Elite Hate Putin
One thing Trump has in common with Putin is that the globalists despise them both
August 7, 2017https://www.infowars.com/why-the-global-elite-hate-putin/
----------------------
{Many people accuse Putin of being directly associated with this type of "New World Order" structure. With all of the evidence gathered, it would not be wise to say that Putin, including the Russian government, still have the best interests of the people of the world. Most of the current governments of the planet do not have the best interests of the people of the world as well. The media sometimes does not report accurately on current political matters. It can often be difficult reading different reports, trying to decide which reports are correct.
For more information on Vladimir Putin, view " Chapter 9: One World religion. "
A lot of journalist and innocent people are currently in Russian prisons as we speak, this includes people in prison for having hemp cannabis. It is because of Vladimir Putin, including the Russian government, that hemp cannabis remains illegal. Many people face prison time if they are caught growing hemp cannabis, including just being found with it}.
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Chapter 30: Hemp
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Moscow, Russia (Cannabis)
http://webehigh.org/moscow-russia/
Russia has had tough anti-drug laws for years. Possession or sale of Marijuana or Hash could result in a jail sentence of up to three years. In 1997, over 90 percent of people prosecuted for drug charges were users rather than dealers.
New regulations established in April 1998 go much further. Possession of any amount of drugs – even one dose – or being under the effects of an illegal drug can cost the user several years in prison. Police can force any person to take a blood or urine test if they are suspected to be under the influence of drugs. “It will make it easier for the police to convict [petty drug users],” said Yuly Rybakov, a deputy in the nation’s lawmaking branch, the Duma. When the new law was enacted activists passed out leaflets pushing for the legalization of Marijuana and Hash, but were ignored – and even threatened with arrest – by the government. Over 250,000 people were arrested on drug charges in 1998 and in 1999 the Interior Ministry said it confiscated over 60 tons of drugs.
Legislation: Cannabis is completely illegal in Russia, although it is formally not a crime (only administrative violation of the law) to have less than 6 grams with yourself. Anyway, it will cause LOTS of problems if you get caught
Marijuana is illegal in Moscow, and so is any related action (growing, purchasing, smoking etc.). Possession of any amount of drugs – even one dose – or being under the effects of an illegal drug can cost the user several years in prison.
Or as other put it: Very illegal, with the new government.
Law Enforcement: If you are caught, your only (and best) chance as a foreigner, is to immediately offer a bribe. This ought not to be a small bribe either, because you are possibly facing a couple of years in prison for possession. USD$500 would be a good starting point. The good news is, that this bribe will nearly always be accepted. However a most recent update from an intrepid Moscow report says: “Possessing weed under 6 grams is decriminalized, with low fines, up to 30 is a heavier fine (and possible community work), but still no imprisonment.” So take this for what its worth, and be safe and discreet!!
With the new government, the police are much stricter about narcotics. Now with the enforcement of cops income statements, bribe prices have sky rocketed, try 500 dollars, then just go up, more cops bigger bride, if some is Russian have them speak, and if you have broken Russian don’t bother.
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Russian drugs boss rules out marijuana legalization
25 Feb, 2014
http://rt.com/politics/russia-drugs-marijuana-legalize-633/
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{Even when Russia won't legalize hemp cannabis, the government, including the people of Russia, have allowed environmental injustice to take place for far too long. This includes other BRICS nations such as India, Brazil and China}.
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Cannabis ruderalis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis
Cannabis ruderalis is a species of Cannabis originating in central Russia. It is indeed less common than the other species of Cannabis.
C. ruderalis rarely grows over two feet in height, and matures in approximately seven weeks. The plants have a "thin, slightly fibrous stem" with little branching. Foliage is open with large leaves.
Cannabis ruderalis will produce flowers based on its age, rather than light cycle (photoperiod) changes which govern flowering in C. sativa and C. indica varieties. This kind of flowering is also known as "autoflowering".
It has less THC in its resin compared to other Cannabis species. However, it is often high in cannabidiol (CBD).---
---------------
{The plant cannabis ruderalis grows wild in Russia and Siberia. Siberian ruderalis can survive Siberian frosts. Certain phenotypes of wild ruderalis will produce flowers at a very early stage of growth of the plant, compared to a traditional plant in the Indica or Sativa family, this is how many type of auto-flower seeds are created. Sometimes certain phenotypes of wild ruderalis will not flower, and some will take a couple years, while surviving winter frosts. Many people think that this plant can be a cure for many diseases such as to help fight cancer. Different types of genotypes and phenotypes of different families of hemp cannabis can help cure different illnesses, this plant can even reproduce asexually}.
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History of Autoflowering Seeds
Cannabis ruderalis has been used in Russian and Mongolian medicinal and shamanistic traditions for a long time. In the nineties the ‘Mongolian Academy of Sciences’ did a research on shamanic and folk knowledge of medicinal plants in Mongolia. They found that Cannabis sativa and Cannabis ruderalis have been used for various medicinal purposes in Mongolia. Even though Cannabis ruderalis has a lack of psychoactive potency, it’s plausible that shamans in Mongolia have used the Cannabis ruderalis in order to reach their ‘shamanic trance’.The introduction of Lowryder by The Joint Doctor
The whole situation around autoflowering seeds drastically changed
when ‘The Joint Doctor’ came into the picture and introduced his
‘Lowryder’ strain. The Lowryder was introduced by The Joint Doctor the
beginning of this century and was a crossing between Cannabis ruderalis,
a William’s Wonder and a Northern Lights #2. The Lowryder was the first
commercial, fully autoflowering cannabis strain on the market and
showed the cannabis scene the huge potential of autoflowering Cannabis
ruderalis hybrids.
The Joint Doctor was introduced to Cannabis ruderalis by his Mexican
friend Antonio. Antonio gave The Joint Doctor some cannabis seeds he
called ‘Mexican Rudy’ and told him this strain stayed short and flowered
earlier than anything else. It’s not quite clear where this ‘Mexican
Rudy’ originated from, but The Joint Doctor believes Mexican Rudy was an
experimental cross of Cannabis ruderalis from Russia and Mexican
cannabis, probably produced at the University of Mississippi during the
70’s. The Joint Doctor tried to do some more research about this cross,
but could only find some obscure references. In any case, the strain was
kept and grown out in Canada for several years before The Joint Doctor
got his hands on them.
https://www.dinafem.org/en/blog/history-of-autoflowering-seeds/
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Chapter 31: Dragon Symbolism
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The following chapter is a continuation of chapter 18, " The Order of the Dragon."
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2015 Energy Science & Technology Conference
Presentation Summary & Release Dates
Many Great Artist / Inventor / Discoverer of the early 20th century ...Tesla....Leedskalnin....Alphonse Mucha...G.I. Gurdjieff ... Leon Sprink...etc...All from Central Europe / Russia...we do know of the existence of the Bosnian pyramid ...and maybe more are hidden in those parts
of Europe.
An interesting piece of info:
George Gurdjieff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In late May 1920, when political conditions in Georgia changed and the old order was crumbling, his party traveled by foot to Batumi on the Black Sea coast and then[clarification needed] to Istanbul. Gurdjieff rented an apartment on Koumbaradji Street in Péra, and later at 13 Abdullatif Yemeneci Sokak near the Galata Tower. The apartment is near the kha’neqa’h (monastery) of the Molavieh Order of Sufis (founded by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi), where Gurdjieff, Ouspensky and Thomas de Hartmann experienced the sema ceremony of The Whirling Dervishes. In Istanbul, Gurdjieff also met Captain John G. Bennett, then head of British Military Intelligence in Constantinople. Later, Bennett would become a follower of Gurdjieff and of Ouspensky.
Reception and influence
Opinions on Gurdjieff's writings and activities are divided. Sympathizers regard him as a charismatic master who brought new knowledge into Western culture, a psychology and cosmology that enable insights beyond those provided by established science. On the other hand, some critics assert he was simply a charlatan with a large ego and a constant need for self-glorification. Gurdjieff is said to have had a strong influence on many modern mystics, artists, writers, and thinkers, including Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh), Frank Lloyd Wright,[43] Keith Jarrett, George Russell (composer), Alan Watts, Timothy Leary, Robert Anton Wilson, Robert Fripp, Jacob Needleman, John Shirley, Carlos Castaneda, Dennis Lewis, Peter Brook, Kate Bush, P. L. Travers, Robert S de Ropp, Walter Inglis Anderson, Jean Toomer, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Louis Pauwels, James Moore and Abdullah Isa Neil Dougan. Gurdjieff's notable personal students include Jeanne de Salzmann, Willem Nyland, Lord Pentland (Henry John Sinclair), P. D. Ouspensky, Olga de Hartmann, Thomas de Hartmann, Jane Heap, John G. Bennett, Alfred Richard Orage, Maurice Nicoll, Lanza del Vasto, George and Helen Adie, Rene Daumal and Katherine Mansfield. The Italian composer and singer Franco Battiato was sometime inspired by Gurdjieff's work, for example in his song "Centro di gravità permanente" - one of most popular modern Italian pop songs. Aleister Crowley visited his Institute at least once and privately praised Gurdjieff's work, though with some reservations. During WWI, Algernon Blackwood took up spying while reporting to John Buchan, author of The Thirty Nine (39 form 6 )Steps. After the war, during the Roaring Twenties, Blackwood studied with Gurdjieff and Ouspensky.
Gurdjieff gave new life and practical form to ancient teachings of both East and West. For example, the Socratic and Platonic emphasis on "the examined life" recurs in Gurdjieff's teaching as the practice of self-observation. His teachings about self-discipline and restraint reflect Stoic teachings. The Hindu and Buddhist notion of attachment recurs in Gurdjieff's teaching as the concept of identification. Similarly, his cosmology can be "read" against ancient and esoteric sources, respectively Neoplatonic and in such sources as Robert Fludd's treatment of macrocosmic musical structures.
Fourth Way Enneagram
An aspect of Gurdjieff's teachings which has come into prominence in recent decades is the enneagram geometric figure. For many students of the Gurdjieff tradition, the enneagram remains a koan, challenging and never fully explicated. There have been many attempts to trace the origins of this version of the enneagram; some similarities to other figures have been found, but it seems that Gurdjieff was the first person to make the enneagram figure publicly known and that only he knew its true source.[citation needed] Others have used the enneagram figure in connection with personality analysis, principally in the Enneagram of Personality as developed by Oscar Ichazo, Claudio Naranjo, Helen Palmer and others. Most aspects of this application are not directly connected to Gurdjieff's teaching or to his explanations of the enneagram.
from: Saint Germain's Dragon
Quote:
Perhaps a long-hidden rare manuscript written by Saint Germain himself can shed some light on the subject bridging the past and present day reports of terrifying dragons in the sky and lineaged Dragon Societies.
We ride on the back of the Winged Dragon to the birth of myths that described cosmological changes and brought incomprehensible catastrophe to our ancestors but led to the rebirth of modern civilization. It contains the common root of the mysteries of qabalah, alchemy, magic, hermetics, tantra, The Bible, the Tree of Life, immortality, and more.
This winged dragon is the symbolic superstar of Saint Germain’s Triangle Book. In The Book of Lambspring (as in Lamb = Agnets = Agnus ). It represents the Anima Mundi, or Soul of the World, which is the sum total of planetary existence -- the holographic blueprint on which form is based, the informational level or primal source of being - Zero Point. It is said that medicine providing the gift of youth can be made from its venom. (paracelsus "All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; only the dose permits something not to be poisonous." )
The dragon is a healing power. The spiritual food of immortality signifies the ability of the ego to assimilate the previously unconscious aspects of the Self. This is the elixir of youth that creates the immortal body, equivalent to the Philosopher's Stone. The invocation with powerful godnames is combined with the dragon emblem to initiate the current. The rite couldn't be practiced without the Emblems and Sigils and perhaps the bloodline.
In legend, the alchemical Philosopher's Stone is kept in the custody of the reawakened Dragon, the Adept who inhabits his or her Body of Light. Alchemy itself is a triple process of uniting the physical, psychological and spiritual. In Masonry, each line of the triangle itself symbolizes a kingdom of nature -- mineral, vegetable and animal. They stand for explorations the Master Mason needs for a complete education.
All these points may be clues to the nature of the "winged dragon" of the title page of The Triangle Book. In alchemy it is a symbol of the volatile elements. The winged dragon appears as a symbol of coagulatio in other alchemy texts, suggesting the pandemonium of psychic images.
Psychologically, the dragon is the union of ordinary human reality with the Transpersonal Self and a passion for transformation. Some now say it is a symbol of DNA or the kundalini energy. Thus, it is a symbol of the Great Work.
Following up on the Dragon Subject :
The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky
from: The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky, vol 2 pt 1, stanza 12 b
Quote:
THE SECRET OF THE DRAGON.
but the cult is now preserved mostly in China and the Buddhist countries, “Bel and the Dragon being uniformly coupled together, and the priest of the Ophite religion as uniformly assuming the name of his God” (“Archaeology,” Vol. xxv., p. 220, London). In the religions of the past, it is in Egypt we have to seek for its Western origin. The Ophites adopted their rites from Hermes Trismegistus, and heliolatrous worship crossed over with its Sun-gods into the land of the Pharaohs from India. In the gods of Stonehenge we recognise the divinities of Delphi and Babylon, and in those of the latter the devas of the Vedic nations. Bel and the Dragon, Apollo and Python, Krishna and Kaliya, Osiris and Typhon are all one under many names (Fractal ) — the latest of which are Michael and the Red Dragon, and St. George and his Dragon. As Michael is “one as God,” or his “Double,” for terrestrial purposes, and is one of the Elohim, the fighting angel, he is thus simply a permutation of Jehovah. Whatever the Cosmic or astronomical event that first gave rise to the allegory of the “War of Heaven,” its earthly origin has to be sought in the temples of Initiation and archaic crypts. The following are the proofs: —
We find (a) the priests assuming the name of the gods they served; (b) the “Dragons” held throughout all antiquity as the symbols of Immortality and Wisdom, of secret Knowledge and of Eternity; and (c) the hierophants of Egypt, of Babylon, and India, styling themselves generally the “Sons of the Dragon” and “Serpents”; thus the teachings of the Secret Doctrine are thereby corroborated.
There were numerous catacombs in Egypt and Chaldea (see cross of Hendaye near the Pyrenee Mountains ), some of them of a very vast extent. The most renowned of them were the subterranean crypts of Thebes and Memphis. The former, beginning on the western side of the Nile, extended towards the Lybian desert, and were known as the Serpent’s catacombs, or passages. It was there that were performed the sacred mysteries of the kuklos anagkes, the “Unavoidable Cycle,” more generally known as “the circle of necessity”; the inexorable doom imposed upon every soul after the bodily death, and when it has been judged in the Amenthian region.
In de Bourbourg’s book, Votan, the Mexican demi-god, in narrating his expedition, describes a subterranean passage which ran underground, and terminated at the root of the heavens, adding that this passage was a snake’s hole, “un agujero de colubra”; and that he was admitted to it because he was himself “a son of the snakes,” or a serpent. (“Die Phoinizier,” 70.)
This is, indeed, very suggestive; for his description of the snake’s hole is that of the ancient Egyptian crypt, as above mentioned. The hierophants, moreover, of Egypt, as of Babylon, generally styled themselves the “Sons of the Serpent-god,” or “Sons of the Dragon,” during the mysteries.-
Quote:
“The Assyrian priest bore always the name of his god,” says Movers. The Druids of the Celto-Britannic regions also called themselves snakes. “I am a Serpent, I am a Druid,” they exclaimed. The Egyptian Karnak is twin brother to the Carnac of Bretagne, the latter Carnac meaning the serpent’s mount. The Dracontia once covered the surface of the globe, and these temples were sacred to the Dragon, only because it was the symbol of the sun, which, in its turn, was the symbol of the highest god — the Phoenician Elon or Elion, whom Abraham recognised as El Elion.* Besides the surname of serpents, they were called the “builders,” the “architects”; for the immense grandeur of their temples and monuments was such that even now the pulverised remains of them “frighten the mathematical calculations of our modern engineers,” says Taliesin (similar name as Frank Lloyd wright's retreat: the Ship )
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/8761-golden-tractate-hermes-trismegistus-applied-electromagnetism-72.html
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Vol. 2, Page 379 THE SECRET OF THE DRAGON.
We find (a) the priests assuming the name of the gods they served; (b) the “Dragons” held throughout all antiquity as the symbols of Immortality and Wisdom, of secret Knowledge and of Eternity; and (c) the hierophants of Egypt, of Babylon, and India, styling themselves generally the “Sons of the Dragon” and “Serpents”; thus the teachings of the Secret Doctrine are thereby corroborated
http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd2-1-22.htm
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Vol. 2, Page 380 THE SECRET DOCTRINE.
http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd2-1-22.htm
“The Assyrian priest bore always the name of his god,” says Movers. The Druids of the Celto-Britannic regions also called themselves snakes. “I am a Serpent, I am a Druid,” they exclaimed. The Egyptian Karnak is twin brother to the Carnac of Bretagne, the latter Carnac meaning the serpent’s mount. The Dracontia once covered the surface of the globe, and these temples were sacred to the Dragon, only because it was the symbol of the sun, which, in its turn, was the symbol of the highest god — the Phoenician Elon or Elion, whom Abraham recognised as El Elion.* Besides the surname of serpents, they were called the “builders,” the “architects”; for the immense grandeur of their temples and monuments was such that even now the pulverised remains of them “frighten the mathematical calculations of our modern engineers,” says Taliesin.†
De Bourbourg hints that the chiefs of the name of Votan, the Quetzo-Cohuatl, or Serpent deity of the Mexicans, are the descendants of Ham and Canaan. “I am Hivim,” they say. “Being a Hivim, I am of the great race of the Dragon (snake). I am a snake myself, for I am a Hivim.” (“Cartas,” 51; “Isis Unveiled,” Vol. I., 553, et seq.)
Furthermore, the “War in Heaven” is shown, in one of its significations, to have meant and referred to those terrible struggles in store for the candidate for adeptship, between himself and his (by magic) personified human passions, when the inner enlightened man had to either slay them or fail. In the former case he became the “Dragon-Slayer,” as having happily overcome all the temptations; and a “Son of the Serpent” and a Serpent himself, having cast off his old skin and being born in a new body, becoming a Son of Wisdom and Immortality in Eternity. (See Part II. on the Satanic Myth.)
Seth, the reputed forefather of Israel, is only a Jewish travesty of Hermes, the God of Wisdom, called also Thoth, Tat, Seth, Set, and Satan. He is also Typhon — the same as Apophis, the Dragon slain by Horus; for Typhon was also called Set. He is simply the dark side of Osiris, his brother, as Angra Mainyu is the black shadow of Ahura-mazda. Terrestrially, all these allegories were connected with the trials of adeptship and initiation. Astronomically, they referred to the Solar and Lunar eclipses, the mythical explanations of which we find to this day in India and Ceylon, where any one can study the allegorical narratives and traditions which have remained unchanged for many thousands of years.
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Dragon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon
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Dragon mythology existed in Europe, Asia, Australia and South America.
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The Dragon Tribe of Old Prussia
Feb 15, 2015
http://gnosticwarrior.com/the-dragon-tribe-of-old-prussia.html
In Old Prussia there was a mythical dragon king named Warmo who had ruled over his worm people called Warmians.
The dragon tribe of the Warmians (also Warmi) had lived in a place called Warmia (Polish:Warmia, Latin: Varmia, German: Ermland, Lithuanian: Varme). They were one of ten Old Prussian tribes who had populated these regions that were documented in the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg, a priest of the Teutonic Order in 1326. The Warmians territory was mostly contained in modern day Poland situated between the Vistula Lagoon, Lyna and Pasleka Rivers.
These meanings of the names such as Warmo, warmians and Wormditt in the Germanic (Teutonic) languages is worm, (German: Worms, Wurm as in Tatzelwurm,Lindworm) which is now translated as the "serpent and/or dragon." Meaning when they symbolize or write about a serpent or a dragon in mythology and history, they are really talking about a worm such as these Old Prussian towns and the worm tribe who had originally settled there.
The Old Prussian village of Wormditt, now called Orneta in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship was first mentioned in 1308. The oldest image of the town's crest above is the from the sealing wax on the document from 1388. An inscription on the seal says "S.BV.MDIT."According to legend, there once lived a dragon there that devoured women, children and animals. Many valiant knights who had tried to free the town from the murdering dragon had been killed. All but one knight who eventually defeated the dragon.
Eventually the dragon serpent (worm) tribe known as the Warmians were conquered by the Catholic Crusaders of The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem; the Teutonic Knights under direct orders of the Pope, and they were converted to Christianity.
In the place of that old dragon and serpent, the Christian savior to the world, Jesus had usurped the throne of the worm in Old Prussia.
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Slavic Dragon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_dragon
In Slovenia, a dragon is called zmaj, although an archaic word of unclear origins, pozoj, is sometimes used as well. Dragons in Slovenia are generally negative in nature, and usually appear in relation with St. George. Other, presumably pre-Christian folk tales relate stories of dragons defeated similarly as the Polish Wawel Dragon, by feeding them with sulphur stuffed sheep. However, the dragon is not always harmful to man. The best example of this is the Ljubljana Dragon, who benevolently protects the city of Ljubljana and is pictured in the city's coat of arms.
In all the South Slavic folklore, a dragon is called zmaj, zmij, zmej. It can also be called a zmajcek/zmajic, which is an endearing diminutive form of the word zmaj. It is considered as "extremely intelligent, wise and knowledgeable" creature of "superhuman" strength and proficiency in magic, very rich (usually described as having castles of enormous riches hidden in distant lands) and often lustful for women, with whom it is capable of making offspring. It often breathes fire and is generally accepted as a highly respected being, and while not always being benevolent, never as an entirely evil creature. Legends were spread about many historical and mythical heroes that they were conceived by a dragon.
Some famous national heroes were considered to be dragons in the respective national folklore. One example would be Husein-Kapetan Gradašcevic, a successful Bosniak general who fought for Greater Bosnian independence from the Ottoman Empire. He is often referred to as "Zmaj od Bosne", meaning "The Dragon of Bosnia". The Serbian Despot Vuk Grgurevic was also known as 'Zmaj-Ognjeni Vuk' (Vuk the Fiery-Dragon) because of the viciousness of his reign and victorious battles he waged against the Turks. There is also an ancient type of dog in Serbia sometimes referred to as the "Zmaj" by its keepers, but it bears no relation to the mythical reptiles apart from being immortalized in Sylvanian folklore as the protector of man against "dragons" and other evils.
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Zirnitra
In Wendish mythology Zirnitra, or Zir, is a black Slavic dragon and the god of sorcery. The image of Zirnitra was employed on a Wendish flag when the Wends fought the invading Saxons. Zirnitra literally means magically empowered. Rosvodiz is a byname of Zirnitra.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirnitra
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{You often hear of different mages or sorcerers being connected with dragons, or having dragon-like powers. An example of this would be Merlin, in the story of King Arthur. Some people claim that Merlin, King Arthur and the Grail, continues to be a symbolic story in Freemasonry.
To continue the debate, view our following series on King Solomon's Temple}.
King Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon - Legend
https://solomonstempleinvestigation.blogspot.com
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Why is The Pope's Mitre Shaped Like a Fish?
May 21, 2014
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vatican/esp_vatican138.htm
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Saint Michael Fighting the Dragon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Michael_Fighting_the_Dragon
Saint Michael Fighting the Dragon is a woodcut of 1498 by Albrecht Dürer, part of an Apocalypse
Book of Apocalypse or Revelation of St. John
"And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, and prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven" (Rev. 12:7). As recounted by the Revelation of Saint John, at the end of the world war will break at between Heaven and Hell, between good and evil. As the commander of the Army of God, Archangel Michael leads the other angels in the fight against evil, represented in this picture by a seven-headed dragon. Each of the dragon’s heads represents one of the seven deadly sins. Dürer chose to capture this fight between good and evil at the moment when Saint Michael is thrusting his spear into one of the heads. Surrounding Saint Michael are three other angels ready to attack. Beneath the fighting lies a calm and serene landscape with mountains and a small town, highlighted by a church with a tall spire, in the distance. At the bottom in the center of the page Dürer has placed his distinctive “AD” monogram that is in all of his engravings.
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A REVIVED MEROVINGIAN EMPIRE
http://watch.pair.com/roman-dragon.html
This is the megalomaniac ambition of a Revived Merovingian Empire. Perhaps Christians ought to reconsider the popular doctrines of modern prophecy teachers, who teach that the final beast system will be a Revived Roman Empire. This error is built upon a faulty exposition of the four empires represented in Nebuchadnezzar's image in Daniel 2 and the four beasts of Daniel 7, which are construed as referring to the same world empires. A closer look at Daniel 2, 7 and Revelation 13 demonstrates otherwise.
Daniel 2:32-42 describes the Babylonian, Persian, Greek and Roman empires. Daniel 2:38 states that the head of gold of Nebuchadnezzar's image was the existing Babylonian Empire. "O king…Thou art this head of gold."
All of the world empires described in Daniel 7 are future empires. According to verse 17: "These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth."
Whereas Dan. 2 identifies 3 future and 1 existing empire (the Babylonian), Daniel 7:3-6 must refer to four future world empires:
"And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse from one another. The first was like a LION, and had EAGLE'S wings: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made to stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to it. And behold another beast, a second, like to a BEAR, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it: and they said thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh. After this I beheld, and lo another, like a LEOPARD, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it."
Nazi Germany was known for its Panzer (panther or leopard) divisions in World War II, and the symbol of Communist Russia is the bear which, under Stalin, "devoured much flesh." The Royal Arms of England displays the Rampant Lion, "made to stand upon the feet as a man," which is also a Merovingian symbol. The eagle's wings which were plucked in Daniel 7:4 is an obvious reference to the United States, whose government from its inception was the vehicle through which the English Freemasons planned to establish the New World Order. Thus, a reasonable interpretation of the symbolic beasts or world empires of Daniel 7 places them in the period immediately preceding "the fourth kingdom upon the earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces." (v.23)
The beasts of Daniel 7 are also found as the composite beast which John saw rising out of the sea in his vision described in Revelation 13:1,2. Please recall that the Bistea Neptunis or "beast of the sea" which is believed to be "ever incarnate in the dynasty of ancient kings" and whose symbol was a fish, clearly identifies the mystical Merovingian Fisher-Kings, who blasphemously claim to be of the bloodline of Jesus Christ:
"And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a BEAST RISE UP OUT OF THE SEA, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy.
"And the beast which I saw was like unto a LEOPARD, and his feet were as the feet of a BEAR, and his mouth as the mouth of a LION: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat and great authority."
Since Revelation 13 is identical to Daniel 7, future kingdoms are also symbolically represented. And like Daniel 7, Revelation 13 describes in symbols the Merovingian dynasty as the BEAST THAT RISES UP OUT OF THE SEA. However, modern prophecy teachers have prevented the identification of beast kingdom as a revived Merovingian Empire by erroneously correlating the empires of Daniel 7 with those in Daniel 2. This misinterpretation of Daniel 7 has been a primary factor in perpetuating a general ignorance of the Merovingian conspiracy, insuring that its direction of world affairs behind the scenes will continue largely unnoticed.
In the place of the proper interpretation of these prophecies, the masses have been led to believe that a Revived Roman Empire controlled by the Roman Church, will be the final Antichrist system. Having established this deception and contrived to bring a false interpretation of Bible prophecy to fulfillment, the stage will be set for the Messiah of the Merovingian dynasty to vanquish the Pope and his Roman religious system (the Dragon), after which glorious triumph this false messiah will be crowned upon the throne of the Temple of Jerusalem as "the Christ."
The ubiquitous propaganda of the Rosicrucian network would have the undiscerning believe that the great end-time battle will be between the noble Merovingian dynasty and a revived Holy Roman Empire, respectively designated the Phoenix and the Dragon. However, Scripture treats these two systems as being equally evil and deserving God's judgment. Revelation 17:16 describes the demise of the harlot church at the hands of the beast: "And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire."
The destruction of MYSTERY BABYLON in Revelation 17-18 is not the end of the story. The final battle is waged in Revelation 19, which describes the Second Coming of the Lord Jesus Christ to destroy the real Antichrist, who will be the Merovingian priest-king of the make-believe Order of Michael-Zakok. Having vanquished the Pope, this vile personage will rule the world with a modern Merlin the Magician - the counterpart of King Arthur's Sorcerer - and the Knights of the Global Round Table. Their minions will be the multitudes of Joel's Army who have been initiated into the mysteries via Freemasonry and its various religious fronts which are indoctrinating multitudes with medieval mysticism. The full cast of characters will conduct their final Crusade against the King of Kings and Lord of Lords. Their crushing defeat is described in Revelation 19:19-21.
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The Merlin Prophecies
Posted on March 3, 2013
http://www.queenannemasoniclodge.com/the-merlin-prophecies/#
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Merlin and the Discovery of Avalon in the New World
By Graham Phillips
https://books.google.com/books?id=O75rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103&lpg=PT103&dq=merlin+freemasonry&source=bl&ots=bKeuqVqNXG&sig=iF2PBQjxDgk7OLDxn9Qfwf2NBfE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cFD5VLCnEc_loASXo4DgDw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=merlin%20freemasonry&f=false
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Merlin Lodge No. 1578
Meetings: Third Thursday, September to June
http://www.southwalesmason.com/lodge/merlin-lodge/
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Manly Palmer Hall collection of alchemical manuscripts, 1500-1825
https://archive.org/stream/manlypalmerbox34ms209hall#page/n17/mode/thumb
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Manly Palmer Hall collection of alchemical manuscripts, 1500-1825
https://archive.org/stream/manlypalmerbox34ms209hall#page/n85/mode/1up
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Manly-Palmer-Hall
https://www.tumblr.com/search/manly-palmer-hall
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La Magie Sainte Revele a Moyse
Autor: Saint-Germain.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/135339042/La-Magie-Sainte-Revele-a-Moyse#scribd
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Abracadabra
Sep 9, 2011
Abracadabra is one of the magic words relating to rituals, talismans and
Pentacles. The word Abracadabra, has a symbolic meaning, either in
themselves or in the way they are used, which is expressed either phonetically or, more frequently, graphically. This magic word was in frequent use during the Middle Ages as a magic formula and historically was believed to have healing powers when inscribed on an amulet. It is derived from the Hebrew phrase abreq ad habra, meaning 'hurl your thunderbolt even unto death'. The first known mention of the word was in the second century AD in a book called Liber Medicinalis (sometimes known as De Medicina Praecepta Saluberrima) by quintus Serenus Sammonicus, physician to the Roman Emperor Caracalla, who prescribed that malaria suffers wear an amulet containing the word written in the form of a triangle.
http://unmyst3.blogspot.com/2011/09/abracadabra.html
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Serpent (symbolism)
The serpent, or snake, is one of the oldest and most widespread mythological symbols. The word is derived from Latin serpens, a crawling animal or snake. Snakes have been associated with some of the oldest rituals known to humankind and represent dual expression of good and evil.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_%28symbolism%29
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Leviathan
Leviathan is a sea monster referenced in the Tanakh, or the Old Testament.
The word has become synonymous with any large sea monster or creature. In literature (e.g., Herman Melville's Moby-Dick) it refers to great whales, and in Modern Hebrew, it simply means "whale". It is described extensively in Book of Job 41 and mentioned in Job 3:8, Amos 9:3, Psalm 74:13-23, Psalm 104:26 and Isaiah 27:1.
Later Jewish sources describe Leviathan as a dragon who lives over the Sources of the Deep and who, along with the male land-monster Behemoth, will be served up to the righteous at the end of time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan
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Jörmungandr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr
In Norse mythology, Jörmungandr (meaning "huge monster"), often written as Jormungand, or Jörmungand and also known as the Midgard Serpent (Old Norse: Miðgarðsormr), or World Serpent, is a sea serpent, the middle child of the giantess Angrboða and Loki. According to the Prose Edda, Odin took Loki's three children by Angrboða, the wolf Fenrir, Hel, and Jörmungandr, and tossed Jörmungandr into the great ocean that encircles Midgard. The serpent grew so large that he was able to surround the earth and grasp his own tail. As a result, he received the name of the Midgard Serpent or World Serpent. When he lets go, the world will end. Jörmungandr's arch-enemy is the god Thor. It is an example of an ouroboros.
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Chapter 32: Gog & Magog ( Gogmagog )
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It is debated if Gog & Magog were actual giants of a type of Biblical metaphor, or a reference to a nation.
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Gogmagog (folklore)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogmagog_%28folklore%29
Gogmagog – also Goemagot, Goemagog or Gogmagoc – was a legendary giant in British folklore. According to the 12th Century Historia Regum Britanniae ("The History of The Kings of Britain") by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Gogmagog was a giant inhabitant of Albion, and was thrown off a cliff during a wrestling match with Corineus who was a companion of Brutus of Troy. Gogmagog was believed to be the last of the Giants to inhabit the land of Albion. The name "Gogmagog" is often connected to the biblical characters Gog and Magog; however Manley Pope, author of an 1862 English translation of the Welsh chronicle Brut y Brenhinedd (itself a translation of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae") argued that it was a corruption of Gawr Madoc (Madoc the Great).
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey of Monmouth's influential 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae states that Goemagot was a giant slain by the eponymous Cornish hero Corin or Corineus. The tale figures in the body of unlikely lore that has Britain settled by the Trojan soldier Brutus and other fleeing heroes from the Trojan War. The Historia relates that Albion was only inhabited "by a few giants" when Brutus and his fellow Trojans arrived. Corineus was given Cornwall to govern, where there were more giants than in any other province. Among these giants "was one detestable monster named Goëmagot (Gogmagog), in stature twelve cubits, and of such prodigious strength that at one shake he pulled up an oak as if it had been a hazel wand". When Brutus is holding a feast with his companions in Totnes, (or more likely Dartmouth which is much nearer the sea) some twenty giants led by Gogmagog descend on the company, "among whom he made a dreadful slaughter". At last the giants were routed and slain except for Gogmagog who is captured so that Corineus can wrestle with him. The giant breaks three of Corineus's ribs, which so enrages him that he "ran with him, as fast as the weight would allow him, to the next shore" and "getting upon the top of a high rock, hurled down the savage monster into the sea; where, falling on the sides of craggy rocks, he was torn to pieces". The place where he fell "is called Lam Goëmagot, that is, Goëmagot's Leap, to this day"
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Gog and Magog
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog
Contents
1 The names Gog and Magog
2 Judeo-Christian texts
2.1 In Ezekiel and the Old Testament
2.2 Gog and Magog from Ezekiel to Revelation
2.3 Midrashic writings
3 Alexander the Great
3.1 Precursor texts in Syriac
3.2 Alexander romances
4 Identification with civilisations
4.1 Nomadic identification
4.2 The confined Jews
5 Gog and Magog in Islamic tradition
6 Modern apocalypticism
7 See also
8 Explanatory notes
9 References
9.1 Citations
9.2 Bibliography
Gog and Magog are names that appear in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), the Book of Revelation and the Qur'an, sometimes indicating individuals and sometimes lands and peoples. Sometimes, but not always, they are connected with the "end times", and the passages from the book of Ezekiel and Revelation in particular have attracted attention for this reason.
In some interpretations from ancient times to the late Middle Ages, Gog and Magog were identified with Eurasian nomads such as the Khazars, Huns and Mongols; in Islam, they were sometimes identified first with Turkic tribes of Central Asia and later with the Mongols, although others interpretations exist. Throughout this period they were conflated with various other legends, notably those concerning Alexander the Great, the Amazons, Red Jews, and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, and became the subject of much fanciful literature. In modern times they remain associated with apocalyptic thinking, especially in the United States and the Muslim world.
The names Gog and Magog
In the Book of Ezekiel, Gog is the name of an individual and Magog the name of his land; in Genesis 10 Magog is a person, and in Revelation both Gog and Magog are nations ("the hostile nations of the world"). 1 Chronicles 5:4 features a descendant of Reuben who is called Gog or Goug.
The meaning of the name Gog remains uncertain, and in any case the author of the Ezekiel prophecy seems to attach no particular importance to it. Efforts have been made to identify him with various individuals, notably Gyges, a king of Lydia in the early 7th century, but many scholars do not believe he is related to any historical person. The name Magog is equally obscure, but may come from the Assyrian mat-Gugu, "Land of Gyges", i.e., Lydia. Alternatively, if Gog is derived from Magog rather than the other way round,"Magog" might refer to Babylon, by turning BBL ("Babylon" in Hebrew script, which originally had no vowel-signs) into MGG (Magog).
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Gog Magog Identified. ITS NOT RUSSIA.
Oct 3, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Cq340CtbW4
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The Book of Ezekiel [Bible, Old Testament]
http://www.readbookonline.net/read/16652/43435/
Ezekiel 38:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,
Ezekiel 38:2 Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him,
Ezekiel 38:3 And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal:
Ezekiel 38:4 And I will turn thee back, and put hooks into thy jaws, and I will bring thee forth, and all thine army, horses and horsemen, all of them clothed with all sorts of armour, even a great company with bucklers and shields, all of them handling swords:
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Meshech
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshech
In the Bible, Meshech or Mosoch is named as a son of Japheth in Genesis 10:2 and 1 Chronicles 1:5.
Another Meshech is named as a son of Aram in 1 Chronicles 1:17 (corresponding to the form Mash in Genesis 10).
Interpretations
Meshech is named with Tubal (and Rosh, in certain translations) as principalities of "Gog, prince of Magog" in Ezekiel 38:2 and 39:1, and is considered a Japhetite tribe, identified by Flavius Josephus with the Cappadocian "Mosocheni" (Mushki, also associated with Phrygians or Bryges) and their capital Mazaca. In Hippolytus of Rome's chronicle (234 AD), the "Illyrians" were identified as Meshech's offspring. In addition, Georgians have traditions that they, and other Caucasus people as well as Armenians, share descent from Meshech (Georgian: Meskheti), Tubal, and Togarmah.
In 1498 Annio da Viterbo published fragments known as Pseudo-Berossus, now considered a forgery, claiming that Babylonian records had shown a son of Japheth called Samothes had begun settling what later became Gaul in the 13th year of Nimrod. Later historians such as Raphael Holinshed (1577) identified Samothes as Meshech, and asserted that he first ruled also in Britain.
Beginning from the 16th century, some European scholars proposed the idea that the Muscovites had stemmed from Meshech. Sir Walter Ralegh (c. 1616) attributes this opinion to Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560) and to Benito Arias Montano (1571), and it was also followed later by Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758). Moreover, according to a legend first appearing in the Kievan Synopsis (1674), Moscow (Moskva) was founded by King Mosokh son of Japheth (i.e. Meshech), and was named for him and his wife, Kva. In this legend, they are also said to have had a son, Ya, and daughter, Vuza, who gave their names to the nearby Yauza river.
According to Archibald Sayce, Meshech can be identified with Muska, a name appearing in Assyrian inscriptions.
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Ya'juj Ma'juj (Gog and Magog)
http://www.discoveringislam.org/gog_magog.htm
In Islam, they are known as Ya'juj and Ma'juj (or Ajuj and Majuj). The Bible in English refers to them as Gog and MaGog. The emergence of the mighty Ya'juj and Ma'juj is also a major sign of Qiyamah (Day of Resurrection).
Emergence of Ya'juj Ma'juj (Gog & Magog) before the Day of Resurrection.
Then the Messenger of Allah
صلى الله عليه وسلم said: "By He in Whose Hand is
my soul, the beasts of the earth will be fattened and nourished from their flesh
and blood." (Musnad Ahmad)
"Ya'juj and Ma'juj will open the barrier and come out against the people as Allah [ta'ala] said: "from every slope, pouring down." [Al-Anbiya': 96] So they will wreak havoc on the earth, and the Muslims will take cover in their cities and fortresses, taking their herds with them.
And they [i.e. Ya'juj and Ma'juj] will drink the waters of the earth until one of them will pass by a river, then they will all drink from it until they leave it dry, until one who comes after them will pass that river and say: "There was once water here."
Then, when there is no one from the people remaining except that he has gone to a fortress or a city, one of them will say: "We have finished with the inhabitants of the earth, now only the inhabitants of the heavens are left."
He said: "Then one of them will shake his spear and hurl it into the sky, and it will fall back down again soaked with blood, as a trial and test for them. So while they are like that, Allah will send a worm in their necks like an-naghf, which will eat its way out of their necks, so that they will all fall dead, and no sound will be heard from them.
So the Muslims will say: "Is there any man who will risk his life for us to see what this enemy is doing?"
He said: "So a man will stand up to do that, seeking Allah's reward, feeling that he will surely be a dead man. So he will go down and find them all dead, lying on top of each other. So he will call out: "O assembly of Muslims! Receive the good tidings that Allah has sufficed you against your enemy!" So they will come out of their cities and fortresses, and they will let their herds loose. They will find nothing for them to graze upon except their flesh [i.e. of Ya'juj and Ma'juj], but they will be nourished from it just as well as they had ever been nourished fiom any vegetation." (Al-Haakim)
Al-Nawas bin Sam'an said that the Messenger of Allah said: " The Muslims, from the bows, arrows, and shields of Gog and Magog, will kindle fires (to heat themselves) for seven years." (Ibn Maja)
Nawwas bin Sam'an narrated that Prophet Mohammad صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
" .... (After the Dajjal appears with his trails and tribulations,) it will at this very time that Allah will send the Messiah, son of Mary. He will descend at the white minaret on the eastern side of Damascus, wearing two garments lightly dyed with saffron and placing his hands on the wings of two Angels. When he lowers his head, there will fall beads of perspiration from his head, and when he raises it up, beads like pearls will scatter from it. Every non-believer who smells the odour of his body will die and his breath will reach as far as he is able to see. He will then go after (the Dajjal) until he catches him at the gate of Ludd (Israel) and kills him. Then, a people whom Allah had protected will come to Jesus, son of Mary, and he will wipe their faces and inform them of their ranks in Paradise.
It will be under such conditions that Allah will reveal to Jesus the following words: 'I have brought forth from among My servants such people against whom none will be able to fight; you take these people safely to Tur (mountain in Sinai, Egypt).' Then, Allah will send Gog and Magog and they will swarm down from every slope. The first of them (Gog and Magog) will pass the lake of Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) and drink out of it. And when the last of them passes, he will say: 'There was once water there.'
Then Allah will send rain which no house of mud-bricks or (tent of) camel-hair will keep out and it will wash the Earth until it resembles a mirror. Then, the Earth will be ordered (by Allah) to bring forth its fruit and restore its blessing and, as a result thereof, pomegranate will grow that will be enough for a group of people to eat and seek shelter under its skin. A dairy cow will give so much milk that (will be enough for) a group of people to drink. The milking camel will give so such milk that a whole tribe will be able to drink from it...
At that time, Allah will send a pleasant wind which will soothe (people) even under their armpits. He will take the life of every Muslim and only the wicked will survive who will commit adultery like donkeys and the Last Hour would come to them." (Sahih Muslim)
In the New Testament of the Bible, there is a similar prophesy said by Jesus regarding the believers who will flee to the mountains:
"When you see 'the abomination that causes desolation' standing where it does not belong--let the reader understand--then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains." (Mark 13:14 )
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{Some people debate if Russia is known as the land of Gog, written in the Bible, mentioned in the book of Ezekiel}.
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Ezekiel 38 : The Russian Bear of Gog massing its Military on the doorsteps of Israel
Sep 7, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6N_92iKczk
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Russia expands military footprint abroad with new Syria base
September 18, 2015
U.S. officials have said that the Russian military is ramping up its presence in the coastal areas of Syria where Moscow-backed President Bashar al-Assad has the most support.
Although denials have been issued by the Russian and Syrian governments, an influx of hardware and personnel at an air base near Latakia would shore up Assad’s hold on the same part of the country where Russia has long kept naval assets in the port of Tartus.
Though Syria may be the only Middle Eastern location for Russian military facilities abroad, its forces and weapons are widely deployed throughout Russia’s “near abroad.” Russian President Vladimir Putin oversees a military machine that spans from Belarus and Armenia to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Russia has been accused of deploying its military in secessionist eastern Ukraine, and Putin has admitted using troops to annex the Crimean Peninsula.
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/18/russia-foreign-military-bases.html
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Russia begins Syria strikes: Reports
30 Sep 2015
The United States believes that Russia has started carrying out air strikes in Syria in the vicinity of Homs, a U.S. official told Reuters on Wednesday, adding that Moscow gave the United States a one-hour advanced notice of its operations.
http://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/30/putin-wins-parliamentary-approval-to-deploy-russian-forces-abroad--reports.html
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France to launch air strikes in Syria ‘in coming weeks’
2015-09-16
France announced Wednesday that French fighter jets will start bombing Islamic State (IS) group targets in Syria in the coming weeks as a matter of "self-defence”, despite growing opposition among lawmakers in Paris.
http://www.france24.com/en/20150916-france-launch-airstrikes-syria-islamic-state-jihadists-group-iraq-military-assad
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France 'opens war crimes inquiry against Assad regime' in Syria: UN debate
Day two of UN general assembly sees leaders of Ukraine, Japan, Italy, Venezuela and the EU address hall, while Philip Hammond speaks for Britain
29 Sep 2015
• Kerry: US may offer Russia something to stop Assad bombing
• Putin proposes anti-Hitler type alliance to fight Isil
• France opens war crimes inquiry against Syrian regime
• Russian troops will not fight in Syria 'for now', says Putin
• The most awkward moments at the UN assembly, in pictures
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11895857/Vladimir-Putin-and-Barack-Obama-speak-at-UN-General-Assembly-live.html
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Pollution Science 101 - Ukraine
April 7th, 2022
http://pollutionscience101Ukraine.blogspot.com/
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{It seems with all of the knowledge and technology that we have gained over the years on this planet, it does not seem right that the people and governments of this world continue to exhibit acts of war, including acts of violence against each other, while endangering the planet. They say that history often repeats itself. We need to ensure that the Earth, plants and animals can survive and thrive on this planet for so many years. This is why it is our job as human beings, to make sure that the world is not destroyed by technology and war. The Earth can thrive for a very long time. We must make sure that war and technology do not jeopardize the planet Earth}.
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For more information, visit: MonsantoInvestigation.com
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